refimprove date May 2012 The term kernel has two separate meanings in statistics . In Bayesian statistics In statistics, especially in Bayesian statistics , the kernel of a probability density function ... variable math x math . In non parametric statistics In non parametric statistics, a kernel is a weighting function used in non parametric estimation techniques. Kernels are used in kernel density estimation to estimate random variable s density function s, or in kernel regression to estimate the conditional ... ignored during the calculations, and only the kernel considered. At the end, the form of the kernel ... distributions, the kernel can be written in closed form, but not the normalization constant. An example ... 1 sqrt 2 pi sigma 2 e frac x mu 2 2 sigma 2 math and the associated kernel is math p x mu, sigma 2 ... varying intensity for a point process . Commonly, kernel widths must also be specified when running a non parametric estimation. Definition A kernel is a non negative real valued function real valued ... math K u K u mbox for all values of u ,. math The first requirement ensures that the method of kernel ... of the corresponding distribution is equal to that of the sample used. If K is a kernel ... to select a scale that is appropriate for the data. Kernel functions in common use Several types of kernel functions are commonly used uniform, triangle, Epanechnikov, quartic biweight , tricube, triweight ... style has the problem that the maths is cut off gallery Caption Commonly used Kernel Functions style background white Image Kernel uniform.svg Uniform br math K u frac 1 2 1 u leq1 math Image Kernel triangle.svg Triangle br math K u 1 u 1 u leq1 math Image Kernel epanechnikov.svg V. A. Epanechnikov Epanechnikov br math K u frac 3 4 1 u 2 1 u leq1 math Image Kernel quartic.svg Quartic br math K u frac 15 16 1 u 2 2 1 u leq1 math Image Kernel triweight.svg Triweight br math K u frac 35 32 1 u 2 3 1 u leq1 math Image Kernel exponential.svg Normal distribution Gaussian br math K u frac 1 sqrt 2 ... more details
wiktionary TOCRight Kernel may refer to Business Kernel Holding , an agri business company Computer science Kernel computing , the central component of most operating systems The Linux kernel , used on many Linux based operating systems The architecture of Windows 9x Windows 9x kernel, used in Windows 95, 98 and ME The architecture of Windows NT Windows NT kernel, used in all Windows NT systems including Windows 2000, XP, Vista and 7 XNU , from the Mac OS X operating systems Kernel programming language , a Scheme like language Kernel trick , in machine learning and statisticsKernel, a function that executes on OpenCL devices GPGPU Kernels Kernel in GPGPU Literature Kernel Lilo & Stitch Kernel Lilo & Stitch , experiment 014 from the Lilo & Stitch cartoon series Kernel Fleck , a character in the Demonata series of books Mathematics Kernel algebra Kernel category theory Kernel linear operator Kernel mathematics Kernel matrix KernelstatisticsKernel smoother , a statistical technique Convolution kernel , as of a linear filter Heat kernel Polygon kernel Positive definite kernel Stochastic kernelKernel of an integral transform Kernel of a function The kernel in the Cooperative game The kernel cooperative game , in game theory Science A seed of some plants Palm kernel Atomic nucleus See also Wikisource1911Enc kernel KERNAL , Commodore s 8 bit OS software Colonel disambiguation cs J dro de Kernel fr Noyau ko he lt Branduolys ja simple Kernel sk Jadro th uk zh ... more details
Infobox OS name T Kernel logo File T kernel logo.gif T Kernel logo screenshot caption developer T Engine source model kernel type supported platforms ARM architecture ARM , MIPS architecture MIPS , x86 ... website http www.t engine.org T Engine T Kernel is an open source ref http www.t engine.org what is t kernel What is T Kernel ref real time operating system designed for 32 bit microcontroller s. It is standardized by T Engine Forum. ref http www.t engine.org what is t kernel ref T Kernel is distributed ... bit and 8 bit microcontrollers, Micro T Kernel T Kernel is designed to have a small footprint. ref ... of Tokyo . The project s goal was to design an open RTOS kernel. The TRON framework defines a complete .... T Kernel is the name of the specification and at the same time a single implementation based ... Overview To make it easy to distribute middleware , T Kernel has separate specification for subsystem ... for individual application can be created by combining the middleware called T Kernel Extension with the T Kernel itself. T Monitor initializes hardware and handles the interrupt set up at the beginning. T Monitor lessens hardware dependency of T Kernel, and improves the application portability. T Kernel consists of the following three components from the viewpoint of functionality. ref http www.t engine.org what is t kernel t kernel OS overview ref T Kernel OS Operating System This offers the basic functions as real time OS. T Kernel SM System Manager This offers the functions including ... such as device drivers and subsystems. T Kernel DS Debugger Support This offers the functions for debugger s to be used in development tools. Development Environment for T Kernel eBinder from eSol ... development targeting T Kernel. ref http www2.renesas.com platformovia en partner product ebinder.html eBinder T Kernel ITRON based system development suite ref The current release of T Kernel 2.0 is distributed with a plug in for Eclipse software Eclipse IDE. Also, a version of T Kernel that runs ... more details
The order of a kernel is the first non zero Moment mathematics moment of a Kernelstatisticskernel . Statistics stub Category Non parametric statistics ... more details
hand side f can be written as Tf above, the kernel becomes the Green s function . The heat kernel is the Green s function of the heat equation. In the case when the integral kernel depends only on the difference between its arguments, it becomes a convolution kernel , as in math T f x int X phi x x f x , dx . math In statistics , a kernelstatisticskernel is a weighting function used in kernel ... theory and statistics , a stochastic kernel is the transition function of a stochastic process . In a discrete time process with continuous probability distributions, it is the same thing as the kernel of the integral operator that advances the probability density function . Kernel trick is a technique ...In mathematics , the word kernel has several meanings. Kernel may mean a subset associated with a Map mathematics mapping , which measures how far it is from being injective or being a monomorphism The kernel ... or Null vector zero vector , as in kernel linear operator kernel of a linear operator and kernel matrix kernel of a matrix . In this context, kernel is often called nullspace . More generally, the kernel algebra kernel in algebra is the set of elements that map to the neutral element . Here, the mapping ..., maps neutral element to neutral element. The kernel is then the set of all elements that the mapping cannot distinguish from the neutral element. The Kernel category theory kernel in category theory ..., the Kernel set theory kernel of a function is the set of all pairs of elements that the function cannot distinguish, that is, they map to the same value. This is a generalization of the kernel concept ... difference kernel or binary equalizer is the set of all elements where the values of two functions coincide. Kernel may also mean a function which serves as parameter for some class of functional mappings In integral calculus , the kernel also called integral kernel or kernel function is a function ..., a positive definite kernel is a generalization of a positive definite matrix . The kernel in a reproducing ... more details
In computer science , kernel methods KMs are a class of algorithms for pattern analysis , whose best known element is the support vector machine SVM . The general task of pattern analysis is to find and study general types of relations for example Cluster analysis clusters , ranking s, principal components , correlation s, Categorization classification s in general types of data such as sequences, text documents, sets of points, vectors, images, etc. . KMs approach the problem by mapping the data into a high dimensional feature space , where each coordinate corresponds to one feature of the data items, data transformation transforming the data into a set of points in a Euclidean space . In that space, a variety of methods can be used to find relations in the data. Since the mapping can be quite general not necessarily linear , for example , the relations found in this way are accordingly very general. This approach is called the kernel trick . KMs owe their name to the use of Kernelstatisticskernel function s, which enable them to operate in the feature space without ever computing the coordinates of the data in that space, but rather by simply computing the inner product s between ... than the explicit computation of the coordinates. Kernel functions have been introduced for sequence ..., most kernel algorithms are based on convex optimization or Eigenvalue, eigenvector and eigenspace eigenproblems ... recognition . nofootnotes date January 2011 See also Fisher kernel Notes reflist References John Shawe Taylor J. Shawe Taylor and Nello Cristianini N. Cristianini . Kernel Methods for Pattern Analysis. Cambridge University Press, 2004. W. Liu, J. Principe and S. Haykin. Kernel Adaptive ... Kernel Machines Org community website http www.support vector machines.org www.support vector machines.org ... ?n Main.KernelMethods onlineprediction.net Kernel Methods Article DEFAULTSORT Kernel Methods Category Kernel methods for machine learning Category Geostatistics Category Classification ... more details
In statistical classification , the Fisher kernel , named in honour of Sir Ronald Fisher , is a function that measures the similarity of two objects on the basis of sets of measurements for each object and a statistical model. In a classification procedure, the class for a new object whose real class is unknown can be estimated by minimising, across classes, an average of the Fisher kernel distance from the new object to each known member of the given class. The Fisher kernel was introduced in 1998. ref Tommi Jaakkola and David Haussler 1998 , Exploiting Generative Models in Discriminative Classifiers. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 11 , pages 487&ndash 493. MIT Press. ISBN 978 0 262 11245 1 http people.csail.mit.edu tommi papers gendisc.ps PS , http citeseer.ist.psu.edu jaakkola98exploiting.html Citeseer ref It combines the advantages of Generative model generative statistical models like the hidden Markov model and those of Statistical classification discriminative methods like support vector machine s generative models can process data of variable length adding or removing data is well supported discriminative methods can have flexible criteria and yield better results. Derivation Fisher score The Fisher kernel makes use of the Fisher Score statistics score ... taking to log P X is the log likelihood of the probabilistic model. Fisher kernel The Fisher kernel is defined as math K X i, X j U X i T I 1 U X j math with I the Fisher information matrix. Applications Information retrieval The Fisher kernel is the kernel for a generative probabilistic ..., notably tf idf , ref Deriving TF IDF as a fisher kernel 2005 http www.cavi.univ paris3.fr lexicometrica ... kernel can also be applied to image representation for classification or retrieval problems. Currently ... from sparsity and high dimensionality. The Fisher kernel can result in a compact and dense representation ... Taylor. An Introduction to Support Vector Machines and other kernel based learning methods . Cambridge ... more details
Watson kernel regression Nadaraya 1964 and Watson 1964 proposed to estimate math m math as a locally weighted average, using a kernelstatisticskernel as a weighting function. The Nadaraya Watson ... parametric statistics de Kernel Regression ...Not to be confused with Kernel principal component analysis . The kernel regression is a non parametric technique in statistics to estimate the conditional expectation of a random variable . The objective is to find a non linear relation between a pair of random variables X and Y . In any nonparametric ... is a kernel with a bandwidth math h math . The fraction is a weighting term with sum 1. Derivation math operatorname E Y X int y f y x dy int y frac f x,y f x dy math Using the kernel density estimation for the joint distribution f x,y and f x with a kernel K , math hat f x,y n 1 h 2 sum i 1 n K ... x x i h right math we obtain the Nadaraya Watson estimator. Priestley Chao kernel estimator math widehat m PC x h 1 sum i 1 n x i x i 1 K left frac x x i h right y i math Gasser M ller kernel estimator ... the unknown regression function using Nadaraya Watson kernel regression via the http cran.r project.org ... kernel along with asymptotic variability bounds Image cps71 lc mean.png center 360px center Estimated ... 291 , the algorithms used in kernel regression were independently developed and used in Fuzzy System s Coming up with almost exactly the same computer algorithm, fuzzy systems and kernel density based ... in Statistics publisher Springer date 1996 location pages url doi id isbn 0 387 94716 7 Salsburg, D. 2002 The Lady Tasting Tea How Statistics Revolutionized Science in the Twentieth Century , W.H. Freeman ... program package External links http www.cs.tut.fi lasip Scale adaptive kernel regression with Matlab software . http pcarvalho.com things kernelregressor An online kernel regression demonstration Requires ... language R package that provides a variety of nonparametric and semiparametric kernel methods ... more details
Inappropriate tone date January 2011 For machine learning algorithms, the kernel trick is a way of mapping observations from a general set S into an inner product space V equipped with its natural norm , without ever having to compute the mapping explicitly, in the hope that the observations will gain meaningful linear structure in V . linear classifier Linear classifications in V are equivalent to generic classifications in S . The trick to avoid the explicit mapping is to use learning algorithms ... dimensional dot products can be computed within the original space, by means of a kernel function ... product in usually a different space . K is often referred to as a kernel mathematics kernel or a kernel function . The word kernel is used in different ways throughout mathematics. If one is lucky ... the kernel trick. Given a finite observation set S , one can simply select the measure math mu T T math ... c sub n sub cf. positive definite kernel . Some algorithms that depend on arbitrary relationships ... also use it to justify the meanings and properties of existing algorithms. The kernel trick was first ... journal Automation and Remote Control volume 25 pages 821 837 ref Theoretically, a kernel matrix ... K is a Mercer kernel, K can still be referred to a kernel . Suppose K is any square matrix ... learning and statistics , including Perceptron s Support vector machine s Principal component ... analysis Commonly used kernels in such algorithms include the polynomial kernel, representing a mapping ... order versus lower order terms in the polynomial. For the case math d 2 math of the quadratic kernel ... 1, ldots, sqrt 2c x n, c rangle math The kernel trick here lies in working in an math n 2 n 1 math ... space using only math n 1 math multiplications. References references See also Kernel methods Integral transform s Hilbert space , specifically reproducing kernel Hilbert space Mercer kernel Category Kernel methods for machine learning de Kernel Maschinelles Lernen fr Kernel trick ... more details
Infobox OS The OS template doesn t fit nor the software2 template so we must create a kernel template ... boot.png frameless caption Linux kernel 3.0.0 booting author Linus Torvalds developer Linus Torvalds ... C , Assembly language assembly language English kernel type Monolithic kernel Monolithic license ... needed date January 2012 website http www.kernel.org www.kernel.org The Linux kernel is the operating system kernel computing kernel used by the Linux family of Unix like operating system s. ref name README cite web url http git.kernel.org ?p linux kernel git torvalds linux 2.6.git a blob f README ... date 2006 09 25 title Re GPLv3 Position Statement ref The Linux kernel is released under the GNU General Public License version 2 GPLv2 ref name COPYING http git.kernel.org ?p linux kernel git torvalds linux 2.6.git a blob f COPYING COPYING this updates with the kernel, at citation was h ca442d313d86dc67e0a2e5d584b465bd382cbf5c ... by contributors worldwide. Day to day development discussions take place on the Linux kernel mailing list . The Linux kernel was initially conceived and created by Finnish computer science student ref ... accessdate 2010 11 12 ref The Linux kernel has received contributions from thousands of programmers. ref cite web url http go.linuxfoundation.org who writes linux 2012 title Linux Kernel Development ... from over 200 different companies have contributed to the kernel. postscript . ref Many Linux distribution s have been released based upon the Linux kernel. History See also History of Linux ... community contributed code and ideas to the Linux kernel. At the time, the GNU Project had created many of the components required for a free operating system, but its own kernel, GNU Hurd , was incomplete ... group comp.os.minix msg 2194d253268b0a1b title Free minix like kernel sources for 386 .... ref cite web url http www.kernel.org pub linux kernel Historic old versions RELNOTES 0.12 title Release Notes for Linux v0.12 first Linus last Torvalds publisher The Linux Kernel Archives accessdate ... more details
A kernel smoother is a statistics statistical technique for estimating a real valued function mathematics function math f X , , left X in mathbb R p right math by using its noisy observations, when non parametric statistics no parametric model for this function is known. The estimated function is smooth, and the level of smoothness is set by a single parameter. This technique is most appropriate for low dimensional p 3 data visualization purposes. Actually, the kernel smoother represents the set of irregular data points as a smooth line or surface. Definitions Let math K h lambda X 0 ,X math be a kernel defined by math K h lambda X 0 ,X D left frac left X X 0 right h lambda X 0 right math where math X,X 0 in mathbb R p math math left cdot right math is the Euclidean norm math h lambda X 0 math is a parameter kernel radius D t typically is a positive real valued function, which value is decreasing or not increasing for the increasing distance between the X and X sub 0 sub . Popular Kernelstatistics kernels used for smoothing include V. A. Epanechnikov Epanechnikov Tri cube Gaussian function Gaussian Let math hat Y X mathbb R p to mathbb R math be a continuous function of X . For each math X 0 in mathbb R p math , the Nadaraya Watson kernel weighted average smooth Y X estimation is defined by math hat Y X 0 frac sum limits i 1 N K h lambda X 0 ,X i Y X i sum limits i ... 0 end align math See also KernelstatisticsKernel methods Kernel density estimation Kernel regression ... at X sub i sub points. In the following sections, we describe some particular cases of kernel smoothers ... to X sub 0 sub points denoted by red . The result is not smooth enough. Kernel average smoother The idea of the kernel average smoother is the following. For each data point X sub 0 sub , choose a constant distance size &lambda kernel radius, or window width for p 1 dimension , and compute ... statistics ... more details
Infobox OS name T Kernel logo screenshot caption developer T Engine Forum source model kernel type supported platforms ui family Real time operating system s latest release version latest release date marketing target programmed in prog language language updatemodel package manager working state license website http t engine.onghu.com en articles introducing the t kernel T Kernel T Kernel is a real time operating system RTOS designed for 16 bit 16 and 8 bit microcontroller s. T Kernel is standardized by T Engine Forum. An article comparing 9 RTOSs among which Micro T Kernel was evaluated and given favorable remarks appeared in IEEE publication. ref http ieeexplore.ieee.org xpl freeabs all.jsp?arnumber 5156833 Real time operating system RTOS for small 16 bit microcontroller in Consumer Electronics, 2009. ISCE 09. IEEE 13th International Symposium ref References Reflist See also T Kernel External links http www.t engine.org T Engine Forum http www.t engine.org english text TEF020 S004 01.00.00 en.pdf T Kernel Specification version 1.00.00 http www.superh tkernel.org eng download misc index.html T Kernel for M16C 62P source code and documentation http t engine.onghu.com en articles introducing the t kernel Introducing the T Kernel http www.onghu.com te Information about T Engine, T Kernel and T Kernel Programming operating system stub Category Real time operating systems ... more details
multiple issues orphan March 2010 notability March 2010 Kernel relocation may refer to the Linux feature in which a Linux kernelkernel can be compiled to be bootable at a variety of different memory address es, instead of a fixed address, used in connection with kexec for crash recovery. ref http kernelnewbies.org Linux 2 6 20 head 3c215483506a27123005168c491eea0f2e5549dd ref References reflist DEFAULTSORT Kernel Relocation Category Linux kernel linux stub ... more details
Windows kernel may refer to architecture of Windows 9x Windows 9x kernel , used in Windows 95, 98 and ME Architecture of Windows NT Windows NT kernel , used in all Windows NT systems including Windows 2000, XP, Vista and 7 disambig ... more details
A kernel debugger is a debugger present in some Kernel computer science kernels to ease debugging and kernel development by the kernel developers. A kernel debugger might be a stub implementing low level operations, with a full blown debugger such as gdb , running on another machine, sending commands to the stub over a serial line or a network connection, or it might provide a command line that can be used directly on the machine being debugged. Operating systems and operating system kernels that contain a kernel debugger The Windows NT family includes a kernel debugger named KD ref cite web title KD url http msdn.microsoft.com en us library ff551837.aspx accessdate 2011 01 25 ref , which can act as a local debugger with limited capabilities reading and writing kernel memory, but not setting breakpoints ref cite web title Performing Local Kernel Debugging url http msdn.microsoft.com en us library ff553382 v VS.85 .aspx accessdate 2011 01 25 ref and can attach to a remote machine over a serial line, IEEE 1394 connection, or Universal Serial Bus USB 2 connection. ref cite web title Attaching to a Target Computer Kernel Mode url http msdn.microsoft.com en us library ff538141 v VS.85 .aspx accessdate 2011 01 25 ref The WinDbg GUI debugger can also be used to debug kernels on local and remote machines. BeOS DragonFly BSD Linux kernel No kernel debugger was included in the mainline Linux tree prior to version 2.6.26 rc1 because Linus Torvalds didn t want a kernel debugger in the kernel. ref name linus cite web title LWN.net url http lwn.net 2000 0914 a lt debugger.php3 accessdate 2008 05 29 ref ref http lwn.net Articles 280912 3rd may 2008 Message from Linus Torvalds for the 2.6.26 rc1 kernel merge ref KDB local ref name kdb cite web last Nellitheertha first Hariprasad title Inside the Linux kernel debugger url http www.ibm.com developerworks linux library l kdbug index.html accessdate 2008 05 29 ref KGDB remote References Reflist Category Debuggers Category Operating system ... more details
notability date February 2009 unreferenced date February 2009 Kernel preemption is a method used mainly in monolithic kernel monolithic and hybrid kernel hybrid kernel computing kernel s where all or most device drivers are run in kernel space , whereby the Scheduling computing scheduler is permitted to forcibly perform a context switch i.e. preemptively schedule on behalf of a runnable and higher priority process on a driver or other part of the kernel during its execution, rather than Computer multitasking Cooperative multitasking.2Ftime sharing co operatively wait for the driver or kernel function such as a system call to complete its execution and return control of the processor to the scheduler. There are two main benefits to this method in monolithic and hybrid kernels, and answer one of the main criticisms of monolithic kernels from microkernel advocates, which is that A device driver can enter an infinite loop or other unrecoverable state, crashing the whole system Some drivers and system calls on monolithic kernels are slow to execute, and can t return control of the processor to the scheduler or other program until they complete execution. External links http www.freebsd.org doc en books arch handbook smp design.html Category Scheduling computing Category Operating system kernels ... more details
The Palm kernel is the edible fruit of the oil palm tree. It yields two distinct oils palm oil and palm kernel oil . ref http www.fao.org DOCREP 005 y4355e y4355e03.htm OIL PALM FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin 148, 2002, 60pg, ISBN 9251048592 ref The pulp left after oil is rendered is formed into palm kernal cake , used either as high protein feed for dairy cattle or burned in boilers to generate electricity for palm oil mills and surrounding villages. Production Palm kernel cake is most commonly produced by economical screw press, less frequently via a more expensive solvent processes. ref http palmoilis.mpob.gov.my publications pod34 hisham.pdf Malaysian Palm Kernel Cake as Animal Feed Hishamuddin Mohd Aspar, 2001, Palm Oil Developments 34 ref Uses Palm kernel cake is a high fibre, medium grade protein feed best suited to ruminant s. ref http jds.fass.org cgi reprint 89 7 2705.pdf Evaluation of Palm Kernel Meal and Corn Distillers Grains in Corn Silage Based Diets for Lactating Dairy .... 89, No. 7 ref Among other similar feedstocks palm kernel cake is ranked a little higher than copra ... of palm kernel cake and cocoa pod husks for growing cattle Wong Hee Kum, Wan Zahari Mohamed, 1997 ... fish meal and groundnut cake, especially in its protein value. Composed of 16 fiber, palm kernel cake ... of Malaysian Palm Kernel Cakes Expellers Tang Thin Sue, 2001, Palm Oil Developments 34 ref The typical ration formulated for the feeding of dairy cattle consists of palm kernel cake 50 , molasses .... ref http palmoilis.mpob.gov.my publications pod40 wan.pdf Use of Palm Kernel Cake and Oil Palm By Products in Compound Feed M Wan Zahari and A R Alimon, 2004, Palm Oil Developments 40 ref Palm kernel ... national 4621818 Greenpeace boards palm kernel boat title Greenpeace activist arrested in New ... 2011 ref See also Palm kernel oil Tropical agriculture Environmental issues with agriculture Environmental impact of palm oil References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Palm Kernel Category Oil palm id Bungkil ... more details
Refimprove date June 2007 Infobox Cultivar name Ashmead s Kernel image Ashmead s Kernel.JPG Ashmead s Kernel cultivar Ashmead s Kernel origin Gloucester , England , 18th Century Ashmead s Kernel is a ploidy triploid ref name Grin Observation Data cultivar of apple . Traditionally Ashmead s Kernel was thought to be diploid but a poor pollinator. Origin Ashmead s Kernel is often reported as having been raised by Dr Ashmead in Gloucester, England in the 18th century. However Christine Leighton of the Gloucestershire Orchard Group suggests he may have been William Ashmead. a lawyer who died in 1782. ref name Leighton Description This dessert apple is of medium size, on average 83mm ref name Grin Observation Data in diameter on vigorous rootstock and has a flat round shape. The base colour of the apple is greenish yellow, yet has a dull russet colour all over sometimes there are brownish red stripes. Ashmead s Kernel makes a good apple juice because of its sweet sharp flavour. Culture Produces an upright spreading tree, that generally crops well, though on exposed sites it can be irregular. It is a cultivar that is susceptible to bitter pit , and fire blight . The fruit is generally picked in late October ref name Grin Observation Data for use between December and February. References Reflist colwidth 30em refs ref name Leighton Leighton, Christine, History of Ashmead s Kernel http www.gloucestershireorchardgroup.org.uk varieties apples ashmeads kernel history ref ref name Grin Observation Data USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. GRIN . http www.ars grin.gov cgi bin npgs acc obs.pl?1018745 ref Smith, M. W. G., National Apple Register of the United Kingdom Apples DEFAULTSORT Ashmead s Kernel Apple Category Apple cultivars ... more details
A hybrid kernel is a Kernel computer science kernel architecture based on combining aspects of microkernel and monolithic kernel architectures used in computer operating system s. The category is controversial due to the similarity to monolithic kernel the term has been dismissed by Linus Torvalds as simple marketing. ref quote text As to the whole hybrid kernel thing it s just marketing. It s oh, those microkernels had good PR, how can we try to get good PR for our working kernel? Oh, I know, let ... Linus Torvalds ref The traditional kernel categories are monolithic kernel s and microkernel s with nanokernel ... center 1024px Structure of monolithic kernel, microkernel and hybrid kernel based operating systems The idea behind this category is to have a kernel structure similar to a microkernel, but implemented in terms of a monolithic kernel. In contrast to a microkernel, all or nearly all operating system services are in kernel space . While there is no performance overhead for message passing and context switching between kernel and user mode, as in monolithic kernel s, there are no reliability benefits of having services in user space , as in microkernel s. Examples NT kernel Image Windows 2000 ... user mode and kernel mode , with many different modules within both of these layers. The best known example of a hybrid kernel is the Microsoft architecture of the Windows NT operating system line NT kernel that powers Windows NT , Windows 2000 , Windows XP , Windows Server 2003 , Windows Vista , Windows Server 2008 and Windows 7 . NT based Windows is classified as a hybrid kernel or a macrokernel ref name Microsoft 2007 cite web title MS Windows NT Kernel mode User and GDI White Paper publisher ... featfunc kernelwp.mspx?mfr true accessdate 2007 03 01 ref rather than a monolithic kernel because the emulation subsystems run in user mode server processes, rather than in kernel mode as on a monolithic kernel, and further because of the large number of design goals which resemble design goals of Mach ... more details
Infobox Newspaper name The Kentucky Kernel image caption type Daily student newspaper format Broadsheet foundation 1915 ceased publication price Free owners University of Kentucky publisher editor language political circulation 17,000 daily headquarters 026 Grehan Journalism Building br Lexington, Kentucky 40506 0042 ISSN None oclc 13363397 website http kykernel.com kykernel.com The Kentucky Kernel is the daily student newspaper of the University of Kentucky . The Kernel is distributed free on and around the University of Kentucky campus. It claims a circulation of 17,000 and readership of more than 30,000. Its sole source of revenue is advertising . It is issued during the weekdays during the spring and fall semesters and weekly during the summer term, roughly 150 days in the calendar year. It is one of the largest circulating newspapers in Kentucky. History The Kentucky Kernel was preceded by several student newspapers, with the earliest dating to 1892. From 1908 to 1915, the University of Kentucky s student newspaper was called The Idea , but it became the Kentucky Kernel following a naming contest in 1915. The first issue produced under the Kernel name was published September 16 ... in 1966. In 1972, the Kernel formally established its editorial and financial independence from the University of Kentucky administration. Operations and alumni The Kernel operates out of the Grehan ... of its first faculty members. Several prominent journalists worked at the Kernel while they were ... South Africa correspondent Michael Wines. The writer Bobbie Ann Mason also worked at the Kernel . The famous The Walt Disney Company Disney writer and illustrator Don Rosa worked for the Kernel from 1969 to 1973. The Pertwillaby Papers were first printed in the Kernel , which inspired many of Rosa ... spawned a panel discussion on diversity. Awards In 2006 and 2008, the Kernel won the National ... University of Kentucky Student Newspapers of the SEC DEFAULTSORT Kentucky Kernel, The Category Student ... more details
The VA Kernel is a set of programs, developed by the Department of Veterans Affairs of the United States Government, which provide an operating system and MUMPS implementation independent abstraction to the VistA Hospital Information System. These programs called routines in MUMPS are the only programs which are expected to not be written in ANSI Standard MUMPS. The MUMPS language used in the kernel is amazingly simple, consisting of a single language MUMPS , a single data type string , a single data storage mechanism global arrays stored on disk , 19 commands and 22 functions. MUMPS is a symbolic language with linguistic roots closer to LISP than Fortran or Cobol . Because of this simple software layer, the VistA software architecture has been able to adapt to changing hardware environments over the decades with only the minimum amount of software changes at higher levels of abstraction. The CHCS system and the RPMS system have a Kernel as well, which provides a similar degree of support to those systems as the VA Kernel does to VistA . The VA Kernel provides abstractions for Menu Management MenuMan Electronic mail, group conferencing, transaction processing MailMan Login and Access Security Task scheduling and Batch processing Input Output devices Protocol and Event processing Date processing and manipulation Mathematical and common library functions References http blip.tv file 405389 Video Interview of Tom Munnecke on the design of the kernel Category Free software operating systems ... more details
pp semi sock expiry 18 June 2012 small yes About the field of StatisticsStatistics is the study of the collection ... dict.asp?Word statistics The Free Online Dictionary ref It deals with all aspects of this, including ... have often gained this experience through working in any of a list of fields of application of statistics wide number of fields . There is also a discipline called mathematical statistics that studies statistics mathematically. The word statistics , when referring to the scientific discipline, is singular, as in Statistics is an art. ref cite web url http www.merriam webster.com dictionary statistics title Statistics work Merriam Webster Online Dictionary ref This should not be confused with the word ... Online Dictionary ref whose plural is statistics this statistic seems wrong or these statistics ... . Statistics used in standardized testing assessment are shown. The scales include standard ... in standard nines. TOC limit 3 Scope Some consider statistics to be a mathematical body ... of data , ref Moses, Lincoln E. 1986 Think and Explain with Statistics , Addison Wesley, ISBN 978 ... Lee, 1973 Statistics for the Social Sciences , Holt, Rinehart and Winston, p.xii, ISBN 978 0 03 077945 ... on applications, statistics is usually considered to be a distinct mathematical science rather than a branch of mathematics. ref cite book last Moore first David title Statistics for the Twenty First ... Washington, DC year 1992 pages 14 25 chapter Teaching Statistics as a Respectable Subject isbn 978 ... isbn 978 0 495 05064 3 url http www.rossmanchance.com iscam preface.pdf ref Much of statistics ... comparisons of official statistics reporting of results and summarised data tables and graphs ... with the design of experiments and survey sampling . Statistics also provides tools for prediction and forecasting using data and statistical model s. Statistics is applicable to a wide variety of academic ... a collection of data this is called descriptive statistics . This is useful in research ... more details
File Kernel panic.jpg thumb right A kernel panic message is displayed by an operating system upon detecting an internal system error from which it cannot recover. A kernel panic is an action taken by an operating ... Screen of Death . The Kernel computer science kernel routines that handle panics, known as code panic ... to output an error message to the system console console , dump an image of kernel memory to disk ... developer in diagnosing the problem. History The Unix kernel maintains internal consistency and Run ... accessdate 6 May 2011 year 1998 publisher A K Peters, Ltd. isbn 978 1 56881 092 8 page 622 ref The kernel ... Digital Press isbn 978 1 55558 274 6 pages 119 126 ref After recompiling a kernel binary image from source code , a kernel panic during booting the resulting kernel is a common problem if the kernel ... ref Add on hardware or malfunctioning RAM could also be sources of fatal kernel errors during start ... Media, Inc. isbn 978 0 596 80425 1 page 589 ref A kernel may also die with a panic message if it is unable ... title Linux kernel in a nutshell url http books.google.com books?id 1rFLGKO0dywC&pg PA59 accessdate ... the final stages of kernel userspace initialization, a panic is typically triggered if the spawning ... Mauerer title Professional Linux Kernel Architecture url http books.google.com books?id e8BbHxVhzFAC ... 34343 2 pages 1238 1239 ref The following is an implementation of the Linux kernel final initialization ... passing init option to kernel. See Linux Documentation init.txt for guidance. source Operating system dependent details Linux Kernel panics appear in Linux like other Unix like systems, but can also generate another kind of error condition, known as a Linux kernel oops kernel oops . ref http lwn.net images pdf LDD3 ch04.pdf Linux Device Drivers , Chapter 4 ref In this case the kernel normally continues ... some subsystems or resources to become unavailable, they can later lead to a full kernel panic. Mac OS X Image MacOSX kernel panic.png commented out because the article is too short at the moment Image ... more details
Kernel markers were a static kernel instrumentation support mechanism for Linux kernel source code, allowing special tools such as LTTng ref name TracingWiki http ltt.polymtl.ca tracingwiki index.php Tracepoints and Markers Tracepoints and Markers , LTTng s Tracing Wiki ref or SystemTap ref name SystemTapWiki http sourceware.org systemtap wiki UsingMarkers Using Markers , SystemTap Wiki ref to tracing software trace information exposed by these probe points. Kernel markers were declared in the kernel ... because the markers are in the source code. Kernel Markers consisted essentially of a C programming ... in standard kernel execution. ref name 2009Desnoyers Mathieu Desnoyers, http lttng.org pub thesis ..., December 2009 ref Two Kernel Markers drawbacks were identified ref name 2009Desnoyers which ... unless the whole kernel tree is monitored. A patch set implementing them was merged into version ... Linux 2.6.24 Changelog , Linux Kernel Newbies ref , which was released on January 24, 2008. To address issues regarding kernel markers, Mathieu Desnoyers, their original author, implemented ... 2 6 28 head 87501bfdeacc6b01eea92db039af6a6150a4cd1f Linux 2.6.28 Changelog , Linux Kernel Newbies ref , which was released on December 25, 2008. Starting then, kernel markers were slowly removed from kernel sources and eventually fully removed in Linux kernel 2.6.32 ref name Linux 2 6 32 http kernelnewbies.org ... Kernel Newbies ref ref name 2009Hellwig Christoph Hellwig, http git.kernel.org ?p linux kernel ... Value Kernel debugger Tracepoint References references External links Jonathan Corbet, http lwn.net Articles 245671 Kernel markers , LWN.net, 2007 Mathieu Desnoyers, http git.kernel.org ?p linux kernel git torvalds linux 2.6.git a blob plain f Documentation markers.txt hb v2.6.24 Using the Linux Kernel Markers , Linux kernel documentation, 2008 Jonathan Corbet, http lwn.net Articles 291091 Tracing no shortage of options , LWN.net, 2008 Category Linux kernel features linux stub operating system ... more details
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