Witch smellers , almost always women, were important and powerful people amongst the Zulu people Zulu and other Bantu languages Bantu speaking peoples of Southern Africa , responsible for rooting out evil witches in the area, and sometimes responsible for considerable bloodshed themselves. In present day South Africa their role has waned and their activities are illegal. If it was determined that some misfortune which had befallen the area had been caused by a witch , the chief summoned his people to a great meeting, in which they all sat in a circle, sometimes for four or five days. The witch smellers then took their places in the center. The witch smellers wore extravagant costumes, usually including animal skins and feathered headdresses, and face paint. Their hair was heavily greased, twisted in complicated designs, and frequently dyed bright red. They often carried assegai s and shield s, and also a quagga tail switch, the symbol of their profession. Surrounded by a circle of women and girls who clapped their hands and droned a low, monotonous chant, the rhythm of which changed occasionally with the stamping of feet, the witch smellers proceeded to work themselves up into a frenzy. In this state, they spun, stalked and leapt, eventually touching one or more of the people with their switches, upon which the person was immediately dragged away and killed. All the living things in the accused witch s hut, human and animal, were also killed. Sometimes an entire kraal was exterminated in this way. A notable fictional account of witch smelling features in H. Rider Haggard s novel King Solomon s Mines , in which the loathsome and inhumanly ancient witch smeller Gagool is a principal villain. References Lewis Spence, The Encyclopedia of the Occult , Routledge, London, 1988 DEFAULTSORT Witch Smeller Category African witchcraft Category Bantu Category Witch hunting Category Zulu culture ... more details
model for the organization of settlements among southern Bantu, where the central placement of the kraal ... used to be a royal kraal at Ntsweng. gallery Education Molepolole is the home to a number of educational ... on kraal site of old Molepolole village site where Sebele I also stayed with favourite wife after ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Image SZ Lobamba.png thumb right Location of Lobamba in Swaziland Lobamba is the traditional and legislative Capital political capital of Swaziland , seat of the Parliament of Swaziland Parliament and residence of the Ntombi of Swaziland Queen Mother . It is located in the west of the country, in the Ezulwini Valley , 16 km from Mbabane , in the district of Hhohho . Its population is 5,800. Lobamba is famous for two ceremonies the Umhlanga ceremony Reed Dance , celebrated in August and September in honour of the Queen Mother, and the Incwala , in December and January in honour of the King. These ceremonies include dancing, singing, and celebrations with traditional attire. The Embo State Palace , the Royal Kraal , Swazi National Museum , Parliament of Swaziland and a museum dedicated to Sobhuza II of Swaziland lie in the town, while the Mlilwane Wildlife Sanctuary and Matsapha Airport lie nearby. List of African capitals Coord 26 28 S 31 12 E region SZ type city display title Category Populated places in Hhohho District Category Capitals in Africa Swaziland geo stub af Lobamba ar be bg bs Lobamba ca Lobamba cs Lobamba de Lobamba es Lobamba eo Lobambo eu Lobamba fa hif Lobamba fr Lobamba gd Lobamba gl Lobamba ko id Lobamba ie Lobamba it Lobamba he jv Lobamba ka sw Lobamba lv Lobamba lt Lobamba lmo Lobamba hu Lobamba nl Lobamba ja no Lobamba oc Lobamba pnb nds Lobamba pl Lobamba pt Lobamba ro Lobamba ru simple Lobamba ss Lobamba sk Lobamba so Lobamba ckb sr sh Lobamba fi Lobamba sv Lobamba tr Lobamba uk vec Lobamba vi Lobamba war Lobamba yo Lobamba zh ... more details
coord 51.989 1.929 display title region GB scale 10000 Heritage Railway name North Gloucestershire Railway image Image Justine2.jpg 300px caption Jung Locomotive Justine on shed locale England terminus Toddington, Gloucestershire Toddington linename North Gloucestershire Narrow Gauge Railway builtby originalgauge RailGauge 24 preservedgauge RailGauge 24 era owned operator stations 2 length 1 2 mile originalopen closed stageyears 1985 stage The North Gloucestershire Railway NGR is a narrow gauge railway running alongside the Gloucestershire and Warwickshire Railway at Toddington, Gloucestershire Toddington . It was built in 1985 when the Dowty Group Dowty Railway Preservation Society needed a new home for its collection of narrow gauge rolling stock. The rail used on the railway was purchased from the Southend Pier Railway . Locomotives class wikitable Name Builder Type Notes Isibutu W.G. Bagnall Bagnall 4 4 0T Operational. Chaka s Kraal No. 6 ref cite web url http www.strps.org.uk str stocklist stocklist index.htm title South Tynedale Railway stocklist ref Hunslet Engine Company Hunslet 0 4 2T Undergoing a major firebox repair Justine Arnold Jung Lokomotivfabrik Jung 0 4 0WT Operational No. 1091 Henschel 0 8 0T Operational, visiting Leighton Buzzard Light Railway LBNGR ref http www.btinternet.com buzzrail page15.html ref Hunslet Engine Company Hunslet 4wDH Operational Ruston engine builder Ruston and Hornsby 4wDM Operational Ruston engine builder Ruston and Hornsby 4wDM Operational Lister 4wDM Operational Motor Rail 4wPM Operational References references cite web url http www.isibutu.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk title Official website cite web url http www.narrow gauge pleasure.co.uk rlyngloucs.html title Narrow Gauge Pleasure article on the NGR See also British narrow gauge railways Heritage railways in England Category Heritage railways in England Category 2ft gauge railways England rail transport stub ... more details
unsourced date December 2008 George Milwa Mnyaluza Pemba 1912 in Korsten , Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape Port Elizabeth 2001 was a South Africa n painter and writer. He was posthumously awarded the Order of Ikhamanga . Pemba was born in 1912 in Hill s Kraal, Korsten, Port Elizabeth. As a child he was encouraged by his father to draw and paint, and so began painting murals in the family house and producing portraits from photographs of his father s employers. He won a Grey Scholarship, which enabled him to receive post primary education, and in 1931 he obtained a Teacher s Diploma at the Lovedale Training College in the Eastern Cape. That same year he began working for the Lovedale Printing Press, and continued to work there until 1936. The following year he studied under Professor Austin Winter Moore for five months at Rhodes University, made possible through a bursary awarded from the Bantu Welfare Trust. Pemba was awarded a second bursary in 1941. This time he spent two weeks at Maurice van Essche s studio in Cape Town attending art classes. During the 1940s he met John Mohl and Gerard Sekoto, who encouraged him to work as a full time artist, however during this time he worked for the Native Administration in Port Elizabeth as a clerk. From 1952 to 1978 he supplemented his income selling groceries in a shop. Following that, Pemba taught art to children at the S.A. Institute of Race Relations and in 1979 was awarded an Honorary Master of Arts Degree from the University of Fort Hare. A highly successful exhibition of paintings from the 1940s onwards, was held at The Everard Read Gallery in 1991. In 1992 a second exhibition served to commemorate his 80th birthday, which was also celebrated with the artist at the King George VI Art Gallery in Port Elizabeth. Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Pemba, George ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1912 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 2001 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Pemba, George Category 1912 birt ... more details
unreferenced date November 2009 Compound when applied to a human habitat refers to a cluster of building s in an enclosure, having a shared or associated purpose, such as the houses of an extended family e.g. the Kennedy Compound for the Kennedy family . The enclosure disambiguation enclosure may be a wall , a fence , a hedge barrier hedge or some other structure, or it may be formed by the buildings themselves, when they are built around an open area or joined together. In the United Kingdom , compound is not generally used in the sense of an unfortified enclosure, and not for homes. There, as in North American English , if used for a place, it is most likely to be taken to mean a fortified Compound fortification military compound . The unfortified enclosure usage was developed by the British Empire in Asia and Africa . Now it has slightly different meanings among English speaking people in those continents In Asia it refers to a collection of business establishments or living quarters, especially those used by Europe ans. In Africa it used to mean a collection of workers houses, but is now used for any cluster of related or linked homes, especially residences for members of the same family or those working for the same employer, or those belonging to a farm, or the cluster of houses known in Africa as a Homestead small African settlement homestead . The term can also be applied to an establishment such as a school or business , as in the school compound or the factory compound . In the English language in Africa English dialects of some African countries , compound may refer to a much larger collection of dwellings, as a synonym for a homogeneous township or suburb comprising homes of similar character usually built as public housing projects, or for a shantytown . An example is Chawama Compound , Lusaka , Zambia. See also Compound fortification Boma enclosure Kraal Osama bin Laden s hideout compound Category Human habitats Category Fences ... more details
Infobox protected area name Hans Merensky Wilderness iucn category IV photo photo alt photo caption photo width map Limpopo map alt map caption Location of the Reserve in Limpopo Province map width location Limpopo , South Africa nearest city Tzaneen lat d 23 lat m 41 lat s 45.03 lat NS S long d 30 long m 40 long s 17.41 long EW E coords ref region ZA LP area 5 268 ha established 1953 visitation num visitation year governing body world heritage site url Hans Merensky Wilderness , also known as the Hans Merensky Nature Reserve , is a protected area in Limpopo Limpopo Province , South Africa . It has an area of about 5 268 ha, and lies in the Lowveld between the Kruger Park and the town of Tzaneen . It is located on the banks of the Great Letaba River , a tributary of the Olifants River Limpopo Olifants River . The Reserve is named after Hans Merensky , a South African geologist and conservationist. There is an ethnographic museum, the Tsonga Kraal Museum, displaying the culture of the Tsonga people . ref http www.golimpopo.com park nature reserves hans merensky wilderness.html Hans Merensky Wilderness ref Wildlife Include zebra , wildebeest , warthog and giraffe , or the more elusive nocturnal animals like leopard , jackal and hyena . See also Protected areas of South Africa References reflist External links http www.wheretostay.co.za information topic 577 Hans Merensky Nature Reserve Category Limpopo Category Protected areas of South Africa Category Conservation in South Africa ... more details
Rundu Rural West is a Constituencies of Namibia political constituency in the Kavango Region of Namibia . It is located near Rundu , one of Namibia s largest cities. Kaisosi and Sauyemwa are settlements in the constituency. Sauyemwea is an informal settlement located 8 km from Rundu. Most of the residents of the constituency live in informal housing, which includes housing made of bricks or corrugated iron. ref http www.newera.com.na article.php?articleid 13985 ELECTIONS 2010 Rundu constituencies profile New Era, 9 November 2010 ref Ndama, Namibia Ndama is also an informal settlement in the area. ref http www.namibian.com.na index.php?id 28&tx ttnews 5btt news 5d 62972&no cache 1 Police discover rustlers kraal The Namibian , 17 December 2009 ref Politics Prior to the Namibian local and regional elections, 2010 2010 local and regional election , the constituency was represented by Rosa Kavara of SWAPO , who took over for Herbert Shixwameni also of SWAPO. Shixwameni left his position as councilor for the constituency when he left SWAPO to form the All People s Party Namibia All People s Party with his younger brother, Ignatius Shixwameni Ignatius . 2010 election The Namibian local and regional elections, 2010 2010 local and regional elections were contested by incumbent Rosa Kavara SWAPO , Herbert Shixwameni of the APP and Moses Nyundu of the Rally for Democracy and Progress Namibia Rally for Democracy and Progress . ref http www.newera.com.na article.php?articleid 14111 ELECTIONS 2010 APP will serve the people New Era, 16 November 2010 ref SWAPO s Kavara won re election and was also elected to the National Council of Namibia as one of 7 women on the 24 person body. ref http www.observer.com.na index.php?option com content&view article&id 512 week in review&catid 4 week in reviews Week in Review Windhoek Observer ref References reflist Constituencies of the Kavango Region coord missing Namibia Category Constituencies of Kavango Region Category Rundu Namibia geo stub ... more details
up drive into the village and evacuate the androids to the Kraal base. The Doctor is grabbed from behind by Styggron, who gets two white suits to tie him up while the Kraal places the bomb at the Doctor ... they landed were those of Oseidon, the Kraal planet. The levels are increasing and the planet will soon ... it is very good electrolyte. The Doctor is strapped down to the Kraal analysis table which will copy ... tells them about the Kraal invasion. However, the Doctor is too late Harry and Faraday have been ... cannot believe this, but the real Doctor tells him that his rocket was actually hijacked by the Kraal ..., punching the Kraal, who falls on the vial of virus, cracking it open. Styggron shoots the Doctor before ... The Kraals , The Kraal Invasion , and The Enemy Within . Location filming for the Kraal replicated ... Friend. Marshal Chedaki, was played by Roy Skelton . The silent Kraal underling that appears in one ... more details
War , the United Kingdom British army captured the royal kraal and razed it to the ground. Nearby is Ondini, where King Mpande , Cetshwayo s father, had his kraal. A large Zulu hut now is on the site ... more details
Use dmy dates date December 2011 Samantha Dubois real name Ellen Kraal , born in Holland was a radio presenter on Radio Caroline during the 1970s and again in 1984. ref name autogenerated1 http www.offshoreradio.co.uk djs7d.htm Offshore radio.com ref She was born in Holland but learned to speak English from time spent growing up in New Zealand in the 1960s, ref http www.oldfriends.co.nz InstitutionPhotoView.aspx?id 17578 Ellen Kraal ref this gave her a unique and instantly recognisable accent. She joined Radio Caroline originally as the girlfriend of Peter Chicago, and at first she helped out with the cooking on the radio ship Radio Caroline Mi Amigo She was first heard on the air on 3 March 1973, calling herself Ellen the cook , ref http www.listology.com content show.cfm content id.29817 Pirate 20 20Radio ref the only time that she used her real name. In 1974, she began working as a regular broadcaster in the 3am 6am slot, although later in her career she also presented late night and some daytime shows , using the name Samantha Dubois , although later she just called herself Samantha . Her countless intervals on board dated from 6 March to 10 May 1974, a brief period during August 1974, from 16 December 1975 to September 1976, a short period during the month of March 1977, and finally from 21 September to 17 October 1978. According to tabulations from the late Buster Pearson of Monitor magazine, she was on the air for a total of 792 hours. On 12 January 1977, she was fined by a Dutch court for her involvement with the station. Despite this, she returned to Radio Caroline in the March of that year. ref http www.mediacommunicatie.nl radio 30yearsago.htm 30 years ago Bot generated title ref She made her final broadcast on 17 October 1978. After she left the station, she later got married and moved to New Zealand. She did, however, return to the station in 1984, from 14 September to 10 November, during which she added another 147 hours live on the air from the radio ship ... more details
. A prominent knoll sat about halfway, and a small kraal near the left of the crest. Shortly after ... the crest. The kraal was taken, and switching their guns to focus on it, the force previously attacking the left horn s flank advanced up the slope and captured the kraal. This position allowed the British ... ing the wagons inside the walls. A horse and cattle kraal was constructed, as was an abattis , and a field ... and skirmishes between patrols. The beginning of March led Pearson to attack a kraal 7 miles away ... more details
and George Biggar, were among those already killed at Dingane s kraal and Blaukraans respectively ... s kraal and reached Ndondakusuka village north of the Tugela on April 17, 1838, which belonged ... more details
among those already killed at Blaauwekrans and Dingane s kraal respectively. Some 20 to 30 European ... had been found and killed there in their absence. Once again they set off to Dingane s kraal and reached Ndondakusuka village north of the Tugela River Tugela on April 17, 1838. This kraal built ... more details
of the royal kraal to help with escape should it be necessary. Crack O denied that his people ... from the kraal gates, during which Roberts began discussing with Crack O the Mary Carver and the Edward ... spear was taken as a prize by Perry. Pieces of the Mary Carver and her flag were also found at the kraal ... more details
Bang Pop, Kraal Absolute Beginners Loving the Alien China Girl Bowie, Pop Rebel Rebel Fashion Never ... Backwards Glass Spider Day In, Day Out Bang Bang Pop, Kraal Absolute Beginners Loving The Alien ... more details
Republic in 1803. He sold Schoonder Zigt in 1804 and purchased Melkhout Kraal, Knysna. He had 33 ..., Welbedacht re named Eastford , Jackals Kraal, Portland 1817 and Uitzigt 1830 , about convert 24000 ... more details
named Assagay Kraal. The Voortrekkers having named the early farms in their Natalia Republic Natal ... Kraal No 853. References reflist Category Populated places in EThekwini ... more details
in a nearby 30 by 15 foot stone sheephouse or kraal , which was topped with a corrugated iron roof. ref Pakenham, p 559 ref At dawn, a squadron of lancers was sent to investigate the kraal . The commanding ... more details
File Zibhebhu 1884.jpg thumb 300px Zibhebhu after the battle of oNdini, July 1884 Zibhebhu kaMaphitha 1841 1904 also called UZibhebhu or Usibepu was a Zulu chief 1883 1884 rival of Cetshwayo . Zibhebhu was a son of Maphita, son of Sojiyisa. He was one of the 13 kinglets allocated land in the aftermath of the Anglo Zulu War , and vied for the royal succession with another of Cetshwayo s sons, Dinuzulu . The British, seeing the futility of the division of Zululand, determined to restore Cetshwayo as the ultimate chief. However, they left Usibepu alone and his lands intact. Both Zibhebhu and Dinuzulu befriended Boer mercenaries to help them in their claims. On the 22 July 1883, led by a troop of mounted white mercenaries, Zibhebhu made a sudden descent upon Cetshwayo s kraal at Ulundi , which he destroyed. All Zibhebhu s men wore a piece of leopard skin round their heads as a distinguishing mark. Cetshwayo escaped, though wounded, into Nkandla forest. After repeated pleas from the Resident Commissioner, Sir Melmoth Osborn , the king moved to Eshowe , where he died a few months later, possibly by poisoning. Dinuzulu was left to fight for the succession, and with the help of General Louis Botha and Dinuzulu s Volunteers defeated Zibhebhu and his army at the Battle of Mkuze Ghost Mountain Ghost Mountain also known as the Battle of Tshaneni . Skulls were so numerous at the site of the battle that they were used as road edge markers years later. Citation needed date February 2007 Zibhebhu and Eckersley, a white trader, escaped by climbing the Lubombo mountain. In September 1884 Zibhebhu guided the remnant of the Mandlakazi, about 6,000 people, into the Reserve an area set aside for Zulu not loyal to the Zulu royal house. ref The Destruction of the Zulu Kingdom br Jeff Guy br University Of Natal Press 1994 ref References reflist Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Kamaphitha, Zibhebhu ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1841 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE ... more details
inline date December 2009 Lieutenant Francis George Farewell 1784 1829 , the founder of the Port KwaZulu Natal Province Natal Colony in South Africa , was born at Holbrook House near Wincanton in the Blackmore Vale in 1784. His father was Reverend Samuel Farewell, who died when Francis was young. Francis and the rest of the Farewell family then moved from Holbrook to Tiverton, Devon . There he became a Scholar at Blundell s School until the age of 13, when he left to become a Midshipman in the Royal Navy . He fought against the French in the Napoleonic Wars , including the Battle of Trafalgar . He later left England for the Cape Colony . There, under the leadership of Governor Lord Charles Henry Somerset , in 1823 he planned to establish an ivory business in Natal, in order to make contact with King Shaka of the Zulus . Clarify not clear if ivory was important or what. sentence is confusing date July 2011 In 1824 he left for Natal, accompanied by his crew, which included his friend Henry Francis Fynn , a physician. Their ship was caught in a storm in the Indian Ocean , but they managed to reach the shores of Natal. There they met with the Zulus. Farewell and his team of men went with the Zulu soldiers to Bulawayo KwaBulawayo , near present day Eshowe , the Zulu Royal Kraal and home to King Shaka Zulu himself. In late 1824, Farewell asked for Shaka s permission to establish a trading post in Natal. Shaka agreed, and Farewell established Port Natal today s Durban as a place for ships travelling to India to stop at, and also for Farewell to trade with the Zulus for ivory . In the 1820s, Shaka was at war with several tribes, including the Ndwandwe . Farewell and his group fought with the Zulus at the Battle of Gqokli Hill , where they defeated Zwide , the King of the Ndwandwe. Prior 1827 Farewell had obtained Shaka s permission to establish a peace treaty between the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom, but it failed. Farewell returned and remained at Port Natal. In 182 ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
