Infobox language name G ana states Botswana ethnicity Gana and Gwi bushmen G ana speakers 4,500 date 2004 ref e16 familycolor Khoisan fam1 Khoe languages Khoe fam2 Kalahari Tshu Khwe fam3 West fam4 lc1 gnk ld1 G ana lc2 gwj ld2 G wi dialect G wi G ana also spelled Gana, Gxana, Dxana, Xgana IPA en n is a Khoe languages Khoe dialect cluster of Botswana . It is closely related to Naro language Naro , and includes the well known dialect G wi dialect G wi , which has the majority of speakers. The double pipe at the beginning of the name G ana represents a click like the English interjection used when saying giddy ap to a horse. For the clicks and other sounds found in G ana, see G wi dialect . Dialects G wi dialect G wi Domkhoe G aa khwe G ana khwe K hess khoe References reflist External links http www.ethnologue.com show language.asp?code gnk The Ethnologue Report for G ana Khoisan Languages of Botswana DEFAULTSORT Gxana Language Category Khoe languages Category Languages of Botswana lang stub hr Gana jezik it Lingua g ana ru ... more details
Infobox language name Grootfontein Xung altname Central Kung nativename states Namibia region Grootfontein speakers ? date NA ref familycolor Khoisan fam1 Kx a languages Kx a fam2 Kung language Kung fam3 Central dia1 iso3 none notice IPA Grootfontein Xung , or Central Kung Central Juu , is a recently distinguished variety of the Kung language Kung dialect cluster, spoken in a small area of northern Namibia Neitsas, in Grootfontein district, and Gaub, in Tsumeb district. Phonology Grootfontein Xung is unusual in having true retroflex clicks , which are sub apical for some speakers and have lateral release, as in the word for water , IPA &thinsp provisionally written g . There are thus five places of articulation in Grootfontein clicks, IPA . These come in eight series, here represented with the retroflex articulation Lingual IPA , Glottalized clicks glottalized IPA , linguo pulmonic IPA , linguo glottalic IPA kx Otherwise, the Grootfontein inventory is similar to that of Ekoka Kung , except that it lacks the pre voiced affricates d , d , d , d . References Reflist Amanda Miller, 2011. The Representation of Clicks . In Oostendorp et al. eds., The Blackwell Companion to Phonology. Miller, Sands, et al., 2010. Retroflex Clicks in Two Dialects of Xung Grootfontein and Ekoka Amanda Miller, 2009. Contrastive Coronal Click Types in Xung Grootfontein Khoisan Category Kx a languages ... more details
Khoisan languages Khoisan language family, and was called Northern Khoisan in that scenario, but the unity of Khoisan has never been demonstrated and is suspected to be spurious. Nonetheless, the term Khoisan is widely retained as a convenience. citation needed date May 2011 Kung is famous for having ... . Speakers Kung, if considered a single language, is the second or third most populous Khoisan ... of Khoisan languages, with the result that dialects may be counted more than once thus ... bitstream 10108 57434 1 jaas079001 ful.pdf The Kx a Family A New Khoisan Genealogy ... Khung from the MultiTree Project Khoisan Languages of Angola DEFAULTSORT Kung Languages Category ... more details
Infobox language name unicode xam extinct 19?? region South Africa , Lesotho familycolor Khoisan fam1 Tuu languages Tuu fam2 kwi dia1 Seroa dialect Seroa lc1 xam ld1 unicode Xam proper lc2 kqu ld2 Seroa dialect unicode Seroa unicode Xam IPA en k m , or unicode Xam Ka k e , is an List of extinct languages extinct Khoisan language of South Africa , part of the Tuu languages kwi language group. It is closely related to the N ng language , which still has a few speakers. The bar symbol in the name xam represents a dental click like the English language English interjection tsk, tsk used to express pity or shame. The x represents the ch sound of Scottish Gaelic loch , German language German Johann Sebastian Bach Bach , or Hebrew language Hebrew Hanukkah Chanukkah . xam words were used for the South African motto adopted on 27 April 2000, ke e xarra ke , which is supposed to mean diverse people unite or, on a collective scale, Unity in Diversity . However, it is not known if that phrase would have been idiom atic in xam. xam is not one of the eleven official languages of South Africa because it is extinct and has no more speakers mother or second tongue . Much of the scholarly work on the Xam language was performed by Wilhelm Bleek , a German people German linguistics linguist of the 19th century. External links http www.lloydbleekcollection.uct.ac.za Bleek and Lloyd Archive of xam and kun texts online http ling.cornell.edu khoisan xam.htm A description of xam at Cornell University http www.ethnologue.com show language.asp?code xam The Ethnologue Report for xam http www.info.gov.za aboutgovt symbols coa index.htm South African coat of arms http www.info.gov.za aboutgovt symbols coa lintonpanel.htm The xam people and their language khoisan lang stub X DEFAULTSORT xam Language Category Tuu languages Category Languages of South Africa xam language Category Extinct languages of Africa Category Karoo es Idioma xam hr Xam jezik zu Xam it Lingua xam no Xam ... more details
Image Hotentoci zOrgelbranda.jpg thumb right Khoikhoi woman and man drawing of 1900 . The woman is exhibiting steatopygia. Steatopygia IPAc en icon s t i t p d i ref http content.answers.com main content ahd4 pron S0728900.wav ref lang el is a high degree of Adipose fat fat accumulation in and around the buttock s. The deposit of fat is not confined to the gluteal regions, but extends to the outside and front of the thigh s, forming a thick layer reaching sometimes to the knee . History This development constitutes a genetic characteristic of the Khoisan . It is especially prevalent in women, but also occurs to a lesser degree in men. In most populations of Homo sapiens , females tend to exhibit a greater propensity to adipose tissue accumulation in the buttock region as compared with males. It has also been observed among the Pygmy Pygmies of Central Africa and the Onge people Onge tribe of the Andaman Islands ref http www.andaman.org BOOK chapter5 text5.htm ref . Among the Khoisan, it is regarded as a sign of beauty it begins in infancy and is fully developed by the time of the first pregnancy . It is often accompanied by the formation known as elongated labia labia minora that may extend as much as 4 inches outside the vulva . This was historically known as the hottentot apron now deemed a very offensive term. Citation needed date January 2012 Steatopygia would seem to have been a characteristic of a population which once extended from the Gulf of Aden to the Cape of Good Hope , of which descent Khoisan and Pygmies are remnants. While the Khoisan afford the most noticeable examples of its development, it occurs in other parts of Africa, and occurs even more frequently among male Baster s than among Khoikhoi women. Citation needed date November 2009 It is also observed among Andamanese Negrito women. It has been suggested that this feature was once more widespread. Paleolithic Venus figurines , sometimes referred to as steatopygian Venus ... more details
Year in South Africa 1801 NOTOC Events Farmers of Graaff Reinet revolt for the second time against the British rule The Cape Frontier Wars 3rd Cape Frontier War ends An official expedition of Truter, Somerville, Barrow and Daniell with missionaries Jan Matthys Kok and William Edwards reaches Dithakong William Anderson establishes a mission at Aakaap and Klaarwater later called Griquatown A Khoisan spelling book printed by the London Missionary Society 20 April Francis Dundas is appointed Governor of the Cape References See Years in South Africa for list of References ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 In phonetics , prevoicing means that phonation voicing begins before the release of a stop consonant . This means that the voice onset time has a negative value. In the International Phonetic Alphabet Extended IPA diacritics Extended IPA for speech pathology , this is transcribed with a voicing diacritic unicode , U 032C placed in front of the consonant, as in IPA z . Phoneme Phonemically prevoiced consonants such as IPA dt and IPA dts kx have been reported from some of the Khoisan languages of Southern Africa, such as Ju hoan language Ju hoan and X language X . IPA dt is often analyzed as a single segment, a voice contour linguistics contour . However, some linguists have analyzed it instead as a consonant cluster with mixed voicing. DEFAULTSORT Pre Voicing Phonetics Category Phonetics Phonetics stub ... more details
wiktionary taa t t t a PLEASE READ Wikipedia Disambiguation dos and don ts BEFORE EDITING TAA is Trans Australia Airlines. TAA or Taa may also refer to Taa , a Khoisan language spoken primarily in Botswana or Teth, the ninth letter of the Arabic abjad Tanganyika African Association Tanzania Airports Authority Trade Adjustment Assistance , a US program that helps compensate workers displaced by trade Trade Agreements Act of 1979 , a United States statute, codified at 19 U.S.C. 2501 2581 Tribes Aerial Assault , an online game for Playstation 2 Tumor associated antigen Taa, the fictional home world of the Marvel Comics character Galactus Tachyarrhythmia absoluta, a form of cardiac arrhythmia disambiguation de TAA eo TAA fr TAA it TAA nl TAA ... more details
click consonant click contours Initiation phonetics airstream contours in Khoisan languages such as N ng ... Asia, Liberia, Khoisan languages Vowel diphthongs worldwide colspan 3 Consonants rowspan 3 Manner affricates ... IPA d t Khoisan languages Airstream IPA q Khoisan languages References Reflist Category Phonology ... more details
Infobox IPA above nowrap Voiced dental click ipa symbol ipa symbol2 ipa symbol3 ipa symbol4 kirshenbaum d soundfile none main Dental clicks The voiced dental click is a click consonant found primarily among the languages of southern Africa. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is IPA or IPA a symbol abandoned by the IPA but still preferred by some linguists is IPA or IPA . Features Features of the voiced dental click lingual airstream dental voiced oral central articulation Occurrence Voiced dental clicks are found primarily in the various Khoisan language families of southern Africa and in some neighboring Bantu languages . class wikitable Language Word International Phonetic Alphabet IPA Meaning Notes Reflist Category Click consonants ... more details
of Unicode H and the other non central Khoisan languages distinguishes them from Nama language Nama Khoekhoe and other central Khoisan languages which have SOV word order. Unicode H has nominal ... noun. Unicode H grammar is characterized by a number of features common to the non central Khoisan ... in Khoisan , in Cornell Working Papers in Linguistics , vol. 18, pp 126 153. Collins, Chris ... 4, pp 427 449. Traill, Anthony. 1979. Phonetic Diversity in the Khoisan Languages. In Bushman and Hottentot ... web 20060907114459 http ling.cornell.edu khoisan hoan hoan.htm Grammar and phonology of Hoan at Cornell University http www.ethnologue.com show language.asp?code huc The Ethnologue Report for H Khoisan ... more details
Tibetan mainly Chinese , Yenisseian , and Khoisan studies. ref name ToB FAQ http starling.rinet.ru ... khoisan.htm Evolution of Human Languages Reconstruction of Proto Khoisan Starostin s homepage ... of biological species. File San tribesman.jpg thumb left 120px Khoisan tribesman Their idea ... here . Accessed Oct 27, 2009. ref George Starostin s research here focuses on the Khoisan , formerly, Bushman Hottentot languages of South Africa . According to Starostin important work on Khoisan languages ... of Khoisan and reconstructing the phonological and morphological system of Proto Khoisan. ref Khoisan ... a number of articles on Dravidian, Yeniseian, Khoisan, and language isolates. A selection ref ... approach towards reconstructing Proto Khoisan , in Mother Tongue journal Mother Tongue , Vol. 8 ... In Khoisan Languages , in Aspects of Comparative Linguistics , v. 1 2005, Moscow, RSUH Publishers . Russian language 2008 http starling.rinet.ru Texts khoisan.pdf From modern Khoisan languages to Proto Khoisan The value of intermediate reconstructions originally in Aspects of Comparative Linguistics ... more details
Infobox IPA above nowrap Dental nasal click ipa symbol ipa symbol2 ipa symbol3 ipa symbol4 kirshenbaum n soundfile none main Dental clicks nasal clicks The dental nasal click is a click consonant found primarily among the languages of southern Africa. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is IPA or IPA a symbol abandoned by the IPA but still preferred by some linguists is IPA or IPA . Features Features of the dental nasal click lingual airstream dental voiced nasal central articulation Occurrence Dental nasal clicks are found primarily in the various Khoisan language families of southern Africa and in some neighboring Bantu languages . class wikitable Language Word International Phonetic Alphabet IPA Meaning align center Zulu language Zulu align center Latin alphabet i nc wa nc wa align center IPA i w wa i w wa align center sour corn meal align center Hadza language Hadza align center mi nc a align center IPA mi a mi a align center to smack one s lips Glottalized dental nasal click Infobox IPA above Glottalized br dental nasal click ipa symbol ipa symbol2 br ipa symbol3 ipa symbol4 br showbelow no main Glottalized clicks All Khoisan languages, and a few Bantu languages, have glottalized nasal clicks. These are formed by closing the glottis so that the click is pronounced in silence however, any preceding vowel will be nasalized. class wikitable Language Word International Phonetic Alphabet IPA Meaning align center Hadza language Hadza align center ta cc e align center IPA ta e ta e align center rope Notes Reflist Category Nasal consonants Category Click consonants ... more details
Infobox IPA above nowrap Alveolar nasal click ipa symbol ipa symbol2 ipa symbol3 ipa symbol4 kirshenbaum n ref Kirshembaum assigns n indifferently to both alveolar and palatal nasal click palatal clicks . ref soundfile none main Alveolar clicks nasal clicks The alveolar post nasal click is a click consonant found primarily among the languages of southern Africa. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is IPA or IPA a symbol abandoned by the IPA but still preferred by some linguists is IPA or IPA . Features Features of the post alveolar nasal click lingual airstream alveolar voiced nasal central articulation Occurrence Alveolar nasal clicks are found primarily in the various Khoisan language families of southern Africa and in some neighboring Bantu languages . class wikitable Language Word International Phonetic Alphabet IPA Meaning align center Kung language Unicode Kung align center n an align center IPA align center inside align center Hadza language Hadza align center he nq ee align center IPA e e e e e e align center dead leopard Glottalized alveolar nasal click Infobox IPA above Glottalized br alveolar nasal click ipa symbol ipa symbol2 br ipa symbol3 ipa symbol4 showbelow no main Glottalized clicks All Khoisan languages, and a few Bantu languages, have glottalized nasal clicks. These are formed by closing the glottis so that the click is pronounced in silence however, any preceding vowel will be nasalized. class wikitable Language Word International Phonetic Alphabet IPA Meaning align center Hadza language Hadza align center te qq e align center IPA te e te e align center to carry Notes Reflist Category Nasal consonants Category Click consonants ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date September 2008 The Dawada Duwwud, Dawwada are a distinctive Afro Arab ethnic group of Fezzan , southern Libya . They had lived around the Gabraoun oasis where they harvested brine shrimp in the salty lakes. They dry the brine shrimp and sell them to caravans. In fact, their name Dawada means worm folk in Arabic language Arabic for this practice. The appearance of the Dawada is distinctive and has been likened to the Khoisan , perhaps a relict population. They are mostly an endogamic group which rarely marry outside of their tribe. They speak an Arabic language Arabic dialect, although there is nothing published on it. Some lexical terms seem to be unique to their dialect and are possibly traces of a former language which they may have originally spoken. Category Ethnic groups in Libya Category Afro Arab peoples Africa ethno group stub bg ... more details
groups became impossible prompting the use of the term Khoisan . Over time the Khoikhoi established ... people Tsonga peoples made their homes in the northeastern areas of South Africa. Bantu speakers and Khoisan ... characteristic of earlier Khoisan languages . Archaeologists have found numerous Khoisan Artifact ... more details
File Angola Ethnic map 1970.svg thumb Ethnic groups of Angola 1970 Area of the Xindonga and neighbouring groups marked yellow Xindonga is an ethnological term created as a common label for four small ethnic groups existing in the extreme Southeast of Angola the Cusso Mbukushu , the Dilico or Dirico , the Sambio and the Maxico. These peoples live in that region, which today is the Cuando Cubango Province , together with other small groups, belonging to the Ovambo , Ganguela or Khoisan . ref Jos Redinha, Etnias e culturas de Angola , Luanda Instituto de Investiga o Cient fica de Angola, 1975 ref The Xindonga peoples are living on petty subsistence agriculture, keeping small animals, and the occasional hunting and or fishing. References references Further Reading Maria Fisch, The Mbukushu in Angola 1970 2002 A History of Migration, Flight and Royal Rainmaking , Cologne R diger K ppe Verlag, 2005 ISBN 3 89645 350 5 Category Ethnic groups in Africa de Xindonga pt Xindonga ... more details
Infobox IPA above nowrap Voiced alveolar click ipa symbol ipa symbol2 ipa symbol3 ipa symbol4 kirshenbaum J ref Kirshembaum assigns J indifferently to both alveolar and voiced palatal click palatal clicks . ref soundfile none main Alveolar clicks The voiced post alveolar click is a click consonant found primarily among the languages of southern Africa. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is IPA or IPA a symbol abandoned by the IPA but still preferred by some linguists is IPA or IPA . Features Features of the voiced post alveolar click lingual airstream alveolar voiced oral central articulation Occurrence Voiced alveolar clicks are found primarily in the various Khoisan language families of southern Africa and in some neighboring Bantu languages . class wikitable Language Word International Phonetic Alphabet IPA Meaning Notes Reflist Category Click consonants ... more details
Infobox language name Kwadi nativename Kwa tse familycolor Khoisan states Angola extinct ca. 1950 ? fam1 Khoe languages Kwadi Khoe iso3 kwz Kwadi IPA en kw di was a click language of uncertain classification once spoken in the southwest corner of Angola . It is believed to be extinct language extinct . There were only fifty Kwadi in the 1950s, of which only 4 5 were competent speakers of the language. Three partial speakers were known in 1965, but in 1981 no speakers could be found. Because Kwadi is poorly recorded, there is not much evidence with which to classify it. It is sometimes classified as the most known divergent member of the Khoe languages Khoe family , or, equivalently, linked to the Khoe languages in a Kwadi Khoe family, though this conclusion is disputed. Proponents say it appears to have preserved elements of proto Khoe that were lost in the western Khoe languages under the influence of Juu languages in Botswana. ref Changing profile when encroaching on hunter gatherer territory? towards a history of the Khoe Kwadi family in southern Africa. Tom G ldemann, paper presented at the conference on Historical linguistics and hunter gatherer populations in global perspective, at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Aug. 2006. ref The Kwadi people, called Kwepe by the Bantu, appear to have been a remnant population of southwestern African hunter gatherer s, otherwise only represented by the Cimba people Cimba , Kwisi people Kwisi , and the Damara people Damara , who adopted the Khoekhoe language . Like the Kwisi they were fishermen, on the lower reaches of the Coroca River . ref name Blench Blench, Roger. 1999. Are the African Pygmies an Ethnographic Fiction? . Pp 41 60 in Biesbrouck, Elders, & Rossel eds. Challenging Elusiveness Central African ... Ethnologue Report for Kwadi References references Khoisan Languages of Angola Category Extinct languages of Africa Category Khoisan languages Category Languages of Angola Category Unclassified languages ... more details
5 Capoid 1,000,000 ref The population figures are not well reported on for the Khoisan, but it can be inferred ... other Khoisan Groups that their population is easily less than one million. Any more precise estimate with citation would be appreciated in place of this. ref expr 200000 worldpop 100 round 2 2 3 Khoisan people Kalahari Desert , Sandawe people Dodoma Region Tanzania , Hadza people Lake Eyasid Khoisan languages Christianity , Khoisan religion 60,000 BPA See Also Race Racial classifications human ... more details
, with several dozen likely cognates, while casting doubts on other Khoisan connections. Although there are not enough ... genealogical relationships of the Khoe family. In Brenzinger, Matthias and Christa K nig eds. , Khoisan languages and linguistics the Riezlern symposium 2003. Quellen zur Khoisan Forschung 17. K ln R diger ... E. 1998 Eastern and Southern African Khoisan evaluating claims of distant linguistic relationships. Quellen zur Khoisan Forschung 14. K ln K ppe. Voogt, A.J. de 1992 Some phonetic aspects of Hatsa ... Hadza language Khoisan languages External links http ling.cornell.edu khoisan sandawe sandawesyntax.htm ... More information on SIL International s work on Sandawe, with papers for downloading. Khoisan DEFAULTSORT Sandawe Language Category Khoisan languages Category Languages of Tanzania Category Language isolates ... more details
Namibia , despite its scarce population, is home to a wide diversity of languages, from three language families Indo European , Bantu languages Bantu and Khoisan languages Khoisan . During Apartheid Afrikaans , German language German and English language English held the position of official language however, after independence from South Africa , the new government made English the sole official language in the constitution of Namibia . German and Afrikaans were stigmatised as having Colonialism colonial overtones, ref cite web title Namibia Travel Guide url http www.namibia travel guide.com bradt guide.asp?bradt 550 accessdate 8 July 2010 ref while the rising of Mandela s African National Congress Youth League Youth League and the 1951 Defiance Campaign spread English among the masses as the language of the liberation struggle. ref Brutt Griffler, J. 2002 . World English a study of its development . Multilingual Matters, p.165. ISBN 1853595772 ref File Headquarters of TransNamib in Windhoek.jpg thumb right 300px Street names in German and English in Windhoek. Today English is the dominant language. Language demographics The most widely spoken languages are Oshiwambo language Oshiwambo dialects , by 48 of the population, the Khoekhoe language by 11 , Afrikaans by 11 , Kwangali language by 10 and Herero language Herero by 10 . ref cite web title Languages Spoken in Namibia url http 209.88.21.55 opencms opencms grnnet AboutNamibia population languages.html publisher About Namibia accessdate 8 July 2010 ref Other native languages include the Bantu languages Tswana language Tswana , Gciriku language Gciriku , Fwe language Fwe , Kuhane language Kuhane , Mbukushu language Mbukushu , Yeyi language Yeyi and the Khoisan Naro language Naro , X , Kung language Kung Ekoka , Kx au ein language Kx au ein and Kxoe . ref cite book last Lewis first M. Paul ed. title Ethnologue Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition year 2009 publisher SIL International url http www.ethnol ... more details
Xhosa people Xhosa music has long been a major part of the music of South Africa , especially in the field of jazz . There are many Xhosa clans, each with their own styles of drums drumming and dialect s. NoFinish Dywili assisted from 1979 in Africanising local Christian liturgical music and the Ngqoko Women s Cultural Group helped preserve the Xhosa music of the village of Ngqoko, including the married woman s umngqungqo style, danced at the intonjane ceremony of girls rites of passage. Professor Andrew Tracey, director of the International Library of African Music, commented on the polyphonic singing, the three types of bow they play including the uhadi gourd bow the umngqokolo overtone singing . According to Tracey, the Khoisan had a big influence on this music. ref http www.safrica.info what happening arts entertainment nofinish.htm notes on xhosa music ref Performers Amampondo Dizu Plaatjies Madonsini Miriam Makeba References reflist Further reading cite book title Xhosa Music Its Techniques and Instruments, with a Collection of Songs author Dargie, David year 1988 publisher D. Philip isbn 0 86486 102 8 DEFAULTSORT Xhosa Music Category Xhosa culture Category South African styles of music music genre stub ... more details
phonation Nofootnotes date August 2008 Onesource date August 2008 Strident vowels also called sphincteric vowels are strongly pharyngealization pharyngealized vowels accompanied by epiglottal trill ary epiglottal trill , where the larynx is raised and the pharynx constricted, so that either the epiglottis or the arytenoid cartilage s vibrate instead of the vocal cords . Strident vowels are fairly common in Khoisan languages , where they contrast with simple pharyngealized vowels. Stridency may be a type of phonation called harsh voice . A similar phonation, but without the trill, is called pressed voice or ventricular voice . The Bai language of southern China has a register phonology register system with allophone allophonic strident and pressed vowels. There is no official symbol for stridency in the International Phonetic Alphabet IPA , though a superscript IPA sup sup is often used. In some literature a subscript double tilde is sometimes used, as seen here on the letter a IPA a center Image Strident vowel a.png 25px center This is found in the Charis SIL Charis and Doulos SIL Doulos fonts IPA a , and has been accepted into Unicode at code point U 1DFD. References SOWL Category Phonation phonetics stub br Vogalenn skiltr ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
