Unreferenced date December 2009 Mergeinto reification computer science date July 2009 Expert subject Computer science date February 2009 Context date February 2009 Reification in knowledge representation involves the representation of factual assertions, that are referred to by other assertions which might then be manipulated in some way. e.g., to compare logical assertion s from different witness es in order to determine their credibility . says how it s used but not what it is The message John is six feet tall is an assertion involving truth, that commits the speaker to its factuality, whereas the reified statement, Mary reports that John is six feet tall defers such commitment to Mary. In this way, the statements can be incompatible without creating contradictions in reasoning . For example the statements John is six feet tall and John is five feet tall are mutually exclusive thus, incompatible but, the statements Mary reports that John is six feet tall, and Paul reports that John is five feet tall, are not incompatible, as they both are governed by a conclusive rationale, that either Mary or Paul or both is, in fact, incorrect. See also Reification linguistics Reification fallacy Reification computer science DEFAULTSORT Reification Knowledge Representation Category Knowledge representation ... more details
2011 Knowledgerepresentation KR is an area of artificial intelligence research aimed at representing ... iccs02 iswc02.pdf Knowledgerepresentation in RDF XML, KIF, Frame CG and Formalized English , Philippe ... KnowledgeRepresentation KR research involves analysis of how to reason accurately and effectively ... based knowledgerepresentation languages and standards, including Resource Description Framework RDF ... knowledgerepresentation on the Web by extending RDF Schema, Jeen Broekstraa, Michel Klein, Stefan ... behavior, the fundamental goal of knowledgerepresentation is to facilitate reasoning, inference inferencing ... knowledge . What is knowledgerepresentation can best be understood in terms of five distinct ... Shrobe, and Peter Szolovits title What Is a KnowledgeRepresentation? journal Association for the Advancement ... Intelligence accessdate 23 March 2011 ref A knowledgerepresentation KR is most fundamentally ... in knowledgerepresentation from an AI perspective are How do people represent knowledge? What is the nature of knowledge? Should a representation scheme deal with a particular domain or should ... , problem solving can be simplified by an appropriate choice of knowledgerepresentation . Representing ... as Roman numeral s. Characteristics A good knowledgerepresentation covers six basic characteristics ... base To gain a better understanding of why these characteristics represent a good knowledgerepresentation ... to view its knowledge base. History of knowledgerepresentation and reasoning KRR In computer science ..., as were games such as chess . In the 1980s formal computer knowledgerepresentation languages and systems ... from known premises. KL ONE 1980s is more specifically aimed at knowledgerepresentation itself. In 1995 ... years begun to relate to knowledgerepresentation. Development of the Semantic Web , has included development of XML based knowledgerepresentation languages and standards, including Resource Description ... Layer OIL , and Web Ontology Language OWL . Topics in Knowledgerepresentation and reasoning Language ... more details
Cleanup date November 2008 Vague date February 2009 Semantic analysis is a method for eliciting and representing knowledge about organisation s. Liu, 1991 Initially the problem must be defined by domain experts and passed to the project analyst s . The next step is the generation of candidate affordances. This step will generate a list of semantic units that may be included in the schema. The candidate grouping follows where some of the semantic units that will appear in the schema are placed in simple groups. Finally the groups will be integrated together into an Ontology information science ontology chart. A case study of a library domain will be used to illustrate the process of semantic analysis. Semantic analysis always starts from the problem definition which if not clear, require the analyst to employ relevant literature , interview s with the Stakeholder corporate stakeholders and other techniques towards collecting supplementary information . All assumptions made must be genuine and not limiting the system. Liu Kecheng, 2000 Semiotics in information systems engineering , Cambridge University Press. See also Ontology chart Category Knowledge representation Library stub ... more details
Wiktionarypar representation represent Representation can refer to Representation politics , one s ability to influence the political process Representative democracy Permanent Representation, a type of diplomatic mission Representation of the International NGO the representative office of the International non governmental organization INGO mission Representation arts , the depiction and ethical concerns of construction in visual arts and literature. Depiction is meaning conveyed through pictures Representation psychology , a hypothetical internal cognitive symbol that represents external reality Representation mathematics and group representation Multiple representations mathematics education Representation chemistry Representation systemics Knowledgerepresentation , the study of formal ways to describe knowledge Legal representation or advocacy is provided by lawyers Lobbying for a group of individuals or companies In unionised workplaces, Union steward shop stewards and union executives can represent employees The legal status of a statement made with regards to Contract contract law A fiction of the law which causes a person to enter into another s right of succession, called Representation succession representation , and also called substitution . Represent can refer to Represent Fat Joe album Represent Fat Joe album , a 1993 album by Fat Joe Represent Compton s Most Wanted album Represent Compton s Most Wanted album , a 2000 album by Compton s Most Wanted Represent , a 1994 album by DJ Magic Mike Represent song Represent song , a song by Nas Represent , a 2009 song by The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus Represent Weezer song Represent , a 2010 single by Weezer released as an unofficial anthem for the United States men s national soccer team See also Reprazent disambig cs Reprezentace de Repr sentation es Representaci n fr Repr sentation homonymie nl Representatie pt Representa o ro Reprezentare ru simple Representation fi Representaatio sv Representation ... more details
unlike a mere book on its own . The knowledge must constitute some sort of representation ... of knowledge Greek language Greek , Episteme in Celsus Library in Ephesus , Turkey. Knowledge ... of knowledge is called epistemology , and the philosopher Plato famously defined knowledge as justified true belief . However no single agreed upon definition of knowledge exists, and there are numerous theories to explain it. The following quote from Bertrand Russell s Theory of Knowledge illustrates the difficulty in defining knowledge. The question how knowledge should be defined is perhaps the most ... sight it might be thought that knowledge might be defined as belief which is in agreement with the facts ... knows what sort of agreement between them would make a belief true. Let us begin with belief. Knowledge ... and reasoning while knowledge is also said to be related to the capacity of acknowledgment in human ... Press, 2002 , 238 266. ref Theories of knowledge File Knowledge Reid Highsmith.jpeg thumb left Robert Reid painter Robert Reid , Knowledge 1896 . Thomas Jefferson Building , Washington, D.C. see ... that philosophy s core was theory of knowledge, a theory distinct from the sciences because it was their foundation Without this idea of a theory of knowledge, it is hard to imagine what philosophy ... blockquote The definition of knowledge is a matter of on going debate among philosopher s in the field ... In Plato s Theaetetus dialogue Theaetetus , Socrates and Theaetetus discuss three definitions of knowledgeknowledge as nothing but perception, knowledge as true judgment, and, finally, knowledge ... knowledge it must be theory of justification justified , truth true , and belief believed . Some ... of alternatives proposed, including Robert Nozick s arguments for a requirement that knowledge ... knowledge. Richard Kirkham suggests that our definition of knowledge requires that the evidence for the belief ... is boiling. Wittgenstein sought to bypass the difficulty of definition by looking to the way knowledge ... more details
Adaptive representation is an extension by Francis Heylighen ref Heylighen, Francis 1990 . Representation and Change A Metarepresentational Framework for the Foundations of Physical and Cognitive Science . Communication and Cognition, Ghent, Belgium. ref to Kant s epistemology theory of knowledge . According to Kant, perception passes by the filters of the mind who observes the phenomena. In this line, there exists in the human mind invariant and a priori principles of experience. As an example, one may have imprinted in the brain a Dualism philosophy of mind Cartesian representation of space, a notion of time, color separation and others. This may be called static representation . Heylighen has proposed a revision of these Kantian ideas, in which these principles are not supposed to be invariant and necessary A priori and a posteriori philosophy a priori instead alternative principles exist for the organization of experience in adaptive representations. This opens a path for new investigations in the philosophy of mind and human cognition . References reflist External links http pcp.vub.ac.be books Rep&Change.pdf Web edition of Representation and Change 1999 . Epistemology stub Category Epistemology ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2008 In philosophy , knowledge relativity is the notion that knowledge can be seen as the relation between a form of knowledgerepresentationrepresentation with up to two sorts of intent &ndash communication and use goals &ndash and with up to three subjects &ndash one who knows, one who is informed, and one who observes and confirms. This relational and subject oriented view of knowledge is an alternative to the Objectivity philosophy objectivist truth based view common in logic . Category Epistemology epistemology stub ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 Genetic representation is a way of representing solutions individuals in evolutionary computation methods. Genetic representation can encode appearance, behavior, physical qualities of individuals. Designing a good genetic representation that is expressive and evolvable is a hard problem in evolutionary computation. Difference in genetic representations is one of the major criteria drawing a line between known classes of evolutionary computation. Genetic algorithm s use linear binary representations. The most standard one is an array of bit s. Arrays of other types and structures can be used in essentially the same way. The main property that makes these genetic representations convenient is that their parts are easily aligned due to their fixed size. This facilitates simple crossover operation. Variable length representations were also explored in Genetic algorithm s, but crossover implementation is more complex in this case. Evolution strategy uses linear real valued representations, e.g. an array of real values. It uses mostly gaussian mutation and blending averaging crossover. Genetic programming GP pioneered tree like representations and developed genetic operator s suitable for such representations. Tree like representations are used in GP to represent and evolve functional programs with desired properties. ref http www.sover.net nichael nlc publications icga85 index.html Cramer, 1985 ref Human based genetic algorithm HBGA offers a way to avoid solving hard representation problems by outsourcing all genetic operators to outside agents, in this case, humans. The algorithm has no need for knowledge of a particular fixed genetic representation as long as there are enough external agents capable of handling those representations, allowing for free form and evolving genetic representations. Common genetic representations Genetic algorithm ... DEFAULTSORT Genetic Representation Category Evolutionary algorithms ... more details
In mathematics and theoretical physics , a bifundamental representation is a representation theory representation obtained as a tensor product of two fundamental representation fundamental or antifundamental representation antifundamental representations. For example, the MN dimensional representation M , N of the group math SU M times SU N math is a bifundamental representation. These representations occur in quiver diagram s. algebra stub Category Abstract algebra ... more details
In mathematics , an antifundamental representation is the complex conjugate of the fundamental representation , although the distinction between the fundamental and the antifundamental representation is a matter of convention. However, these two are often non equivalent, because each of them is a complex representation . Category Representation theory of Lie groups geometry stub ... more details
very much like those of natural languages. See also Object of the mind Knowledgerepresentation ...A mental representation or cognitive representation , in philosophy of mind , cognitive psychology , neuroscience , and cognitive science , is a hypothetical internal cognitive symbol that represents external reality, or else a mental process that makes use of such a symbol a formal system for making explicit certain entities or types of information, together with a specification of how the system does this. ref David Marr Vision. 1982 ref In contemporary philosophy , specifically in fields of metaphysics such as philosophy of mind and ontology , a mental representation is one of the prevailing ways of explanation explaining and description describing the nature of idea s and concept s. Representationalism and representational theories of mind Representational theories of mind conceive of thinking as occurring within an internal system of representation. The propositional attitude s of the mind are Type token distinction token mental representations with semantics semantic Property philosophy properties . Representationalism also known as Direct and indirect realism indirect realism is the view that representations are the main way we access external reality. Another major prevailing philosophical theory posits that concepts are entirely abstract object s. ref The Ontology of Concepts Abstract Objects or Mental Representations? , Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence ref The representational theory of mind attempts to explanation explain the nature of idea s, concept s and other ... of mind postulates the actual existence of mental representation s which act as intermediaries ..., the representational theory of mind states that he or she forms a mental representation that represents ...&Boyd.pdf Full text External links http plato.stanford.edu entries mental representation Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Mental Representation philosophy of language philosophy of mind Category Perception ... more details
The term complex representation has slightly different meanings in mathematics and physics. In mathematics , a complex representation is a group representation of a group or Lie algebra on a complex vector space. In physics , a complex representation is a group representation of a group or Lie algebra on a complex vector space that is neither real representation real nor pseudoreal representation pseudoreal . In other words, the Group mathematics group elements are expressed as complex matrices, and the complex conjugate of a complex representation is a different, non equivalent representation. For compact groups, the Frobenius Schur indicator can be used to tell whether a representation is real, complex, or pseudo real. For example, the N dimensional fundamental representation of SU N for N greater than two is a complex representation whose complex conjugate is often called the antifundamental representation . algebra stub Category Representation theory of groups ... more details
The adjoint representation can refer to Ad the adjoint representation of a Lie group G ad the adjoint representation of a Lie algebra math mathfrak g math , see adjoint endomorphism . mathdab ... more details
Vivid knowledge refers to a specific kind of knowledgerepresentation . The idea of a vivid knowledge base is to get an interpretation mostly straightforward out of it &ndash it implies the interpretation. Thus, any query to such a knowledge base can be reduced to a database like query. Propositional knowledge base A Propositional logic propositional knowledge base KB is vivid iff KB is a Completeness knowledge bases complete and consistency knowledge bases consistent set of Literal mathematical logic literals over some vocabulary . ref Kownledge Representation and Reasoning Ronald J. Brachman, Hector J. Levesque page 337 ref Such a knowledge base has the property that it as exactly one interpretation, i.e. the interpretation is unique. A check for entailment of a sentence can simply been breaked down into its literals and those can be answered by a simple database like check of KB. First order knowledge base A First order logic first order knowledge base KB is vivid iff for some finite set of positive function free ground literals KB sup sup , KB KB sup sup Negations DomainClosure UniqueNames, whereby Negations p p is atomic and KB p , DomainClosure c sub i sub c sub j sub c sub i sub , c sub j sub are distinct constants , UniqueNames x x c sub 1 sub x c sub 2 sub ..., where the c sub i sub are all the constants in KB sup sup . ref Kownledge Representation and Reasoning Ronald J. Brachman, Hector J. Levesque page 337 ref All interpretations of a vivid first order knowledge base are isomorphic. ref Kownledge Representation and Reasoning Ronald J. Brachman, Hector J. Levesque page 339 ref See also Closed world assumption computable knowledge References references Category Knowledgerepresentation logic stub database stub ... more details
In mathematics , a linear representation &rho of a group G is a monomial representation if there is a finite index subgroup H and a one dimensional linear representation &sigma of H , such that &rho is equivalent to the induced representation Ind sub H sub sup G sup &sigma . Alternatively, one may define it as a representation whose image is in the monomial matrices . Here for example G and H may be finite group s, so that induced representation has a classical sense. The monomial representation is only a little more complicated than the permutation representation of G on the coset s of H . It is necessary only to keep track of scalars coming from &sigma applied to elements of H . References Springer id Monomial representation title Monomial representation Category Representation theory of groups Algebra stub it Rappresentazione monomiale ... more details
of the visual representation of rape. One of the myths which is perpetuated by these representations ... the relationship between the visual representation of rape and post feminism , examining depictions ... group Grrl Activistas who catalogue what they term as the mis representation of rape in British broadcast ... communication technologies allow rape survivors to counteract this so called mis representation ... reflist cite book title Rape and Representation author Higgins, Lynn A, and Silver, Brenda R ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Management representation is a letter issued by an auditor s client to the auditor in writing as one of audit evidence s. The date of the document must not be later than the date of audit work completion. It is used to let the client s management declare in writing that the financial statements and other presentations to the auditor are sufficient and appropriate and without omission of material facts to the financial statements, to the best of the management s knowledge. For audit evidence, it is reliable if the auditor has no other means of obtaining evidence. Examples may include situations involving contingent liabilities or off balance sheet liabilities . The person issuing the letter should have the appropriate authority or seniority in the organization to vouch on the issue. In the case of contradictions between other sources of evidence and management representations, the auditor should conduct further investigations. See also ISA 500 Audit Evidence International Standards on Auditing ISA 580 Management Representations References unreferenced date November 2007 Category Auditing accounting stub ... more details
process implies the creation of a process model, which design activity can be guided by the knowledge that is contained in a knowledge model about such a kind of process. The resulting process model, product model or facility model is typically also stored in a database. Usually the knowledgerepresentation language only allows to represent knowledge about kinds of things , whereas another ... things. If the knowledgerepresentation language enables to express both, then the knowledge model .... Assume that this knowledge is expressed in a knowledgerepresentation language that expresses knowledge ... it need to be expressed in a formal knowledgerepresentation language and thus transformed into a computer ... of each sentence in a documents is converted in the formal knowledgerepresentation ... model of a compressor system. This can be expressed in a knowledgerepresentation language using the relation ...Knowledge modeling is a process of creating a computer interpretable model of knowledge or standard specifications about a kind of process and or about a kind of facility or product. The resulting knowledge model can only be computer interpretable when it is expressed in some knowledgerepresentation language or data structure that enables the knowledge to be interpreted by software and to be stored in a database or data exchange file. br Knowledge based engineering or knowledge aided design is a process of computer aided usage of such knowledge models for the design of products, facilities or processes. The design of products or facilities then uses the knowledge model to guide the creation of the facility or product that need to be designed. In other words it used knowledge about a kind of object ... that enables the expression of knowledge as well as information about individual things is Gellish English . The basis of a knowledge model of an assembly physical object is a decomposition .... For example, knowledge about a compressor system includes that a compressor system consists ... more details
Symbolic representation may refer to Symbolism disambiguation Symbolic linguistic representation In politics, it has to do with a representative in congress or in a group that is seen as being there to represent a group of minorities whether it be gender or cultural groups. See also Symbolic disambiguation Representation disambiguation disambig ... more details
Representation is the use of signs that stand in for and take the place of something else. ref name Mitchell1995 Mitchell, W. 1995, Representation , in F Lentricchia & T McLaughlin eds , Critical Terms for Literary Study , 2nd edn, University of Chicago Press, Chicago ref It is through representation ... Representation has been associated with aesthetics art and semiotics signs . Mitchell says representation .... 13 The term representation carries a range of meanings and interpretations. In literary theory , representation ..., Media and society an introduction , 3rd edn, Oxford University Press, South Melbourne, 2005 ref Representation .... ref name Stadler2005 Defining representation Image Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci, from C2RMF retouched.jpg ... re , intensive prefix, praesentare to present, lit. to place before . A representation is a type of recording ... in a Media arts medium . The degree to which an artistic representation resembles the object it represents ... in Hadrian s Villa mosaic Since ancient times representation has played a central role in understanding ... theory who considered literature as simply one form of representation. ref name Childers1995 Childers ..., New York, 1995 ref Aristotle for instance, considered each mode of representation, verbal, visual or musical, as being natural to human beings. ref name Vukcevich2002 Vukcevich, M 2002, Representation ... animals is their ability to create and manipulate signs. ref name Mitchell1990 Mitchell, W, Representation ..., in contrast, looked upon representation with more caution. He recognised that literature is a representation ... Practice , Open University Press, London, 1997. ref For Plato, representation, like contemporary ... things . Plato believed that representation needs therefore, to be controlled and monitored due to the possible ... name Mitchell1995 From childhood man has an instinct for representation, and in this respect man differs ... things. ref name Mitchell1995 p. 11 Aristotle discusses representation in three ways The object ... to represent it. The means of literary representation is language . An important part of representation ... more details
the representation the Kantian thing in itself . He believed, therefore, that we could gain knowledge .... On the Doctrine of Knowledge of Perception or Knowledge of the Understanding III. On the Senses IV. On Knowledge a Priori Second Half The Doctrine of the Abstract Representation or of Thinking V. On the Intellect ... as Will and Representation lang de Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung is the central work of the German ... under this title The World as Will and Representation appeared by E.F.J.Payne who also translated several other works of Schopenhauer as late as in 1958 ref Arthur Schopenhauer The world as will and representation ... editions in 1966 and 1969 . ref Arthur Schopenhauer The world as will and representation , Courier ... prior knowledge of Immanuel Kant s theories, ref WWR I, xv. ref and Schopenhauer is regarded ... between representation and thing in itself could be understood by analogy to the relationship between human will and human body. According to Schopenhauer, the entire world is the representation of a single ... of the Platonic forms as existing on an intermediate ontology ontological level between the representation ... early in his career 1814 1818 and culminated in the publication of the first volume of Will and Representation ... this suffering. Representation He used the word representation Vorstellung to signify the mental ... as idea or presentation . This concept includes the representation of the observing subject ... to be the fundamental reality behind the representation that provided the matter of perception, but lacked ... properly to the form imposed on the world by the human mind in order to create the representation, and these factors ... be a manifestation of the noumenal realm and the will is the inner kernel of every being. All knowledge ... forces of the will. Knowledge is something that was invented to serve the will and is present in both ... to distinguish between perceptual, intuitive knowledge and conceptual, discursive knowledge. One ... of Volume II are as follows. Supplements to the First Book First Half The Doctrine of the Representation ... more details
In mathematics , if G is a group mathematics group and &rho is a linear representation of it on the vector space V , then the dual representation Overline &rho is defined over the dual vector space Overline V as follows ref Lecture 1 of Fulton Harris ref Overline &rho g is the transpose of a linear map transpose of &rho g sup &minus 1 sup for all g in G . Then Overline &rho is also a representation, as may be checked explicitly. The dual representation is also known as the contragredient representation . If math mathfrak g math is a Lie algebra and &rho is a representation of it over the vector space V , then the dual representation Overline &rho is defined over the dual vector space Overline V as follows ref Lecture 8 of Fulton Harris ref Overline &rho u is the transpose of &minus &rho u for all u in math mathfrak g math . Overline &rho is also a representation, as can be explicitly checked. For a unitary representation , the conjugate representation and the dual representation coincide, up to equivalence of representations. Generalization A general ring Module mathematics module does not admit a dual representation. Modules of Hopf algebra s do, however. See also Complex conjugate representation Kirillov Character Formula References references Category Representation theory of groups fr Repr sentation duale ... more details
distinguish2 the Prop dia volume of the Encyclop dia Britannica, part of which is titled Outline of Knowledge The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide knowledgeKnowledge &ndash familiarity with someone or something, which can include fact s, information , description s, and or skills acquired through experience or education . It can refer to the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject. It can be implicit as with practical skill or expertise or explicit as with the theoretical ... http oxforddictionaries.com view entry m en us1261368 m en us1261368 ref Types of knowledge A priori and a posteriori A priori and a posteriori knowledge Descriptive knowledge Extelligence Experience Libre knowledge Metaknowledge knowledge about knowledge Procedural knowledge Self knowledge psychology Self knowledge Tacit knowledge Management of knowledgeKnowledge acquisition Methods for attaining knowledge include Exploration Outline of space exploration Space exploration Revelation Research ... skills Studying Knowledge building Knowledge building communities Rejection Knowledge storage Knowledge can be stored in Book s Knowledge base s Wikipedia Knowledgerepresentation AI Library Libraries Memory Knowledge retrieval Stored knowledge can be retrieved by Knowledge retrieval Knowledge discovery Knowledge transfer Reading process Reading Recollection History of the knowledge of humankind ... History of philosophy History of science Politics of knowledge Access to Knowledge movement Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities New encyclopedism Open access publishing Open access Knowledge of humankind Humanities Outline of classical studies Classics ... of knowledge . By E. F. Schumacher . Prop dia &ndash first of three parts of the History ... , presenting its Outline of Knowledge . See also Belief Data Information Truth Wisdom clear References ... Knowledge Outline footer DEFAULTSORT Outline Of Knowledge Category Outlines Knowledge Category Knowledge ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 This article addresses the notion of quasiregularity in the context of representation theory and topological algebra . For other notions of quasiregularity in mathematics , see the disambiguation page quasiregular . In mathematics, quasiregular representation is a concept of representation theory, for a locally compact group G and a homogeneous space G H where H is a closed subgroup . In line with the concepts of regular representation and induced representation , G acts on functions on G H . If however Haar measure s give rise only to a quasi invariant measure on G H , certain correction factors have to be made to the action on functions, for L sup 2 sup G H to afford a unitary representation of G on square integrable function s. With appropriate scaling factors, therefore, introduced into the action of G , this is the quasiregular representation or modified induced representation. DEFAULTSORT Quasiregular Representation Category Unitary representation theory Category Topological groups ... more details
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