wiktionary TOCRight Kernel may refer to Business Kernel Holding , an agri business company ComputerscienceKernel computing , the central component of most operating systems The Linux kernel , used on many Linux based operating systems The architecture of Windows 9x Windows 9x kernel, used in Windows 95, 98 and ME The architecture of Windows NT Windows NT kernel, used in all Windows NT systems including Windows 2000, XP, Vista and 7 XNU , from the Mac OS X operating systems Kernel programming language , a Scheme like language Kernel trick , in machine learning and statistics Kernel, a function that executes on OpenCL devices GPGPU Kernels Kernel in GPGPU Literature Kernel Lilo & Stitch Kernel Lilo & Stitch , experiment 014 from the Lilo & Stitch cartoon series Kernel Fleck , a character in the Demonata series of books Mathematics Kernel algebra Kernel category theory Kernel linear operator Kernel mathematics Kernel matrix Kernel statistics Kernel smoother , a statistical technique Convolution kernel , as of a linear filter Heat kernel Polygon kernel Positive definite kernel Stochastic kernelKernel of an integral transform Kernel of a function The kernel in the Cooperative game The kernel cooperative game , in game theory Science A seed of some plants Palm kernel Atomic nucleus See also Wikisource1911Enc kernel KERNAL , Commodore s 8 bit OS software Colonel disambiguation cs J dro de Kernel fr Noyau ko he lt Branduolys ja simple Kernel sk Jadro th uk zh ... more details
Infobox OS name T Kernel logo File T kernel logo.gif T Kernel logo screenshot caption developer T Engine source model kernel type supported platforms ARM architecture ARM , MIPS architecture MIPS , x86 ... website http www.t engine.org T Engine T Kernel is an open source ref http www.t engine.org what is t kernel What is T Kernel ref real time operating system designed for 32 bit microcontroller s. It is standardized by T Engine Forum. ref http www.t engine.org what is t kernel ref T Kernel is distributed ... bit and 8 bit microcontrollers, Micro T Kernel T Kernel is designed to have a small footprint. ref ... of Tokyo . The project s goal was to design an open RTOS kernel. The TRON framework defines a complete .... T Kernel is the name of the specification and at the same time a single implementation based ... Overview To make it easy to distribute middleware , T Kernel has separate specification for subsystem ... for individual application can be created by combining the middleware called T Kernel Extension with the T Kernel itself. T Monitor initializes hardware and handles the interrupt set up at the beginning. T Monitor lessens hardware dependency of T Kernel, and improves the application portability. T Kernel consists of the following three components from the viewpoint of functionality. ref http www.t engine.org what is t kernel t kernel OS overview ref T Kernel OS Operating System This offers the basic functions as real time OS. T Kernel SM System Manager This offers the functions including ... such as device drivers and subsystems. T Kernel DS Debugger Support This offers the functions for debugger s to be used in development tools. Development Environment for T Kernel eBinder from eSol ... development targeting T Kernel. ref http www2.renesas.com platformovia en partner product ebinder.html eBinder T Kernel ITRON based system development suite ref The current release of T Kernel 2.0 is distributed with a plug in for Eclipse software Eclipse IDE. Also, a version of T Kernel that runs ... more details
A kernel debugger is a debugger present in some Kernelcomputerscience kernels to ease debugging and kernel development by the kernel developers. A kernel debugger might be a stub implementing low level operations, with a full blown debugger such as gdb , running on another machine, sending commands to the stub over a serial line or a network connection, or it might provide a command line that can be used directly on the machine being debugged. Operating systems and operating system kernels that contain a kernel debugger The Windows NT family includes a kernel debugger named KD ref cite web title KD url http msdn.microsoft.com en us library ff551837.aspx accessdate 2011 01 25 ref , which can act as a local debugger with limited capabilities reading and writing kernel memory, but not setting breakpoints ref cite web title Performing Local Kernel Debugging url http msdn.microsoft.com en us library ff553382 v VS.85 .aspx accessdate 2011 01 25 ref and can attach to a remote machine over a serial line, IEEE 1394 connection, or Universal Serial Bus USB 2 connection. ref cite web title Attaching to a Target ComputerKernel Mode url http msdn.microsoft.com en us library ff538141 v VS.85 .aspx accessdate 2011 01 25 ref The WinDbg GUI debugger can also be used to debug kernels on local and remote machines. BeOS DragonFly BSD Linux kernel No kernel debugger was included in the mainline Linux tree prior to version 2.6.26 rc1 because Linus Torvalds didn t want a kernel debugger in the kernel. ref name linus cite web title LWN.net url http lwn.net 2000 0914 a lt debugger.php3 accessdate 2008 05 29 ref ref http lwn.net Articles 280912 3rd may 2008 Message from Linus Torvalds for the 2.6.26 rc1 kernel merge ref KDB local ref name kdb cite web last Nellitheertha first Hariprasad title Inside the Linux kernel debugger url http www.ibm.com developerworks linux library l kdbug index.html accessdate 2008 05 29 ref KGDB remote References Reflist Category Debuggers Category Operating system ... more details
A hybrid kernel is a Kernelcomputersciencekernel architecture based on combining aspects of microkernel and monolithic kernel architectures used in computer operating system s. The category is controversial due to the similarity to monolithic kernel the term has been dismissed by Linus Torvalds as simple marketing. ref quote text As to the whole hybrid kernel thing it s just marketing. It s oh, those microkernels had good PR, how can we try to get good PR for our working kernel? Oh, I know, let ... other. ref name Probert2005 XNU kernel Main XNU XNU is the kernelcomputersciencekernel that Apple ... for writing drivers called I O Kit . Description Like some other modern Kernelcomputersciencekernel ... Linus Torvalds ref The traditional kernel categories are monolithic kernel s and microkernel s with nanokernel ... center 1024px Structure of monolithic kernel, microkernel and hybrid kernel based operating systems The idea behind this category is to have a kernel structure similar to a microkernel, but implemented in terms of a monolithic kernel. In contrast to a microkernel, all or nearly all operating system services are in kernel space . While there is no performance overhead for message passing and context switching between kernel and user mode, as in monolithic kernel s, there are no reliability benefits of having services in user space , as in microkernel s. Examples NT kernel Image Windows 2000 ... user mode and kernel mode , with many different modules within both of these layers. The best known example of a hybrid kernel is the Microsoft architecture of the Windows NT operating system line NT kernel that powers Windows NT , Windows 2000 , Windows XP , Windows Server 2003 , Windows Vista , Windows Server 2008 and Windows 7 . NT based Windows is classified as a hybrid kernel or a macrokernel ref name Microsoft 2007 cite web title MS Windows NT Kernel mode User and GDI White Paper publisher ... featfunc kernelwp.mspx?mfr true accessdate 2007 03 01 ref rather than a monolithic kernel because the emulation ... more details
notability date February 2009 unreferenced date February 2009 Kernel preemption is a method used mainly in monolithic kernel monolithic and hybrid kernel hybrid kernel computing kernel s where all or most device drivers are run in kernel space , whereby the Scheduling computing scheduler is permitted to forcibly perform a context switch i.e. preemptively schedule on behalf of a runnable and higher priority process on a driver or other part of the kernel during its execution, rather than Computer multitasking Cooperative multitasking.2Ftime sharing co operatively wait for the driver or kernel function such as a system call to complete its execution and return control of the processor to the scheduler. There are two main benefits to this method in monolithic and hybrid kernels, and answer one of the main criticisms of monolithic kernels from microkernel advocates, which is that A device driver can enter an infinite loop or other unrecoverable state, crashing the whole system Some drivers and system calls on monolithic kernels are slow to execute, and can t return control of the processor to the scheduler or other program until they complete execution. External links http www.freebsd.org doc en books arch handbook smp design.html Category Scheduling computing Category Operating system kernels ... more details
In computerscience , kernel methods KMs are a class of algorithms for pattern analysis , whose best known element is the support vector machine SVM . The general task of pattern analysis is to find and study general types of relations for example Cluster analysis clusters , ranking s, principal components , correlation s, Categorization classification s in general types of data such as sequences, text documents, sets of points, vectors, images, etc. . KMs approach the problem by mapping the data into a high dimensional feature space , where each coordinate corresponds to one feature of the data items, data transformation transforming the data into a set of points in a Euclidean space . In that space, a variety of methods can be used to find relations in the data. Since the mapping can be quite general not necessarily linear , for example , the relations found in this way are accordingly very general. This approach is called the kernel trick . KMs owe their name to the use of Kernel statistics kernel function s, which enable them to operate in the feature space without ever computing the coordinates of the data in that space, but rather by simply computing the inner product s between ... than the explicit computation of the coordinates. Kernel functions have been introduced for sequence ..., most kernel algorithms are based on convex optimization or Eigenvalue, eigenvector and eigenspace eigenproblems ... recognition . nofootnotes date January 2011 See also Fisher kernel Notes reflist References John Shawe Taylor J. Shawe Taylor and Nello Cristianini N. Cristianini . Kernel Methods for Pattern Analysis. Cambridge University Press, 2004. W. Liu, J. Principe and S. Haykin. Kernel Adaptive ... Kernel Machines Org community website http www.support vector machines.org www.support vector machines.org ... ?n Main.KernelMethods onlineprediction.net Kernel Methods Article DEFAULTSORT Kernel Methods Category Kernel methods for machine learning Category Geostatistics Category Classification ... more details
Screen of Death . The Kernelcomputersciencekernel routines that handle panics, known as code panic ... a kernel panic occurs in Mac OS X , the computer displays a multilingual message informing the user ... to restart your computerkernel panic message appears Mac OS X v10.5, 10.6 ref The format varies from ... Kernel Panic Category Screens of death Category Computer errors Category Operating system kernels ...File Kernel panic.jpg thumb right A kernel panic message is displayed by an operating system upon detecting an internal system error from which it cannot recover. A kernel panic is an action taken by an operating ... to output an error message to the system console console , dump an image of kernel memory to disk ... an automatic Reboot computer reboot . ref http www.unix.com man page FreeBSD 9 panic ref The information ... developer in diagnosing the problem. History The Unix kernel maintains internal consistency and Run ... computer systems design and evaluation url http books.google.com books?id o15pmRSdQIIC&pg PA622 accessdate 6 May 2011 year 1998 publisher A K Peters, Ltd. isbn 978 1 56881 092 8 page 622 ref The kernel ... Digital Press isbn 978 1 55558 274 6 pages 119 126 ref After recompiling a kernel binary image from source code , a kernel panic during booting the resulting kernel is a common problem if the kernel ... ref Add on hardware or malfunctioning RAM could also be sources of fatal kernel errors during start ... Media, Inc. isbn 978 0 596 80425 1 page 589 ref A kernel may also die with a panic message if it is unable ... title Linux kernel in a nutshell url http books.google.com books?id 1rFLGKO0dywC&pg PA59 accessdate ... the final stages of kernel userspace initialization, a panic is typically triggered if the spawning ... Mauerer title Professional Linux Kernel Architecture url http books.google.com books?id e8BbHxVhzFAC ... 34343 2 pages 1238 1239 ref The following is an implementation of the Linux kernel final initialization ... passing init option to kernel. See Linux Documentation init.txt for guidance. source Operating system ... more details
Hybrid kernelKernelcomputerscience Microkernel Nanokernel Operating system Category Operating system technology Category Monolithic kernels Monolithic kernel af Monolitiese kern ca Nucli monol tic cs Monolitick j dro da Monolitisk kerne de Monolithischer Kernel es N cleo monol tico fa ko id Kernel monolitik hu Monolitikus rendszermag ml ms Inti monolit nl Monolithische kernel ja pl J dro monolityczne pt N cleo monol tico ru ...A monolithic kernel is an operating system architecture where the entire operating system is working in the kernel space and alone as supervisor mode . The monolithic differs from other operating system architectures such as the microkernel architecture ref cite web title Modular system programming in Minix3 url http www.usenix.org publications login 2006 04 openpdfs herder.pdf ref ref cite web title Server Client, or layered structure url http www.gridbus.org raj microkernel chap2.pdf date work publisher The Design of PARAS Microkernel accessdate 15 July 2009 ref in that it defines alone a high level virtual interface over computer hardware, with a set of primitives or system call s to implement all operating system services such as Process computing process management, Concurrency computerscience concurrency , and memory management itself and one or more device drivers as module programming modules . File OS structure2.svg thumb center 900px Structure of monolithic kernel , microkernel and hybrid kernel based operating systems clear right Loadable modules Modular operating systems such as OS 9 and most modern monolithic operating systems such as OpenVMS , Linux kernel Linux , BSD ... Server Client operating systems and its derivatives sometimes marketed as hybrid kernel which ..., loading modules dynamically as needed helps to keep the amount of code running in kernel space to a minimum ... HP UX Unix like kernels Linux kernel Linux DOS DR DOS MS DOS Microsoft Windows 9x series Windows 95 ... more details
The Palm kernel is the edible fruit of the oil palm tree. It yields two distinct oils palm oil and palm kernel oil . ref http www.fao.org DOCREP 005 y4355e y4355e03.htm OIL PALM FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin 148, 2002, 60pg, ISBN 9251048592 ref The pulp left after oil is rendered is formed into palm kernal cake , used either as high protein feed for dairy cattle or burned in boilers to generate electricity for palm oil mills and surrounding villages. Production Palm kernel cake is most commonly ... http palmoilis.mpob.gov.my publications pod34 hisham.pdf Malaysian Palm Kernel Cake as Animal Feed Hishamuddin Mohd Aspar, 2001, Palm Oil Developments 34 ref Uses Palm kernel cake is a high fibre, medium ... of Palm Kernel Meal and Corn Distillers Grains in Corn Silage Based Diets for Lactating Dairy Cows Carvalho, Cabrita, Dewhurst, Vicente, Lopes, and Fonseca, 2006, Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 89, No. 7 ref Among other similar feedstocks palm kernel cake is ranked a little higher than copra ... of palm kernel cake and cocoa pod husks for growing cattle Wong Hee Kum, Wan Zahari Mohamed, 1997, Journal of Tropical Agriculture and Food Science, Vol. 25, No. 1, ISSN 1394 9829 ref but lower than fish meal and groundnut cake, especially in its protein value. Composed of 16 fiber, palm kernel cake ... of Malaysian Palm Kernel Cakes Expellers Tang Thin Sue, 2001, Palm Oil Developments 34 ref The typical ration formulated for the feeding of dairy cattle consists of palm kernel cake 50 , molasses .... ref http palmoilis.mpob.gov.my publications pod40 wan.pdf Use of Palm Kernel Cake and Oil Palm By Products in Compound Feed M Wan Zahari and A R Alimon, 2004, Palm Oil Developments 40 ref Palm kernel ... national 4621818 Greenpeace boards palm kernel boat title Greenpeace activist arrested in New ... 2011 ref See also Palm kernel oil Tropical agriculture Environmental issues with agriculture Environmental impact of palm oil References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Palm Kernel Category Oil palm id Bungkil ... more details
Computerscience or computing science abbreviated CS or CompSci designates the science scientific and mathematics mathematical approach in computing . ref Cite doi 10.1145 63238.63239 Computerscience ... author Wegner, P. title Research paradigms in computerscience booktitle Proceedings of the 2nd ... date October 13 15, 1976 publisher IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA quote Computerscience ..., while others, such as Computer graphics computersciencecomputer graphics , emphasize real ... graphics link Computer graphics computerscience File 3 Tastenmaus Microsoft.jpg 94px alt Microsoft ... interaction div class thumbcaption Computerscience deals with the theoretical foundations of information ... div div History Main History of computerscience The earliest foundations of what would become computerscience predate the invention of the modern digital computer . Machines for calculating fixed numerical ... science broadened to study computation in general. Computerscience began to be established as a distinct ... Cl.cam.ac.uk date accessdate 2011 11 19 ref The world s first computerscience degree program, the Cambridge Diploma in ComputerScience , began at the University of Cambridge Cambridge Computer Lab Computer Laboratory in 1953. The first computerscience degree program in the United States was formed at Purdue University in 1962. ref http www.cs.purdue.edu feature conte.html Computerscience pioneer ... that formed part of the computerscience revolution during this time. IBM short for International Business ... to start the whole process over again . ref name Levy1984 During the late 1950s, the computerscience ... seen significant improvements in the usability and effectiveness of computerscience technology. Modern ... academic discipline, computerscience has made a number of fundamental contributions to science ..., R.L. date March 2000 url http www.cs.cornell.edu cis dean bgu.pdf title ComputerScience Achievements ... science A number of computer scientists have argued for the distinction of three separate paradigms ... more details
because the markers are in the source code. Kernel Markers consisted essentially of a C programming language C preprocessing macro computerscience macro which added, in the instrumented function ...Kernel markers were a static kernel instrumentation support mechanism for Linux kernel source code, allowing special tools such as LTTng ref name TracingWiki http ltt.polymtl.ca tracingwiki index.php Tracepoints and Markers Tracepoints and Markers , LTTng s Tracing Wiki ref or SystemTap ref name SystemTapWiki ... software trace information exposed by these probe points. Kernel markers were declared in the kernel ... in standard kernel execution. ref name 2009Desnoyers Mathieu Desnoyers, http lttng.org pub thesis ..., December 2009 ref Two Kernel Markers drawbacks were identified ref name 2009Desnoyers which ... unless the whole kernel tree is monitored. A patch set implementing them was merged into version ... Linux 2.6.24 Changelog , Linux Kernel Newbies ref , which was released on January 24, 2008. To address issues regarding kernel markers, Mathieu Desnoyers, their original author, implemented ... 2 6 28 head 87501bfdeacc6b01eea92db039af6a6150a4cd1f Linux 2.6.28 Changelog , Linux Kernel Newbies ref , which was released on December 25, 2008. Starting then, kernel markers were slowly removed from kernel sources and eventually fully removed in Linux kernel 2.6.32 ref name Linux 2 6 32 http kernelnewbies.org ... Kernel Newbies ref ref name 2009Hellwig Christoph Hellwig, http git.kernel.org ?p linux kernel ... Value Kernel debugger Tracepoint References references External links Jonathan Corbet, http lwn.net Articles 245671 Kernel markers , LWN.net, 2007 Mathieu Desnoyers, http git.kernel.org ?p linux kernel git torvalds linux 2.6.git a blob plain f Documentation markers.txt hb v2.6.24 Using the Linux Kernel Markers , Linux kernel documentation, 2008 Jonathan Corbet, http lwn.net Articles 291091 Tracing no shortage of options , LWN.net, 2008 Category Linux kernel features linux stub operating system ... more details
A separation kernel is a type of security kernelcomputersciencekernel used to simulate a distributed environment. The concept was introduced by John Rushby in a 1981 paper. ref name Rushby John Rushby, The Design and Verification of Secure Systems, Eighth ACM Symposium on Operating System Principles, pp. 12 21, Asilomar, CA, December 1981. ACM Operating Systems Review , Vol. 15, No. 5 . ref Rushby proposed the separation kernel as a solution to the difficulties and problems that had arisen in the development and verification of large, complex security kernels that were intended to provide multilevel secure operation on general purpose multi user systems. According to Rushby, the task of a separation kernel is to create an environment which is indistinguishable from that provided by a physically distributed system it must appear as if each regime is a separate, isolated machine and that information can only flow from one machine to another along known external communication lines. One of the properties we must prove of a separation kernel, therefore, is that there are no channels for information ... kernel, the partitioning kernel, has gained acceptance in the commercial aviation community as a way ... of the U.S. National Security Agency NSA published the Separation Kernel Protection Profile ... of Rushby s conceptual separation kernel. It defines the security functional and assurance requirements ... in the choices available to developers. The SKPP defines separation kernel as hardware and or firmware ... partitions. Further, the separation kernel s core functional requirements include protection of all ... flows between partitions and between exported resources audit services The separation kernel ... kernel provides to its hosted software programs high assurance partitioning and information ..., Green Hills INTEGRITY 178B became the first separation kernel certified against the SKPP. ref http www.niap ccevs.org cc scheme st vid10119 ref Wind River Systems has separation kernel technology ... more details
Accent was an operating system kernelcomputersciencekernel developed at Carnegie Mellon University CMU . Accent was developed as a follow on to the Aleph kernel developed at the University of Rochester , fixing several of its problems and re targeting its hardware support for networks of workstation machines specifically, the Three Rivers Computer Corporation Three Rivers PERQ instead of minicomputer s. Accent was part of the SPICE Project at CMU which ran from 1981 to 1985. Development of Accent led directly to the famous Mach kernel Mach kernel . The original Aleph project used data copying to allow programs to communicate. Applications could open ports , which would allow them to receive data sent to them by other programs. The idea was to write a number of servers that would control resources on the machine, passing data along until it reached an end user. In this respect it was similar ... for a program to guess them, thereby gaining access to resources on the computer that it had not been ... s internal to the kernel only. Instances of a program opening ports were handed back different IDs, stored in a mapping in the kernel. Whenever a message was sent to the kernel for delivery, it would ... IDs in the kernel, and any attempt to talk on one not explicitly handed out by the kernel was an error ... Access control Computer security subject specific identifiers for capabilities, is called a C list computer security C list system . After a few years the Accent project started looking less and less ... more Central processing unit CPUs to machines, something the Accent kernel was not really equipped to handle ... work on Accent and start again. The new system would use Accent s ports system within a Unix kernel, creating the famed Mach kernel . Some features of Accent Port capabilities Copy on write virtual memory ... other processes were invoked by sending messages to the kernel exactly as if the kernel was just ... cse221 papers rashid81.pdf title Accent A communication oriented network operating system kernel ... more details
Image Kernel Layout.svg thumb A kernel connects the application software to the hardware of a computer In computing , the kernel from German Kern , nucleus, core is the main component of most computer ... Roch 2004 ref A range of possibilities exists between these two extremes. Kernel basic facilities The kernel s primary function is to manage the computer s resources and allow other programs to run ... to the peripheral s connected to the computer, which are controlled by the kernel through device driver ..., Atomicity programming atomic Lock computerscience lock and unlock operations operating on binary Semaphore ... Notes In ComputerScience Vol. 563. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Operating Systems ... Monolithic kernels vs. microkernels As the computerkernel grows, a number of problems become evident ... done at the hardware level. The kernel s responsibilities include managing the system s resources the communication between Computer hardware hardware and Computer software software components . ref name Wulf74 Wulf 74 pp.337 345 ref Usually as a basic component of an operating system, a kernel ... monolithic kernel s execute all the operating system code in the same address space to increase the performance ... Unit . This is the most central part of a computer system, responsible for running or executing programs. The kernel takes responsibility for deciding at any time which of the many running programs ... The computer s Random access memory memory . Memory is used to store both program instructions ... programs will want access to memory, frequently demanding more memory than the computer has available. The kernel is responsible for deciding which memory each process can use, and determining what to do when not enough is available. Any input output Input Output I O devices present in the computer, such as keyboard, mouse, disk drives, printers, displays, network adapters, etc. The kernel ... within a domain. ref name Wulf74 Kernels also usually provide methods for synchronization computer ... more details
291 , the algorithms used in kernel regression were independently developed and used in Fuzzy System s Coming up with almost exactly the same computer algorithm, fuzzy systems and kernel density based ...Not to be confused with Kernel principal component analysis . The kernel regression is a non parametric technique in statistics to estimate the conditional expectation of a random variable . The objective is to find a non linear relation between a pair of random variables X and Y . In any nonparametric regression , the conditional expectation of a variable math Y math relative to a variable math X ... Watson kernel regression Nadaraya 1964 and Watson 1964 proposed to estimate math m math as a locally weighted average, using a kernel statistics kernel as a weighting function. The Nadaraya Watson ... is a kernel with a bandwidth math h math . The fraction is a weighting term with sum 1. Derivation math operatorname E Y X int y f y x dy int y frac f x,y f x dy math Using the kernel density estimation for the joint distribution f x,y and f x with a kernel K , math hat f x,y n 1 h 2 sum i 1 n K ... x x i h right math we obtain the Nadaraya Watson estimator. Priestley Chao kernel estimator math widehat m PC x h 1 sum i 1 n x i x i 1 K left frac x x i h right y i math Gasser M ller kernel estimator ... the unknown regression function using Nadaraya Watson kernel regression via the http cran.r project.org ... kernel along with asymptotic variability bounds Image cps71 lc mean.png center 360px center Estimated .... 2002 The Lady Tasting Tea How Statistics Revolutionized Science in the Twentieth Century , W.H. Freeman ... program package External links http www.cs.tut.fi lasip Scale adaptive kernel regression with Matlab software . http pcarvalho.com things kernelregressor An online kernel regression demonstration Requires ... language R package that provides a variety of nonparametric and semiparametric kernel methods ... parametric statistics de Kernel Regression ... more details
In statistical classification , the Fisher kernel , named in honour of Sir Ronald Fisher , is a function that measures the similarity of two objects on the basis of sets of measurements for each object and a statistical model. In a classification procedure, the class for a new object whose real class is unknown can be estimated by minimising, across classes, an average of the Fisher kernel distance from the new object to each known member of the given class. The Fisher kernel was introduced in 1998. ref Tommi Jaakkola and David Haussler 1998 , Exploiting Generative Models in Discriminative Classifiers. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 11 , pages 487&ndash 493. MIT Press. ISBN 978 0 262 11245 1 http people.csail.mit.edu tommi papers gendisc.ps PS , http citeseer.ist.psu.edu jaakkola98exploiting.html Citeseer ref It combines the advantages of Generative model generative statistical models like the hidden Markov model and those of Statistical classification discriminative methods like support vector machine s generative models can process data of variable length adding ... results. Derivation Fisher score The Fisher kernel makes use of the Fisher Score statistics score ... taking to log P X is the log likelihood of the probabilistic model. Fisher kernel The Fisher kernel is defined as math K X i, X j U X i T I 1 U X j math with I the Fisher information matrix. Applications Information retrieval The Fisher kernel is the kernel for a generative probabilistic ..., notably tf idf , ref Deriving TF IDF as a fisher kernel 2005 http www.cavi.univ paris3.fr lexicometrica ... kernel can also be applied to image representation for classification or retrieval problems. Currently, the most popular Bag of words model in computer vision bag of visual words representation suffers from sparsity and high dimensionality. The Fisher kernel can result in a compact and dense representation ... Taylor. An Introduction to Support Vector Machines and other kernel based learning methods . Cambridge ... more details
by contributors worldwide. Day to day development discussions take place on the Linux kernel mailing list . The Linux kernel was initially conceived and created by Finnish computerscience student ref ... computerscience threading . Architecture see also vmlinux File Linux kernel map.png thumb Linux ... mode , virtual memory , Library computerscience shared libraries , Demand paging demand loading ... driver s and kernel extensions run in kernel space Ring computer security ring 0 in many CPU ... rc1 Security Computer security is a much publicized topic in relation to the Linux kernel, because ... to address computer insecurity issues in the Linux kernel. ref cite book url http books.google.com ...Infobox OS The OS template doesn t fit nor the software2 template so we must create a kernel template ... boot.png frameless caption Linux kernel 3.0.0 booting author Linus Torvalds developer Linus Torvalds ... C , Assembly language assembly language English kernel type Monolithic kernel Monolithic license ... needed date January 2012 website http www.kernel.org www.kernel.org The Linux kernel is the operating system kernel computing kernel used by the Linux family of Unix like operating system s. ref name README cite web url http git.kernel.org ?p linux kernel git torvalds linux 2.6.git a blob f README ... date 2006 09 25 title Re GPLv3 Position Statement ref The Linux kernel is released under the GNU General Public License version 2 GPLv2 ref name COPYING http git.kernel.org ?p linux kernel git torvalds linux 2.6.git a blob f COPYING COPYING this updates with the kernel, at citation was h ca442d313d86dc67e0a2e5d584b465bd382cbf5c ... accessdate 2010 11 12 ref The Linux kernel has received contributions from thousands of programmers. ref cite web url http go.linuxfoundation.org who writes linux 2012 title Linux Kernel Development ... from over 200 different companies have contributed to the kernel. postscript . ref Many Linux distribution s have been released based upon the Linux kernel. History See also History of Linux ... more details
In the various branches of mathematics that fall under the heading of abstract algebra , the kernel of a homomorphism ... Serge authorlink Serge Lang title Algebra publisher Springer Science Business Media Springer series Graduate Texts in Mathematics year 2002 isbn 0 387 95385 X ref An important special case is the kernel matrix kernel of a matrix , also called the null space . The definition of kernel takes various forms in various contexts. But in all of them, the kernel of a homomorphism is trivial in a sense ..., that applies to the quotient algebra defined by the kernel. In this article, we first survey kernels ... algebra for generic algebraic structures. Survey of examples Linear operators Main Kernel linear ... W sub is the zero vector of W , then the kernel of T is the preimage of the singleton set 0 sub W sub ... 0 sub W sub . The kernel is usually denoted as ker T , or some variation thereof math mathop mathrm ... vectors, the zero vector 0 sub V sub of V must belong to the kernel. The transformation T is injective if and only if its kernel is only the singleton set 0 sub V sub . It turns out that ker T is always ... . As a consequence, the dimension linear algebra dimension of V equals the dimension of the kernel ... M , and the kernel can be computed by solving the homogeneous system of linear equations M v 0 . In this representation, the kernel corresponds to the null space of M . The dimension of the null ... s often amounts to computing the kernel of certain differential operator s. For instance, in order ... case. This example captures the essence of kernels in general abelian categories see Kernel ... homomorphism from G to H . If e sub H sub is the identity element of H , then the kernel of f is the preimage ... of G that are mapped by f to the element e sub H sub . The kernel is usually denoted ker f or a variation ... preserves identity elements, the identity element e sub G sub of G must belong to the kernel. The homomorphism f is injective if and only if its kernel is only the singleton set e sub G sub . It turns ... more details
Refimprove date July 2009 In computing , Quark is an operating system Kernelcomputersciencekernel used in MorphOS . It is a microkernel designed to run totally virtualized computers, called boxes see sandbox security sandbox . Currently only one Box is available, the ABox , that lets users run existing AmigaOS software compiled for 68k MC680x0 and PowerPC central processing unit processors . Design goals Quark microkernel borrows concepts from L4 microkernel family L4 microkernel family but is not an L4 implementation itself. For example the clan, id concept and recursive address mapping comes from L4. Quark also has an asynchronous synchronous message interface similar to Amiga Amiga s Exec kernel but adapted to the Memory protection memory protected environment. Other Quark features include High Super Usermode switch speed Low interrupt latency IntThreads and Int P code abstraction Symmetric multiprocessing Symmetrical multiprocessing SMP Task Thread and Clan Chief model Resource tracking Virtual memory optional Distributed computing No access to Kernelcomputersciencekernel structures Clean design with an elegant API Micro pico kernel mixture For this new kernel a hardware abstraction layer is used which provides the necessary hardware resource information like scanning all Amiga Zorro II zorro boards, Conventional PCI PCI boards and local hardware resources. ref Citation last first title MorphOS? What s that, then? newspaper AmigActive pages 14 17 date July 2000 ref ref cite web url http www.ggsdata.se Pegasos Bilder morphos reference.pdf title MorphOS Full Features List author David Gerber year 2002 accessdate 2010 07 28 ref Functions multicol SYS AddLinkMessage SYS AttemptSemaphore SYS AttemptSemaphoreShared SYS CopyCPUHalConfig SYS CreateMemList SYS CreateTask ... SYS StartNextThread SYS StartThread SYS WaitPort col end ABox Under the Quark kernel a PowerPC native ... running under this new PowerPC A Box kernel 68k code runs as subroutines inside PowerPC tasks ... more details
The order of a kernel is the first non zero Moment mathematics moment of a Kernel statistics kernel . Statistics stub Category Non parametric statistics ... more details
Aleph was an operating system kernel developed at the University of Rochester as part of their Rochester Intelligent Gateway RIG project in 1975. Aleph used inter process communication s to move data between programs and the kernel, so applications could transparently access resources on any machine on the local area network which at the time was a 3 Mbit s experimental Xerox PARC Xerox Ethernet . The project eventually petered out after several years due to rapid changes in the computer hardware market, but the ideas led to the creation of Accent kernel Accent at Carnegie Mellon University , leading in turn to Mach kernel Mach . Applications written for the RIG system communicated via ports . Ports were essentially message queues that were maintained by the Aleph kernel, identified by a machine unique as opposed to globally unique ID consisting of a process id, port id pair. Processes were automatically assigned a process number, or pid , on startup, and could then ask the kernel to open ports. Processes could open several ports and then read them, automatically blocking and allowing other programs to run until data arrived. Processes could also shadow another, receiving a copy of every message sent to the one it was shadowing. Similarly, programs could interpose on another, receiving messages and essentially cutting the original message out of the conversation. RIG was implemented on a number of Data General Eclipse minicomputer s. This presented a major performance problem because the system could copy data only 2kB at a time. Another problem, realized only in retrospect, was that the use of global ID s allowed malicious software to guess at ports and thereby gain access to resources they should not have had. References cite conference author Rashid, Richard F title From RIG to Accent to Mach the evolution of a network operating system booktitle Proceedings of 1986 ACM Fall joint computer conference year 1986 pages 1128 1137 ID ISBN 0 8186 4743 4 url http portal.acm.org ... more details
Research publisher MIT Press year 2002 page 444 ref on strings over an Alphabet computerscience ... , precursor Reflist DEFAULTSORT String Kernel Category Information science Category Natural language ...Context date September 2010 A string Kernel trick kernel is a mathematical tool used in large scale data analysis and data mining mining , where sequence data are to be Cluster Analysis clustered or statistical classification classified concerning especially the popular research fields of text mining text and bioinformatics gene analysis ref Citation title The spectrum kernel A string kernel for SVM protein classification last Leslie first C. last2 Eskin first2 E. last3 Noble first3 W.S. booktitle Proceedings of the Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing volume 7 pages 566 575 year 2002 ref . Kernels are often used in with support vector machines to transform data from its original Vector space space to one where it can be more easily separated and grouped. This may enable Support vector machine Nonlinear classification non linear classification . Informal Introduction Suppose one wants to compare some text passages automatically and indicate their relative similarity. For many applications, it might be sufficient to find some keywords which match exactly. One example where exact matching is not always enough is found in Spam electronic spam detection ref Citation title Improved Online Support ... of a vector space , using a string kernel allows the extension of these methods to handle sequence data. The string kernel method is to be contrasted with earlier approaches for text classification ... 5 number 1 page 58 ref Definition A Kernel trick kernel on a domain math D math is a function math ... reproduce the definition of a string subsequence kernel ref name Lodhi Citation last Lodhi first Huma ... involving an inner product of feature vectors, hence the name kernel methods . A desirable ... math , only the inner product via the kernel, which may be a lot quicker, especially when approximation ... more details
2010 The critical Abstraction computerscience abstraction in UNIX was the pipe Unix pipe . What ... that enable threads to run a thread computerscience thread is a single unit of execution, exists within a context of a task and shares the task s resources a computer port software port is a protected ... computerscience messages are collections of typed data objects, they can only be sent to ports ... computing trap . The program uses a library computerscience library to place data in a well known ... www mach.html Mach is an operating system kernel computing kernel developed at Carnegie Mellon University ... as a replacement for the kernel in the Berkeley Software Distribution BSD version of UNIX , so no new ... kernel which incorporates an earlier non microkernel Mach as a major component. The Mach virtual memory management system was also adopted by the BSD developers at Computer Systems Research Group ... successor to Carnegie Mellon s Accent kernel . The lead developer on the Mach project, Richard ... head of software at NeXT , then Chief Software Technology Officer at Apple Computer until March ... that they name their new microkernel MUCK, for Multi User Communication Kernel or Multiprocessor Universal Communication Kernel . An Italian colleague mispronounced MUCK as Mach , which Rashid liked ... UNIX kernel, this discussion focuses on what distinguishes Mach from UNIX. It became clear ... kernel project, using an IPC system based on shared memory . Accent was a purely experimental system ... name Tev97 cite conference title Mach Threads and the Unix Kernel The Battle for Control booktitle Proceedings ... title Mach A New Kernel Foundation for UNIX Development date 1986 booktitle Technical Conference ... operating system code was moved out of the kernel and into user space, resulting in a much smaller kernel and the rise of the term microkernel . Unlike traditional systems, under Mach a process, or task ... system to define tasks and threads in this way. The kernel s job was reduced from essentially being ... more details
In mathematics , the word kernel has several meanings. Kernel may mean a subset associated with a Map mathematics mapping , which measures how far it is from being injective or being a monomorphism The kernel ... or Null vector zero vector , as in kernel linear operator kernel of a linear operator and kernel matrix kernel of a matrix . In this context, kernel is often called nullspace . More generally, the kernel algebra kernel in algebra is the set of elements that map to the neutral element . Here, the mapping ..., maps neutral element to neutral element. The kernel is then the set of all elements that the mapping cannot distinguish from the neutral element. The Kernel category theory kernel in category theory ..., the Kernel set theory kernel of a function is the set of all pairs of elements that the function cannot distinguish, that is, they map to the same value. This is a generalization of the kernel concept ... difference kernel or binary equalizer is the set of all elements where the values of two functions coincide. Kernel may also mean a function which serves as parameter for some class of functional mappings In integral calculus , the kernel also called integral kernel or kernel function is a function ... hand side f can be written as Tf above, the kernel becomes the Green s function . The heat kernel is the Green s function of the heat equation. In the case when the integral kernel depends only on the difference between its arguments, it becomes a convolution kernel , as in math T f x int X phi x x f x , dx . math In statistics , a kernel statistics kernel is a weighting function used in kernel ... theory and statistics , a stochastic kernel is the transition function of a stochastic process . In a discrete time process with continuous probability distributions, it is the same thing as the kernel of the integral operator that advances the probability density function . Kernel trick is a technique ..., a positive definite kernel is a generalization of a positive definite matrix . The kernel in a reproducing ... more details
Infobox OS name T Kernel logo screenshot caption developer T Engine Forum source model kernel type supported platforms ui family Real time operating system s latest release version latest release date marketing target programmed in prog language language updatemodel package manager working state license website http t engine.onghu.com en articles introducing the t kernel T Kernel T Kernel is a real time operating system RTOS designed for 16 bit 16 and 8 bit microcontroller s. T Kernel is standardized by T Engine Forum. An article comparing 9 RTOSs among which Micro T Kernel was evaluated and given favorable remarks appeared in IEEE publication. ref http ieeexplore.ieee.org xpl freeabs all.jsp?arnumber 5156833 Real time operating system RTOS for small 16 bit microcontroller in Consumer Electronics, 2009. ISCE 09. IEEE 13th International Symposium ref References Reflist See also T Kernel External links http www.t engine.org T Engine Forum http www.t engine.org english text TEF020 S004 01.00.00 en.pdf T Kernel Specification version 1.00.00 http www.superh tkernel.org eng download misc index.html T Kernel for M16C 62P source code and documentation http t engine.onghu.com en articles introducing the t kernel Introducing the T Kernel http www.onghu.com te Information about T Engine, T Kernel and T Kernel Programming operating system stub Category Real time operating systems ... more details
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