Image Ketocarboxylic Acids General Formulae V.1.svg thumb Pyruvic acid top , acetoacetic acid and levulinic acid bottom Keto acids or oxoacids are organic compound s that contain a carboxylic acid group and a ketone group. The alpha keto acids are especially important in biology as they are involved in the Krebs citric acid cycle and in glycolysis . ref Nelson, D. L. Cox, M. M. Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry 3rd Ed. Worth Publishing New York, 2000. ISBN 1 57259 153 6. ref In several cases, the keto group is hydrated. Common types of keto acids include Alpha keto acids, or 2 oxoacids, such as pyruvic acid , have the keto group adjacent to the carboxylic acid. Other important members are oxaloacetic acid and glycolic acid . ref Oxocarboxylic Acids Robert C. Kerber, Marian S. Fernando J. Chem. Educ., 2010, DOI 10.1021 ed1003096 ref Beta keto acids, or 3 oxoacids, such as acetoacetic acid , have the ketone group at the second carbon from the carboxylic acid Gamma keto acids, or 4 oxoacids, such as levulinic acid , have the ketone group at the third carbon from the carboxylic acid. When ingested sugar s and carbohydrate levels are low, stored fats and proteins are the primary source of energy production. Glucogenic amino acid s from proteins are converted to glucose and fat s can be used to form ketone bodies . Ketogenic amino acid s can be deaminated to produce alpha keto acids and ketone bodies. Alpha keto acids are used primarily as energy for liver cells and in fatty acid synthesis , also in the liver. References references See also Ulosonic acid s External links MeshName Keto Acids Category Keto acids organic chemistry stub cs Oxokyseliny de Ketos uren es Ceto cido fr C toacide gl Ceto cido it Alfa chetoacido nl Ketocarbonzuur ja pl Ketokwasy pt Ceto cido ru sv Ketosyra zh ... more details
The branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase complex is a combination of enzyme s responsible for the degradation of the branched chain amino acids . Examples of these include valine , isoleucine , and leucine . Cofactors This complex requires the following 5 cofactors Thiamine diphosphate FAD Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD sup sup Lipoic acid Lipoate Coenzyme A Similar enzymes This complex is also analogous to the alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex in the citric acid cycle and the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex creating acetyl CoA prior to the citric acid cycle. Pathology A deficiency in any of the enzymes of this complex as well as an enzyme inhibitor inhibition of the complex as a whole is responsible for maple syrup urine disease . This enzyme is an autoantigen recognized in primary biliary cirrhosis , a form of acute liver failure. These antibodies appear to recognize oxidized protein that has resulted from inflammatory immune responses. Some of these inflammatory responses are explained by gluten sensitivity . ref name pmid17657817 cite journal author Leung PS, Rossaro L, Davis PA, et al. title Antimitochondrial antibodies in acute liver failure Implications for primary biliary cirrhosis journal Hepatology volume 46 issue 5 pages 1436 year 2007 pmid 17657817 doi 10.1002 hep.21828 ref . Other mitochondrial autoantigens include pyruvate dehydrogenase and branched chain oxoglutarate dehydrogenase , which are antigens recognized by anti mitochondrial antibodies . References Reflist External links http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov bookshelf br.fcgi?book gene&part msud GeneReviews NCBI NIH UW entry on Maple Syrup Urine Disease MeshName Branched Chain Ketoacid Dehydrogenase EC number 1.2.4.4 Autoantigens Aldehyde Oxo oxidoreductases Amino acid metabolism enzymes Multienzyme complexes DEFAULTSORT Branched Chain Alpha KetoAcid Dehydrogenase Complex Category Autoantigens ... more details
For the town in Ecuador frequently misspelled as Keto or Keeto Quito Keto can refer to The Keto people , an ethnic group of the Siberian North. Ceto or Keto, a sea goddess in Greek mythology. Ketone or keto group, the functional group in the chemical compounds ketones. Ketoconazole , a medication that can inhibit the production of testosterone in both the testes and adrenal gland. Ketogenic diet Low carbohydrate diet disambig de Keto ko it Ceto nl Ceto pl Ceto pt Ceto tr Keto ... more details
MedalTableTop MedalCountry the URS MedalSport Women s archery File Ketevan Losaberidze and Shalva Dzhashiashvili 1980.jpg thumb 250px Keto Losaberidze with her coach Shalva Dzhashiashvili 1980 MedalCompetition Archery at the Summer Olympics Olympic Games MedalGold 1980 Summer Olympics 1980 Moscow Archery at the 1980 Summer Olympics Individual MedalBottom Keto Losaberidze born August 1, 1949 is a female archery archer and Olympic champion who competed for the Soviet Union . She received an individual gold medal at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . ref name db ol ARC1980 http www.databaseolympics.com games gamessport.htm?g 20&sp ARC 1980 Summer Olympics &ndash Moscow, Soviet Union &ndash Archery databaseOlympics.com Retrieved on April 17, 2008 ref References Reflist Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Losaberidze, Keto ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION Archer DATE OF BIRTH August 1, 1949 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH USSR Olympic medalist stub Archery bio stub DEFAULTSORT Losaberidze, Keto Category 1949 births Category Living people Category Archers at the 1980 Summer Olympics Category Olympic gold medalists for the Soviet Union Category Olympic medalists in archery fr Ketevan Losaberidze nl Keto Losaberidze pl Keto Losaberidze ru , sv Keto Losaberidze uk ... more details
File Victor Dolidze Keto and Kote.jpg thumb 280 px Scene from a 2007 performance of Keto and Kote by the Tbilisi Opera and Ballet Theatre Keto and Kote Georgian language Georgian , Keto da kote is a comic opera in three acts, by the Georgians Georgian composer Victor Dolidze who also wrote the libretto based on Avksenty Tsagareli s 19th century romantic Comedy drama comedy Khanuma . Considered the first Georgian comic opera, ref Egorova 1997 p. 89 ref Keto and Kote premiered in Tbilisi on December 11, 1919. ref name TOBT Tbilisi Opera and Ballet Theatre 2007 ref An immediate success at its premiere, Dolidze s opera remains a popular classic in Georgia and was made into a film in 1947 with additional music composed by Archil Kereselidze on traditional Georgian folk tunes. ref Egorova 1997 p. 90 ref A review in Opera magazine Opera of its 2003 performance by the Tbilisi Opera and Ballet Theatre at the Rishon LeZion Spring Festival described it as very much like a zarzuela in style with elements of commedia dell arte . ref http books.google.co.uk books?id FCwKAQAAMAAJ&q 22Keto and Kote 22&dq 22Keto and Kote 22&hl en&ei qpZwTf6fAYGZhQfH7LxN&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 10&ved 0CFMQ6AEwCQ Opera , Volume 54, 2003, p. 960 ref The story revolves around the young lovers Keto, the daughter of a wealthy merchant, and Kote, nephew of the impoverished Prince Levan Palavandishvili. In order to marry, the couple must overcome several obstacles, including the machinations of two rival Matchmaking matchmakers , one of whom is determined to arrange a marriage between Kote s uncle Levan and Keto. ref name TOBT Notes and references Reflist Sources Egorova, Tatiana 1997 . http books.google.co.uk books?id gFeJrPBSV6kC&pg PA89&dq Keto and Kote&hl en&ei o4hwTbGXKY2whAeWqoUw&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 6&ved 0CD8Q6AEwBQ v onepage&q Keto 20and 20Kote&f false Soviet ... fullview Victor Dolidze Keto and Kote Category Georgian language operas Category 1919 operas Category ... more details
Aila Inkeri Keto Order of Australia AO born 14 March 1943 is founder and President of the Rainforest Conservation Society in Queensland, Australia , now known as the Australia Rainforest Conservation Society. Born in Tully, Queensland , Australia , ref name bio cite web title Keto, Aila Inkeri 1943 publisher Bright Sparcs Biographical entry url http www.asap.unimelb.edu.au bsparcs biogs P004279b.htm accessdate 2008 02 29 ref Dr Keto originally studied biochemistry and worked at the University of Queensland . ref Williams, Christine 2006 . Green power Environmentalists who have changed the face of Australia , Lothian Books, pp. 87 96. ref Keto was awarded an Officer of the Order of Australia in 1994 and was nominated as Queensland Day Queenslander of the Year Queenslander of the Year in 2000. In 2001 she was awarded the Centenary Medal , for service as an expert on wet tropics and as a leading conservationist and academic . ref name honour cite web title It s an Honour publisher Australian Government url http www.itsanhonour.gov.au honours honour roll search.cfm?aus award id 1116111&search type quick&showInd true accessdate 2008 02 28 ref In 2005 Dr Keto was awarded the Volvo Environment Prize for her work which, led to the protection of more than 15,000 km of Queensland s rainforest. ref name volvo cite web title Volvo awards protection of biodiversity publisher Volvo Environment Prize url http www.environment prize.com prev.e?year 2005 accessdate 2008 02 28 archiveurl http web.archive.org web 20080108010532 http www.environment prize.com prev.e?year 2005 Bot retrieved archive ... environmental and conservation work ref name award cite web title Aila Keto Selected as a Queensland ... Memorial Lecture by Aila Keto References reflist Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Keto, Aila ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1943 03 14 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Keto, Aila Category Living people Category 1943 births Category Australian ... more details
of enols conversion of an acid catalyzed enol to the keto form proceeds by a two step Reaction Mechanism mechanism in an aqueous acid ic solution .For this it is necessary that the alpha carbon carbon ... form by stirring the keto form in trifluoroacetic acid and toluene 1 9 ratio followed Recrystallization ...File Keto Enol Tautomerie.png thumb right 350px Keto enol tautomerism. br Left the keto form right the enol. In organic chemistry , keto enol tautomerism refers to a chemical equilibrium between a keto form a ketone or an aldehyde and an enol an alcohol . The enol and keto forms are said to be tautomers ... contains a pair of doubly bonded carbon atoms adjacent to a hydroxyl &minus OH group, C C OH. The keto ... nucleophile . Normally, the keto enol tautomerization chemical equilibrium is highly thermodynamically driven, and at room temperature the equilibrium heavily favors the formation of the keto form. A classic example for favoring the keto form can be seen in the equilibrium between vinyl alcohol and acetaldehyde K enol keto 3 x10 sup 7 sup . However, it is reported that in the case of vinyl ... in the hydroxyl group, thus relieving the positive charge on the electronegative oxygen atom.The keto ... and hence more stable than the carbon carbon pi bond. File Keto enol.svg Erlenmeyer rule One of the early investigators into keto enol tautomerism was Richard August Carl Emil Erlenmeyer . His ... directly to a double bonded carbon atom become aldehydes or ketones. This occurs because the keto form is, in general, more stable than its enol tautomer. As the lower energy form, the keto form is favored ... substituents, the conversion of the enol to the keto tautomer affords enantiomers . On the other ... Keto enol tautomerism is important in several areas of biochemistry . The high phosphate ... in the less stable enol form, whereas after dephosphorylation it can assume the keto form ... s, the enol is important due to the aromatic character of the enol but not the keto form. Melting ... more details
Image 3 Deoxy D manno oct 2 ulosonic acid linear.png thumb 200px The ulosonic acid ketodeoxyoctulosonic acid . An ulosonic acid is a sugar acid obtained by the oxidation of the 1 hydroxyl group of a ketose to a carboxylic acid , creating an alpha ketoacid . An example of an ulosonic acid is ketodeoxyoctulosonic acid . chemistry stub Category Sugar acids fr Acide ulosonique ... more details
Infobox Single See Wikipedia WikiProject Songs Name This Is Acid Cover Cover size Caption Artist Maurice Joshua Maurice with Hot Hands Hula from Album A side B side Released 1988 Format Gramophone record 12 Recorded 1987 citation needed date February 2011 Genre Electronic dance music Electronica Acid House Length 4 38 Radio edit version ref It was the Les Adams K&T Remix that was the hit the radio edit of this mix was 4 38 and the 12 version was 6 22. ref Label A&M Records Vendetta A&M Records Writer Hula Mahone , Lidell Townsell Producer Hot Hands Hula, Les Adams Certification Last single This single Next single Misc This Is Acid , also known by its full title, This Is Acid A New Dance Craze , is the name of a 1 Billboard magazine Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart single by Chicago house music DJ and producer Maurice Joshua , who recorded the track under his first name Maurice. It reached the top spot in April 1989 and stayed there for two weeks. ref Joel Whitburn Whitburn, Joel 2004 . Hot Dance Disco 1974 2003 , Record Research Inc. ref The song contains spoken lyrics performed by male singer Hot Hands Hula Mahone. The lyrics introduce the listener to the acid house sound. Versions ... cite web url http www.discogs.com Maurice This Is Acid master 85253 title This Is Acid master release .... Legacy This Is Acid A New Dance Craze was Joshua s only hit single, but he did go on to be a Grammy Award winning producer and remixer. This Is Acid was cover version covered by Germany German ... Records TX169 A1 I Gotta Big Dick 6 20 A2 I Gotta Big Dick Instrumental 5 23 B1 This Is Acid 4 56 B2 Feel the Mood 4 15 12 Maxi US on Maurice This Is Acid A New Dance Craze Vendetta Records VE 7016 A1 This Is Acid A New Dance Craze S & T Mix 7 22 A2 This Is Acid A New Dance Craze Deep Dub 5 58 B This Is Acid ... Hot Dance Club Songs number one singles Category Acid house songs Category Electronic songs Category House music songs Category Spoken word Category Techno songs it This Is Acid ... more details
Other uses Acid disambiguation Refimprove date March 2008 Expert subject Computer science date August 2009 In computer science , ACID Atomicity database systems atomicity , Consistency database systems consistency , Isolation database systems isolation , Durability database systems durability is a set of properties that guarantee that database transaction s are processed reliably. In the context of database s, a single logical operation on the data is called a transaction. For example, a transfer of funds from one bank account to another, even though that might involve multiple changes such as debiting one account and crediting another , is a single transaction. Jim Gray computer scientist Jim Gray defined these properties of a reliable transaction system in the late 1970s and developed technologies to automatically achieve them. ref cite web url http www.microsoft.com presspass features 1998 11 23gray.mspx title Gray to be Honored With A. M. Turing Award This Spring date 1998 11 23 accessdate ... the acronym ACID to describe them. ref cite journal first Theo last H rder first2 Andreas last2 Reuter ... properties, atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability ACID , describe the major highlights ... of ACID is often partly relaxed due to the huge speed decrease this type of concurrency management ... committed. Examples The following examples are used to further explain the ACID properties. In these examples ... ACID capabilities. Locking means that the transaction marks the data that it accesses so that the DBMS ... property, namely snapshot isolation . Distributed transactions Guaranteeing ACID properties in a distributed ... 2. refend Databases DEFAULTSORT Acid Category Database management systems Category Transaction processing Category Concurrency control ar ACID ca ACID da ACID Transaktion de ACID el ACID es ACID ko ACID it ACID he ACID hu ACID nl ACID ja ACID pl ACID pt ACID ru ACID simple ACID fi ACID ta , , , uk ACID vi ACID zh ACID ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2007 chembox verifiedrevid 444775363 ImageFile Oxalbernsteins ure.png IUPACName 1 Oxopropane 1,2,3 tricarboxylic acid OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo Ref cascite correct ?? CASNo 1948 82 9 PubChem 972 SMILES C C C O C O O C O O C O O MeSHName Section2 Chembox Properties C 6 H 6 O 7 MolarMass 190.108 Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Section3 Chembox Hazards Solubility MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Oxalosuccinic acid is a substrate of the citric acid cycle . It is acted upon by isocitrate dehydrogenase . Salts and ester s of oxalosuccinic acid are known as oxalosuccinates . Oxalosuccinic acid Oxalosuccinate is an unstable 6 Carbon intermediate in the TriCarboxylic Acid Cycle. It s an alpha keto compound, formed during the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to Alpha Ketoglutarate, which is catalyzed by the enzyme Isocitrate Dehydrogenase. Oxalosuccinate never leaves the active site of the enzyme, however it s unstable and immediately undergoes decarboxylation to produce the 5 carbon compound, Alpha Ketoglutarate. Citric acid cycle DEFAULTSORT Oxalosuccinic Acid Category Tricarboxylic acids Category Keto acids biochemistry stub de Oxalbernsteins ure fr Acide oxalosuccinique it Acido ossalsuccinico hu Ox lszukcin t ja pt cido oxalosucc nico ta zh ... more details
A nonvolatile acid also known as a fixed acid or metabolic acid is an acid produced from sources other than carbon dioxide , and is not excreted by the lungs. They are produced from e.g. an incomplete metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. All acids produced in the body are nonvolatile except carbonic acid , which is the sole volatile acid. Common nonvolatile acids in humans are lactic acid , phosphoric acid , sulfuric acid , acetoacetic acid , and beta hydroxybutyric acid . Humans produce about 1 1.5 mmoles of H per kilogram per day. ref cite web url http www.anaesthesiamcq.com AcidBaseBook ab2 1.php title Acid Base Physiology accessdate 2007 05 30 ref The nonvolatile acids are excreted by the kidney s. Lactic acid is usually completely metabolized by the body, and is thus not excreted from the body. Reactions The following reactions result in nonvolatile acids sulfur containing amino acid oxidation s ref name boron846 cite book author Walter F., PhD. Boron title Medical Physiology A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch publisher Elsevier Saunders location year pages isbn 1 4160 2328 3 oclc doi Page 846 ref e.g. methionine or cysteine Urea CO sub 2 sub H sub 2 sub SO sub 4 sub 2H sup sup SO sub 4 sub sup 2 sup phosphorus containing compound metabolism ref name boron846 H sub 3 sub PO sub 4 sub H sup sup H sub 2 sub PO sub 4 sub sup sup cationic amino acid oxidation ref name boron846 e.g. lysine or arginine Urea CO sub 2 sub H sub 2 sub O H sup sup Non metabolizable organic acid production ref name boron846 HA H sup sup A sup sup Incomplete metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins ref name boron846 e.g. lactic acid or ketoacid s See Also Carbonic acid Volatile Acid References reflist Category Acid base physiology ca cid metab lic ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 437107655 ImageFile Meconic acid.svg ImageSize 150 IUPACName 3 Hydroxy 4 oxo 4 H pyran 2,6 dicarboxylic acid OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 497 59 6 PubChem 5351448 SMILES C1 C OC C O O C O C1 O C O O Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 7 sub H sub 4 sub O sub 7 sub MolarMass 200.10 Appearance colorless crystals Density MeltingPt Solubility Meconic acid , also known as acidum meconicum and poppy acid , is a chemical substance found in certain plants of the Papaveraceae family poppy such as Papaver somniferum opium poppy and Papaver bracteatum . Meconic acid constitutes about 5 of opium and can be used as an analytical marker for the presence of opium. Meconic acid has erroneously been described as a mild narcotic , but it has little or no physiological activity, and is not used medicinally. Meconic acid forms salt chemistry salts with alkaloid s and metal s. These salts as well as meconic acid ester s are called meconates . Meconic acid was first isolated by Friedrich Sert rner in 1805. Chemistry Meconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid . Its structure contains two carboxylic acid functional group groups COOH and one keto group O attached to a pyran ring. Meconic acid gives a red color with ferric chloride . Meconic acid is colorless and is only slightly soluble in water but readily soluble in alcohol. See also Opium Muconic acid , an unrelated dicarboxylic acid References cite journal title Poppy Acid Synthesis and Crystal Chemistry author Scott Lovell, Paramjeet Subramony, and Bart Kahr journal J. Am. Chem. Soc. volume 121 issue 30 pages 7020 7025 year 1999 url doi 10.1021 ja990402a Category Dicarboxylic acids Category 4 Pyrones Category Alcohols de Mekons ure fr Acide m conique ja ... more details
PBB geneid 10327 Alcohol dehydrogenase NADP also known as aldehyde reductase or aldo keto reductase family 1 member A1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the AKR1A1 gene . ref name pmid2498333 cite journal author Bohren KM, Bullock B, Wermuth B, Gabbay KH title The aldo keto reductase superfamily. cDNAs and deduced amino acid sequences of human aldehyde and aldose reductases journal J Biol Chem volume 264 issue 16 pages 9547 51 year 1989 month Jul pmid 2498333 pmc doi ref ref name pmid10393438 cite journal author Fujii J, Hamaoka R, Matsumoto A, Fujii T, Yamaguchi Y, Egashira M, Miyoshi O, Niikawa N, Taniguchi N title The structural organization of the human aldehyde reductase gene, AKR1A1, and mapping to chromosome 1p33 p32 journal Cytogenet Cell Genet volume 84 issue 3 4 pages 230 2 year 1999 month Jul pmid 10393438 pmc doi 10.1159 000015265 ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene AKR1A1 aldo keto reductase family 1, member A1 aldehyde reductase url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 10327 accessdate ref Function This gene encodes a member of the aldo keto reductase aldo keto reductase superfamily , which consists of more than 40 known enzymes and proteins . This member, also known as aldehyde reductase, is involved in the reduction of biogenic and xenobiotic aldehydes and is present in virtually every tissue biology tissue . Alternative splicing of this gene results in two transcript variants encoding the same protein . ref name entrez References reflist Further reading refbegin 2 cite journal author Dawson SJ, White LA title Treatment of Haemophilus aphrophilus endocarditis with ciprofloxacin. journal J. Infect. volume 24 issue 3 pages 317 20 year 1992 pmid 1602151 doi 10.1016 S0163 4453 05 80037 4 cite journal ... human aldo keto reductase AKR1 family members. journal Biochem. J. volume 343 Pt 2 issue ... Picklo MJ, Olson SJ, Markesbery WR, Montine TJ title Expression and activities of aldo keto oxidoreductases ... more details
246 C Levulinic acid , or 4 oxopentanoic acid, is an organic compound with the chemical formula formula CH sub 3 sub C O CH sub 2 sub CH sub 2 sub CO sub 2 sub H. It is a ketoacid . This white crystalline ...chembox Verifiedfields changed Watchedfields changed verifiedrevid 462091509 Name Levulinic acid Reference ref Merck Index , 11th Edition, 5352 ref ImageFile Levulinic Acid Structural Formulae.svg ImageSize 180px ImageName Skeletal formula ImageFile1 Levulinic acid 3D balls.png ImageName1 Ball and stick model IUPACName 4 Oxopentanoic acid OtherNames Levulinic acid, Laevulinic acid, Acetylpropionic acid, 3 Acetopropionic acid, acetylpropionic acid, ketovaleric acid, 4 oxopentanoic acid Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 11091 ChEMBL Ref ebicite changed EBI ChEMBL 1235931 PubChem 11579 UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA UNII RYX5QG61EI InChI 1 C5H8O3 c1 4 6 2 3 5 7 8 h2 3H2,1H3, H,7,8 InChIKey JOOXCMJARBKPKM UHFFFAOYAR StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C5H8O3 c1 4 6 2 3 5 7 8 h2 3H2,1H3, H,7,8 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey JOOXCMJARBKPKM UHFFFAOYSA N CASNo Ref cascite correct CAS ... der Chemie volume 175, pp. 181 204 1875 . DOI 10.1002 jlac.18751750113 ref levulinic acid is prepared in the laboratory by heating sucrose with concentrated hydrochloric acid . ref OrgSynth author B. F. McKenzie title Levulinic acid collvol 1 collvolpages 335 year 1941 prep cv1p0335 ref The process ... acid s can be used. Levulinic acid is a potential precursor to nylon like polymers, synthetic ..., gamma Valerolactone valerolactone , and ethyl levulinate. Levulinic acid is also a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy . Levulinic acid is used in cigarette s to increase nicotine ... of Public Health Practice Tobacco Research Program, August 2005. ref Safety Levulinic acid is relatively nontoxic, with an LD50 of 1850 mg kg. References reflist 1911 Category Keto acids de L vulins ure ... more details
Chembox Name Acetolactic acid verifiedrevid 445129023 ImageFile S Acetolactic acid.svg ImageSize 200px IUPACName 2 S 2 Hydroxy 2 methyl 3 oxobutanoic acid OtherNames Acetolactate Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 71698 08 3 CASNo Ref cascite correct CAS PubChem 440878 ChemSpiderID 389710 ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChEBI Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEBI 18409 StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C5H8O4 c1 3 6 5 2,9 4 7 8 h9H,1 2H3, H,7,8 t5 m0 s1 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey NMDWGEGFJUBKLB YFKPBYRVSA N SMILES O C C C O C O O C InChI InChI 1S C5H8O4 c1 3 6 5 2,9 4 7 8 h9H,1 2H3, H,7,8 t5 m0 s1 Section2 Chembox Properties C 5 H 8 O 4 Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Acetolactic acid acetolactate is a precursor in the biosynthesis of the branched chain amino acids valine and leucine . Acetolactic acid is produced from two molecules of pyruvic acid by acetolactate synthase . Acetolactic acid can also be decarboxylation decarboxylated by alpha acetolactate decarboxylase to produce acetoin . ref cite book url http books.google.de books?id Q8B WusVacsC&pg PA185 chapter Carbohydrate Metabolism isbn 978 0 7514 0215 5 volume 2 title The Lactic Acid Bacteria The genera of lactic acid bacteria publisher Springer year 1995 first1 B. J. B. last1 Wood first2 W. H. last2 Holzapfel pages 185 186 ref ref cite book url http books.google.de books?id Sabnh9l76W0C&pg PA283 title Applied dairy microbiology publisher CRC Press year 2001 isbn 978 0 8247 0536 7 volume 110 of Food science and technology. A series of monographs first1 E. H. last1 Marth first2 J. L. last2 Steele pages 283 chapter Genetics of Lactic acid bacteria ref References Reflist Category Hydroxy acids Category Keto acids de 2 Hydroxy 2 methyl 3 oxobutters ure ... more details
recommended. Interactive pathway map TCACycle WP78 highlight Oxaloacetic acid alt1 See also dioxosuccinic acid References reflist citric acid cycle Amino acid metabolism intermediates Category Citric acid cycle compounds Category Dicarboxylic acids Category Keto acids ar ca cid oxalac tic ...chembox verifiedrevid 455253641 Name Oxaloacetic acid ImageFile Ref chemboximage correct ?? ImageFile Oxaloacetic acid.png ImageSize 170px ImageName Skeletal structure ImageFile1 Oxaloacetic acid 3D balls.png ImageName1 Ball and stick model IUPACName Oxobutanedioic acid OtherNames Oxaloacetic acid br Oxalacetic acid br Oxosuccinic acid Section1 Chembox Identifiers PubChem 970 StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C4H4O5 c5 2 4 8 9 1 3 6 7 h1H2, H,6,7 H,8,9 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey KHPXUQMNIQBQEV UHFFFAOYSA N CASNo Ref cascite correct CAS CASNo ... Chembox Thermochemistry DeltaHf 943.21 kJ mol DeltaHc 1205.58 kJ mol Oxaloacetic acid also oxalacetic acid is an organic compound with the chemical formula C sub 4 sub H sub 4 sub O sub 5 sub ... gives the acid s conjugate base , the anion hydrogenoxaloacetate anion H C O sub 2 sub CH sub 2 sub C O sup &minus sup . Function This four carbon dicarboxylic acid is a protonated variant of oxaloacetate, which is an intermediate of the citric acid cycle ref name urlCitric Acid Cycle Reactions cite web url http www.elmhurst.edu chm vchembook 611citricrx.html title Citric Acid Cycle Reactions work accessdate 2009 04 18 ref and gluconeogenesis . Oxaloacetate forms upon oxidation of L Malic acid ... . Image Oxaloac malic.png thumb 150px center Relationship of oxaloacetic acid, malic acid, and aspartic acid Chemical properties The enol forms of oxaloacetic acid are particularly stable, so much so ... 2008 The enol proton has a Acid dissociation constant pK sub a sub value of 13.02. Oxaloacetate is unstable ... ja pl Kwas szczawiooctowy pt cido oxaloac tico ro Acid oxalilacetic ru fi Oksaloetikkahappo ... more details
Chembox verifiedrevid 407275781 ImageFile1 Dioxosuccinic acid.svg ImageSize1 180px ImageName1 Skeletal formula ImageFile2 Dioxosuccinic acid 3D balls.png ImageName2 Ball and stick model Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 7580 59 8 Dioxosuccinic acid or dioxobutanedioic acid is an organic compound with formula C sub 4 sub H sub 2 sub O sub 6 sub or HO C O sub 4 sub OH. Removal of two proton s from the molecule would yield the dioxosuccinate anion , C sub 4 sub O sub 6 sub sup 2&minus sup or O C O sub 4 sub O sup 2&minus sup . This is one of the oxocarbon anion s, which consist solely of carbon and oxygen. The name is also used for salts containing that anion, and for esters with the O C O sub 4 sub O Moiety chemistry moiety . Removal of a single proton would result in the monovalent anion hydrogendioxosuccinate , C sub 4 sub HO sub 6 sub sup &minus sup or HO C O sub 4 sub O sup &minus sup . Occurrence Dioxosuccinic acid is one of the acids in wine acids occurring naturally in wine , from the oxidation of tartaric acid via dihydroxyfumaric acid . ref name farkas By J n Farka , Beatrix Farkas 1988 , Technology and Biochemistry of Wine .CRC Press, 744 pages. ISBN 2881240704. ref Reactions The acid combines with two molecules of water to produce dihydroxytartaric acid , C sub 4 sub H sub 6 sub O sub 8 sub or HO C O C OH sub 2 sub sub 2 sub C O OH. Indeed the product traded under the name dioxosuccinic acid hydrate appears to be that substance. On the other hand, dihydroxytartaric acid behaves like dioxosuccinic acid in some reactions for example, it reacts with ethanol in the presence of hydrogen chloride to yield the ester diethyl dioxosuccinate . ref name vic Victorian College of Pharmacy., Dept. of Chemistry 1959 , http books.google.com.br books?id STM9AAAAIAAJ&pg PA187 Notes on qualitative analysis . ref rp p.187 See also Mesoxalic acid Oxaloacetic acid or oxosuccinic acid Fumaric acid References Reflist Category Oxoanions Category Keto acids ... more details
Image Alpha boswellic acid.svg thumb 200px right Structure of boswellic acid Image alpha BoswellicAcid3D.png thumb 200px right 3D model of boswellic acid Image Beta boswellic acid.svg thumb 200px right Structure of boswellic acid Image beta Boswellic Acid.png thumb 200px right 3D model of boswellic acid Image 11 keto beta boswellic acid.svg thumb 200px right Structure of 11 keto boswellic acid Image 11 keto beta BoswellicAcid3D.png thumb 200px right 3D model of 11 keto boswellic acid Boswellic acids are a series of pentacyclic triterpene molecules that are produced by plants in the genus Boswellia . Like many other terpenes , boswellic acids appear in the resin of the plant that exudes them it is estimated that they make up 30 of the resin of Boswellia serrata . ref cite web url http www.salugenecists.com genpage.php?tname botanical&dbid 24 title SaluGenecists, Inc. Boswellia information ref Structure The boswellic acids are organic acid s, consisting of a pentacyclic triterpene, a carboxyl group and at least one other functional group. Alpha boswellic acid and beta boswellic acid, C sub 30 sub H sub 48 sub O sub 3 sub, both have an additional hydroxyl group they differ only in their triterpene structure. Acetyl alpha boswellic acid and acetyl beta boswellic acid, C sub 32 sub H sub 50 sub O sub 4 sub , replace the hydroxyl group with an acetyl group. Other boswellic acids include the keto boswellic acids and their acetyl counterparts. Uses Beta boswellic acid, keto beta boswellic acid, and acetyl keto beta boswellic acid AKBA have been indicated in apoptosis of cancer cells, in particular brain tumors and cells affected by leukemia or colon cancer . ref cite journal last Liu first Jian Jun coauthors Nilsson, A., Oredsson, S., Badmaev, V., Zhao, W., Duan, R. title Boswellic acids trigger apoptosis via a pathway dependent on caspase 8 activation but independent ... of boswellic acid derivatives in experimental colitis journal American Journal of Physiology Gastrointestinal ... more details
File Pyruvate 3D balls.png 100px Function ketoacid s, carboxylic acid s OtherFunctn acetic acid br glyoxylic acid br oxalic acid br propionic acid br acetoacetic acid OtherCpds propionaldehyde br glyceraldehyde br methylglyoxal br sodium pyruvate Pyruvic acid CH sub 3 sub COCOOH is an organic acid , a ketone , as well as the simplest of the keto acids alpha keto acids . The carboxylate COO sup &minus sup anion of pyruvic acid, its Br nsted Lowry acid base theory Br nsted Lowry ... Amino acid metabolism intermediates DEFAULTSORT Pyruvic Acid Category Keto acids Category Cellular ...Refimprove date June 2009 chembox verifiedrevid 464364811 Name Pyruvic acid ImageFileL1 Ref chemboximage correct ?? ImageFileL1 Pyruvic acid 2D skeletal.png ImageSizeL1 120px ImageFileR1 Pyruvic acid 3D balls.png ImageSizeR1 120px IUPACName 2 oxopropanoic acid OtherNames ketopropionic acid acetylformic acid pyroracemic acid Pyr Section1 Chembox Identifiers PubChem 1060 UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA ... also be used to construct the amino acid alanine and be converted into ethanol . Pyruvate supplies energy to living cells through the citric acid cycle also known as the Citric acid cycle Krebs cycle when oxygen is present aerobic respiration , and alternatively ferments to produce lactic acid ... Jules Pelouze distilled both tartaric acid small L small tartaric acid and racemic acid a mix of small D small and small L small tartaric acid and isolated pyrotartaric acid methyl succinic acid ref ... v onepage&q&f false ref and another acid that J ns Jacob Berzelius characterized the following year and named pyruvic acid. ref cite book last Thorpe first Sir Thomas Edward authorlink Thomas Edward ..., Green, and Co. location London pages 426 427 chapter Glutaric acid chapterurl http books.google.com books?id MgA5AAAAIAAJ&pg PA426&ved 0CE0Q6AEwCA v onepage&q&f false ref Pyruvic acid is a colorless liquid with a smell similar to that of acetic acid and is miscible with water. In the laboratory, pyruvic ... more details
in which calcium ions acting as lewis acid s catalyze two of the three steps. The first step is likely to be a rearrangement of the reducing sugar end of the cellulose or lactose into a keto sugar .... The final step is a benzilic acid rearrangement from a 1,2 diketone 1,5,6 trihydroxyhexane ... solutions the acid tends to form a 5 membered ring lactone by forming an ester between the carboxylic acid group and one of the alcohols. When treated with under anhydrous conditions with acetone , an acid and a dehydration agent two of the alcohol groups can be protected as a cyclic acetone acetal ... acid is in the form of the methyl ester .3 These protected forms of ISA have been used as a starting ... more details
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