File Flag of Kurgan Oblast.svg thumb orphan date November 2009 The Kurgan Oblast Duma is the legislative body of the Kurgan Oblast of the Russian Federation . The duma consists of 34 deputies. It was created in 1994. The United Russia Party currently holds a 22 seat majority in the duma. The Fair Russia holds five seats, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation holds five and the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia two. Chairmen of the Kurgan Oblast Duma class wikitable Name Period 1st convocation Oleg Bogomolov 1994 1996 2nd convocation Leo Efremov 1996 2000 3rd convocation Valery Ponomarev politician Valery Ponomarev 2000 2004 4th connocation Marat Islamov 2004 2010 5th convocation Vladimir Kazanov 2010 Incumbent Sources http www.oblduma.kurgan.ru about history The Kurgan Oblast Duma Official website History External links http www.oblduma.kurgan.ru The Kurgan Oblast Duma Official website Russian Category Politics of Kurgan Oblast Category Legislatures of the federal subjects of Russia Kurgan Category Unicameral legislatures ru ... more details
main Statistical hypothesis testing In statistical hypothesis testing , the alternative hypothesis or maintained hypothesis or research hypothesis and the null hypothesis are the two rival hypotheses which are compared by a statistical hypothesis testing statistical hypothesis test . An example might be where water quality in a stream has been observed over many years and a test is made of the null hypothesis that there is no change in quality between the first and second halves of the data against the alternative hypothesis that the quality is poorer in the second half of the record. In the case of a scalar parameter, there are four principal types of alternative hypothesis a point alternative hypothesis, a one tailed directional alternative hypothesis, a two tailed directional alternative hypothesis, and an non directional alternative hypothesis. Point alternative hypotheses occur when the hypothesis test is framed so that the population distribution under the alternative hypothesis is a fully defined distribution, with no unknown parameters such hypotheses are usually of no practical ... of the Neyman Pearson lemma . A one tailed directional alternative hypothesis is concerned with the region ... hypothesis is concerned with both regions of rejection of the sampling distribution. A non directional alternative hypothesis is not concerned with either region of rejection, but, rather, it is only concerned that null hypothesis is not true. The concept of an alternative hypothesis in testing ... a major component in modern statistical hypothesis testing . However it was not part of Ronald Fisher Ronald Fisher s formulation of statistical hypothesis testing, and he violently opposed its ... whether the observed dataset could have resulted from chance if the null hypothesis were assumed ... statistical hypothesis testing accommodates this type of test since the alternative hypothesis can be just the negation of the null hypothesis. References reflist Statistics Category Hypothesis ... more details
Multiple issues wikify March 2012 orphan October 2010 unreferenced August 2010 Kurgan State University is the largest institution of the Kurgan, Kurgan Oblast Kurgan region of Russia. It was organized when date December 2010 in accordance with presidential decree which? date December 2010 by the merger of engineering and public teaching institutions. University prepares specialists humanitarian, socio economic and technical specialties. The University is located in six buildings. Training is on teaching and laboratory based area of over 52400 square meters. Departments Natural Sciences History Mathematics and Information Technology Psychology, health culture and sport Education Technology Transport Systems Economics Philology Law coord missing Russia date December 2010 Category Universities in Russia ... more details
The innateness hypothesis is a linguistic theory of language acquisition which holds that at least some linguistic knowledge exists in humans at birth. ref http dictionary.reference.com browse innateness hypothesis Based on the Random House Dictionary, Random House, Inc. 2009. ref Facts about the complexity of human language systems, the universality of language acquisition, the facility that children demonstrate in acquiring these systems, and the comparative performance of adults in attempting the same task are all commonly invoked in support. The idea that there may be an age by which this learning must be accomplished is known as the critical period hypothesis . Noam Chomsky is responsible for the innateness hypothesis. Hilary Putnam published a critique of the innateness hypothesis entitled The Innateness Hypothesis and Explanatory Models in Linguistics . ref http www.springerlink.com content w476u76126j58330 fulltext.pdf ref References references See also Language acquisition Category Linguistics Category Philosophy of language Category Hypotheses ... more details
For the periodical Null Hypothesis The Journal of Unlikely Science The practice of science involves formulating and testing hypothesis hypotheses , assertions that are Falsifiability capable of being proven false using a test of observed data. The null hypothesis typically corresponds to a general or default position. For example, the null hypothesis might be that there is no relationship between two ... title null hypothesis definition publisher Businessdictionary.com date accessdate 2010 07 29 ref ... cite web url http statistics.berkeley.edu stark SticiGui Text gloss.htm null hypothesis title Glossary ... R. A. Fisher, The Design of Experiments ii. 19, We may speak of this hypothesis as the null hypothesis , and it should be noted that the null hypothesis is never proved or established, but is possibly disproved, in the course of experimentation. ref It is typically paired with a second hypothesis, the alternative hypothesis , which asserts a particular relationship between the phenomena. Jerzy Neyman ... negation of the null hypothesis it predicts the results from the experiment if the alternative hypothesis ... standard. It is important to understand that the null hypothesis can never be proven . A set of data can only reject a null hypothesis or fail to reject it . For example, if comparison of two groups ... to reject the null hypothesis in other words, the experiment fails to reject the null hypothesis . ref cite web url http stattrek.com Lesson5 HypothesisTesting.aspx title Can We Accept the Null Hypothesis? publisher StatTrek.com accessdate 2011 05 27 ref Principle Hypothesis testing works by Sampling ... hypothesis is true. If the data set is very unlikely, defined as belonging to a set of data that only ... rejects the null hypothesis concluding it probably is false. If the data do not contradict the null hypothesis, then only a weak conclusion can be made namely that the observed data set provides no strong evidence against the null hypothesis. As the null hypothesis could be true or false, in this case ... more details
14 Cities and towns under the oblast s jurisdiction Kurgan, Kurgan Oblast Kurgan administrative center Shadrinsk Districts Almenevsky District Almenevsky with 12 selsovets under the district s jurisdiction. Belozersky District, Kurgan Oblast ... Oktyabr, Kurgan Oblast Krasny Oktyabr with 19 selsovets under the district s jurisdiction ... s jurisdiction Lebyazhye, Lebyazhyevsky District, Kurgan Oblast Lebyazhye with 18 selsovets ... District, Kurgan Oblast Mishkinsky Urban type settlements under the district s jurisdiction Mishkino, Kurgan Oblast Mishkino with 17 selsovets under the district s jurisdiction ... the district s jurisdiction Shchuchye, Kurgan Oblast Shchuchye with 16 selsovets under the district ... Shumikha with 16 selsovets under the district s jurisdiction. Tselinny District, Kurgan ... federal subjects Category Kurgan Oblast Category Administrative divisions of the federal subjects of Russia Kurgan Oblast de Verwaltungsgliederung der Oblast Kurgan ru ... more details
Other places3 Shchuchye Coord 55 13 N 62 46 E display title Shchuchye lang ru is a types of inhabited localities in Russia town and the administrative center of Shchuchansky District of Kurgan Oblast , Russia , located on Lake Shchuchye Kurgan Oblast Lake Shchuchye , convert 180 km sp us west of Kurgan, Kurgan Oblast Kurgan . Population ru census p2010 prelim 10,971 p2002 10,602 p1989 11,094 It has been known since 1750 as a village Russia selo and was granted town status in 1945. About 14 of Russian chemical weapons ref cite news url http www.nytimes.com 2009 05 27 world europe 27russia.html?ref world work The New York Times title In Siberia, the Death Knell of a Complex Holding a Deadly Stockpile first Clifford J. last Levy date 2009 05 27 accessdate 2010 04 09 ref is stored in Shchuchye and, with the help of the US supported VX nerve agent Worldwide VX stockpile elimination Nunn Lugar program , ref http lugar.senate.gov nunnlugar index.cfm ref a new facility to destroy these chemical weapons was opened there in May 2009. References Reflist Cities and towns in Kurgan Oblast Category Cities and towns in Kurgan Oblast ar be de Schtschutschje eo u je fa fr Chtchoutchi nl Sjtsjoetsje no Sjtsjutsje nn Sjtsjutsje ru fi t ut je war Shchuchye, Kurgan Oblast diq Shchuchye, Kurgan Oblast zh ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 otheruses comparator disambiguation The comparator hypothesis is a hypothesis in the field of the psychology of motivation and learning . ref http books.google.com books?hl en&lr &id k6ufhxSYXe8C&oi fnd&pg PA51&dq comparator&ots 0kZ3T3e4dw&sig ObK0QBEZCAeLsxDUjVsSafHIBWg PPA53,M1 ref Created by Ralph Miller, it established that responses are due to a comparison between the direct activation of the outcome and the indirect activation of the outcome. The comparator hypothesis was the first model which successfully accounts for retrospective reevaluation phenomena. However, after the publication of the comparator hypothesis, traditional models like Wagner s SOP and the Rescorla Wagner model were modified to be able to account for retrospective reevaluation phenomena. Today, the comparator hypothesis can successfully account for counteraction phenomena, a topic in which both the traditional models and their reformulation tends to fail. References reflist Category Learning psychology Category Motivation social psych stub ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2011 Named after the Hindu god of destruction, the Shiva Hypothesis is a hypothesis that purports to explain an apparent pattern in mass extinctions caused by impact event s. The hypothesis, created by Michael Rampino of New York University , says that gravitational disturbances caused by the Solar System crossing the plane of the Milky Way galaxy are enough to disturb comets in the Oort cloud surrounding the Solar System. This sends comets in towards the inner Solar System, which raises the chance of an impact. According to the hypothesis, this results in the Earth experiencing large impact events about every 30 million years such as the Cretaceous Paleogene extinction event . See also Extinction event Local Bubble Nemesis hypothetical star Tyche hypothetical planet References reflist External links http abob.libs.uga.edu bobk ccc cc020298.html A description of the Shiva hypothesis by Michael Rampino http users.tpg.com.au users tps seti crater.html Asteroid Comet Impact Craters and Mass Extinctions and Shiva Hypothesis of Periodic Mass Extinctions , by Michael Paine http adsabs.harvard.edu abs 1996EM 26P...72..441R The Shiva Hypothesis Impacts, Mass Extinctions, and the Galaxy , by Rampino and Haggerty http adsabs.harvard.edu abs 1998PlR....18....6R The Shiva hypothesis impacts, mass extinctions, and the Galaxy , by Rampino, M. R. http adsabs.harvard.edu abs 1999PPMtO..18..405S The correlation between mas extinctions and impacts of near Earth objects. The review of Shiva hypothesis , by Yang Su, Yi Xia and Yanan Zhang. Category Impact events astronomy stub geology stub disaster stub es Hip tesis Shiva it Ipotesi di Shiva ... more details
. An alternative release of Hypothesis was titled Visions of the Future . In Germany Hypothesis and The Dragon were issued together as a double album titled Portrait . The cover artwork for Hypothesis .... Track listing Hypothesis, Part 1 16 00 Hypothesis, Part 2 16 10 References http www.vangelismovements.com ... 1978 albums Category Albums produced by Giorgio Gomelsky 1970s album stub electronic album stub ko Hypothesis it Hypothesis The Dragon pt Hypothesis ... more details
a theory in the history of the Romanian language R sler theory , see Origin of Romanians Migration from the south a theory Renfrew 1999 placing Proto Indo European proper in the Balkans at a time of around 5000 BC, see Anatolian hypothesis . disambig ... more details
orphan date March 2010 The Portia Hypothesis claims women with masculine sounding names will be more successful in the legal profession than an otherwise identical counterpart. The hypothesis is named after William Shakespeare s Portia Merchant of Venice character from the Merchant of Venice , who disguises herself as a man so she can argue as a lawyer . Evidence A study of South Carolina judge s by Bentley Coffey Clemson University , Department of Economics & Patrick McLaughlin George Mason University , Mercatus Center found evidence supporting the hypothesis. References http www.abajournal.com weekly female lawyers with masculine names may have a better shot at judgeships st ABA Journal story http taxprof.typepad.com taxprof blog 2009 09 the portia effect .html Category Gender equality Category Sociology of law ... more details
The 2R hypothesis or Ohno s hypothesis , first proposed by Susumu Ohno in 1970, ref name Ohno70 Ohno ... hypothesis in genomics and molecular evolution suggesting that the genomes of the early vertebrate ..., and the term 2R hypothesis was probably coined in 1999 variations in the number of duplications typically still are referred to as examples of the 2R hypothesis. ref name Hokamp cite journal last1 Hokamp first1 K last2 McLysaght first2 A last3 Wolfe first3 KH title The 2R hypothesis and the human ... of it in Evolution by Gene Duplication , the 2R hypothesis has been the subject of much research, but even ... According to Hokamp et al. 2003 , ref name Hokamp the version of the genome duplication hypothesis from which 2R hypothesis takes its name appears in Holland et al. 1994 ref name Holland cite journal ... proteins do not support the hypothesis of two rounds of genome duplication early in vertebrate history ... doi 10.1007 PL00006499 ref blockquote Ohno s argument Ohno presented the first version of the 2R hypothesis ... history of one hypothesis journal Genome Research volume 11 issue 5 pages 667 70 year 2001 pmid 11337465 doi 10.1101 gr.188801 ref Later evidence The 2R hypothesis saw a resurgence of interest in the 1990s ... for the hypothesis relies on the number of genes in mammals, which was previously estimated at around ... with the 2R hypothesis. Parsimony analysis has produced some results that, while not supportive of the hypothesis, do not rule it out. According to a 2001 review of the subject by Wojciech Maka owski, the hypothesis of whole genome duplications in the early stages of vertebrate evolution has as many ... that cast doubt on the hypothesis are of questionable validity. ref name Hokamp A review in 2007 by Masanori Kasahara states that there is now incontrovertible evidence supporting the 2R hypothesis and that a long standing debate on the 2R hypothesis is approaching the end . ref name Kasahara cite journal last1 Kasahara first1 M title The 2R hypothesis an update journal Current opinion in immunology ... more details
The Sekhmet Hypothesis was first published in 1995 by Iain Spence. ref The Sekhmet Hypothesis , Iain Spence, 1995 1996, Bast s Blend ISBN 9780952536505, ISBN 0 9525365 4 4 ref It suggests a possible link between the emergence of youth culture archetypes in relation to the 11 year solar cycle s. The hypothesis was published again in 1997 in http dreamflesh.com projects towards 2012 Towards 2012 ref ... has discussed his own views on the hypothesis in his book, Supergods 2011 . ref Supergods Our World ... The origins of the hypothesis can be traced back to Robert Anton Wilson s book, Prometheus Rising ... side of the hypothesis, suggesting it had no scientific basis. He demonstrated how he believed the dates ... Hypothesis website renamed from the Sekhmet hypothesis , Solar Youth Culture? http website.lineone.net iainsp syouth ref He then simplified the hypothesis as a study of the four life scripts friendly ... youth trends. This scaled down hypothesis suggests that humanity recapitulates infantile ... supposedly presents a mood based mainly on friendly strength . ref The Hare Hypothesis website ... s reference to The Matrix in relation to the hypothesis suggesting the film is not related to any specific youth trend. ref The Hare Hypothesis website, Thoughts on Supergods and Early Sekhmet http ... influences ref Critics of the Sekhmet hypothesis have pointed out Spence s lack of interest ... claiming that the hypothesis only analyses youth trends which present the most bestial, atavistic ... into hybrids such as grunge. ref The Hare Hypothesis website, Conclusion http website.lineone.net iainsp hypothesis ref References reflist After listing your sources please cite them using inline ... Men issue 114, comments on the Sekhmet hypothesis. http sites.google.com site deepspacetransmissions ... on the Sekhmet hypothesis. http www.youtube.com watch?v ERCbo FSJdU An Evening with Grant Morrison ... Comics. Includes discussion of the early Sekhmet hypothesis. Category youth culture Category ... more details
Infobox settlement official name Tillya Bay Kurgan native name pushpin map Kyrgyzstan mapsize 200px coordinates display inline,title coordinates region KG subdivision type Country subdivision name Kyrgyzstan subdivision type1 Province subdivision name1 Batken Province leader title leader name established title established date area total km2 area footnotes population as of population total population density km2 timezone UTC 5 utc offset timezone DST utc offset DST latd 40 latm 06 lats 36 latNS N longd 71 longm 18 longs 00 longEW E elevation m 1439 area code website Otheruses Kurgan disambiguation Tillya Bay Kurgan is a village in the Batken Province of Kyrgyzstan . Nearby towns and villages include Khodzhanorum 2 miles and Sovetskiy, Kyrgyzstan Sovetskiy 5 miles . References reflist External links http www.maplandia.com kyrgyzstan osh tillya bay kurgan Satellite map at Maplandia.com http maps.msn.com 28qzg0kr45n2zcyz45oodqgw55 29 map.aspx?lats1 40.11&lons1 71.3&alts1 14®n1 2 MSN Map Batken geo stub Category Populated places in Batken Province roa rup Tillya Bay Kurgan ... more details
A working hypothesis is a hypothesis that is provisionally accepted as a basis for further research ref Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science & Medicine . http www.answers.com topic working hypothesis Eprint via Answers.com. ref in the hope that a tenable theory will be produced, even if the hypothesis ultimately fails. ref name Century See in hypothesis , Century Dictionary Supplement , v. 1, 1909, New ... hypothesis ... Working hypothesis , a hypothesis suggested or supported in some measure by features ..., with the hope that, even should the hypothesis thus be overthrown, such research may lead to a tenable theory. ref Like all hypotheses, a working hypothesis is constructed as a statement of expectations ... 1 55938 888 9 ref History Use of the phrase working hypothesis goes back at least two centuries. ref ... for year printed as M,DCCC,V . ref Charles Sanders Peirce came to hold that an explanatory hypothesis ... point by the broader promise that the hypothesis holds for research. This idea of justifying a hypothesis as potentially fruitful at the level of research method , not merely as plausible at the level of logical conclusions , is essential for the idea of a working hypothesis, as later elaborated ... method, an explanatory hypothesis is judged and selected ref Peirce, C. S., Carnegie Application ... a scientific hypothesis. For it is not sufficient that a hypothesis should be a justifiable one. Any hypothesis which explains the facts is justified critically. But among justifiable hypotheses we ... Supplement definition of working hypothesis ref name Century reflects that perspective Peirce ... hypothesis in PEP UQ M s list of words in Peirce s charge http www.pep.uqam.ca listsofwords.pep?l H ... the phrase working hypothesis, but he once commented about a related kind of a hypothesis that it was a hypothesis, which like the working hypothesis of a scientific inquiry, we may not believe to be altogether ... used the concept of the working hypothesis as a pivotal feature in his theory of inquiry . Contrary ... more details
According to the Porter Hypothesis , strict environmental regulation s can induce efficiency and encourage innovations that help improve commercial competitiveness. The hypothesis was formulated by the economist Michael Porter in an article in 1995. The hypothesis suggests that strict environmental regulation triggers the discovery and introduction of cleaner technologies and environmental improvements, the innovation effect , making production processes and products more efficient. sup 1 sup The cost savings that can be achieved are sufficient to overcompensate for both the compliance costs directly attributed to new regulations and the innovation costs. In the first mover advantage , a company is able to exploit innovation by learning curve effects or patent ing and attains a dominating competitive position compared to companies in countries where environmental regulations were enforced much later. The Porter hypothesis has been applied to Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals REACH . In one conclusion sup 2 sup , companies that adopt a cost leadership business strategy and have a relatively small product portfolio will fare better than companies that compete by product differentiation and have a larger number of chemicals that require regulation. Notes sup 1 sup Wagner, M. The Porter Hypothesis Revisited. A Literatur Review of Theoretical Model and Empirical Test. L neburg Centre for Sustainability Management, 2003, p.2 http www2.leuphana.de umanagement csm content nama downloads download publikationen 38 2downloadversion.pdf CSM L neburg sup 2 sup Chemicals Regulation and the Porter Hypothesis A Critical Review of the New European Chemicals Regulation Torsten Frohwein, Bernd Hansj rgens Journal of Business Chemistry January 2005 http www.wirtschaftschemie.de journal 20051 19 36.pdf open access publishing open access publication References Michael E. Porter and Claas van der Linde, Toward a New Conception of the Environment Competitiveness Relationship ... more details
In paleoanthropology , the hunting hypothesis is the hypothesis that human evolution was primarily influenced by the activity of hunting for relatively large and fast animals, and that the activity of hunting distinguished human ancestors from other primate s. While it is undisputed that early humans were hunters, the importance of this fact for the final steps in the emergence of the Homo genus Homo genus out of earlier Australopithecines , with its bipedalism and production of stone tool s from about 2.5 million years ago , and eventually also control of fire from about 1.5 million years ago , are emphasized in the hunting hypothesis , and de emphasized in scenarios that stress the omnivore status of humans as their recipe for success, and social interaction , including mating behaviour as essential in the emergence of language and culture. Advocates of the hunting hypothesis tend to believe that tool use and toolmaking essential to effective hunting were an extremely important part of human evolution, and trace the origin of language and prehistoric religion religion to a hunting context. See also Acheulean Behavioral modernity Homo ergaster Homo Necans , an award winning book whose title translates as Man the Killer Hunter gatherer Killer ape theory Oldowan References Robert Ardrey , The Hunting Hypothesis A Personal Inquiry into the Evolutionary Sources of Order and Disorder , Atheneum, New York 1970 External links http encarta.msn.com encyclopedia 761566394 12 Human Evolution.html Human Evolution MSN Encarta BOT GENERATED TITLE http www.webcitation.org 5kwr6JAob Archived 2009 10 31 and http www.mnh.si.edu anthro humanorigins faq Encarta culture.htm Discussion of the hunting hypothesis from Encarta http www.indiana.edu origins teach P380 P380hominid.html anthropology stub Prehistoric technology Category Anthropology Category Human evolution ja ro Ipoteza v n torii ... more details
Orphan date October 2008 Inoculation hypothesis is defined as the idea that exposure to weak versions of a persuasive argument increases later resistance to that argument. To better explain this topic, in 1964 William McGuire came up with this Protecting a person s attitudes from persuasion is like inoculating the human body against disease . ref Kassin, S., Fein, S. & Markus, H. R. 2008 Social Psychology 7th ed. . Houghton Mifflin Boston. ref Inoculation hypothesis can be compared to an immunization . When the body is immunized against infection , a small dose of the particular strain is in the injection this helps the body build a resistance to the infection. Persuasion is closely related to inoculation hypothesis. Persuasion is a form of social influence. Persuasion guides people towards certain ideas or actions. According to Robert Cialdini , there are six weapons of influence when it comes to persuasion. They are, reciprocation, commitment and consistency, social proof, authority, liking, and scarcity. References references Category Arguments ... more details
The Escalation Hypothesis is a theory put forward by Geerat J. Vermeij . It states that organisms are in constant conflict with one another and therefore devote lots of resources to thwarting the adaptations evolution brings to all competing organisms as time advances. This is in contrast to adaptations evolution may bring that are unrelated to competition with other organisms such as adapting to ecological niches based upon other factors such as geology and climate. Vermeij s extensive work with the characteristics of marine gastropod fossils informed his development of thoughts on escalation. One prediction of the Escalation Hypothesis is that individual species having fewer adaptations that enable them to compete with other life forms are more likely to survive a mass extinction event such as one of Extinction Event Major extinction events The Big Five . This is because there is more flexibility to fit into new ecological niches that arduous adaptations such as heavy shells or energy consuming venom production would hinder. External links http palaios.sepmonline.org cgi content extract 18 2 83 The Escalation Hypothesis One Long Argument Category Evolutionary biology ... more details
The Medea hypothesis is a term coined by paleontologist Peter Ward paleontologist Peter Ward ref Peter Ward paleontologist Peter Ward 2009 , http books.google.com books?id so9ZU88OBrEC&pg PR19 The Medea Hypothesis Is Life on Earth Ultimately Self Destructive? , ISBN 0691130752 ref for the anti Gaia hypothesis Gaian hypothesis that multicellular life , understood as a superorganism , is suicidal in this view microbial triggered Extinction event mass extinctions are attempts to return the Earth to the microbial dominated state it has been for most of its history. ref http www.newscientist.com article mg20227131.400 gaias evil twin is life its own worst enemy.html Gaia s evil twin Is life its own worst enemy? The New Scientist. Volume 202, Issue 2713, 17 June 2009, pages 28&ndash 31 Cover story ref ref Cite web last Bennett first Drake authorlink title Dark green A scientist argues that the natural world isn t benevolent and sustaining it s bent on self destruction work http www.boston.com Boston.Com publisher The Boston Globe date 2009 01 11 url http www.boston.com bostonglobe ideas articles 2009 01 11 dark green format accessdate 2010 02 26 ref ref name Review Cite web last Grey first William authorlink title Gaia theory Reflections on life on earth work http www.australianreview.net index.html Australian Review of Public Affairs publisher University of Sydney date 2010 02 url http ... Bright Green 2010 0212 The Medea Hypothesis A response to the Gaia hypothesis 28page 29 1 The Medea Hypothesis A response to the Gaia hypothesis Review of Ward s book, February 12, 2010 . http blogs.scientificamerican.com observations 2010 01 13 paleontologist peter wards medea hypothesis life is out to get you Paleontologist Peter Ward s Medea hypothesis Life is out to get you Scientific American ... hypothesis.html The Medea Hypothesis Review by the Astrobiology Society of Britain . http www.timeshighereducation.co.uk story.asp?storyCode 408337§ioncode 26 The Medea Hypothesis Is Life on Earth ... more details
Hypothesis Theory is a psychological theory of learning developed during the 1960s and 1970s. Experimental Framework In the basic experimental framework, the subject is presented with a series of multidimensional stimuli, and provided feedback about the class of the stimulus on each trial. Two class problems are typical. The framework is thus in many ways similar to that of concept learning . In contrast to earlier association type theories, the Hypothesis Theory argues that subjects solve this problem i.e., learn the correct response for each stimulus , by testing a series of hypotheses about the relation of the cue values stimulus features to the class. For example, a candidate hypothesis for stimuli that vary along the three dimensions of shape, color, and size might be math mathbf Shape square, mathbf Color blue, mathbf Size small Longrightarrow mathbf Class good math Because the subject is proposed to learn through the successive testing of hypotheses, the rate of learning should be highly dependent on the order in which hypotheses are tested, and on the particular hypotheses which are available to the learner. It is conceivable that a given learner may not be able to formulate the hypothesis that would correctly classify the stimuli. It is argued that as a result of feature, Hypothesis theory can account for instances of poor learning that occur in some cases even when the statistical associational strength is high Harvnb Levine 1971 . Formal Theories The process by which a subject is proposed to go about forming such rules or hypothesis has been the topic of formal probabilistic modeling, a discussion of which can be found in the references. Status of Research Hypothesis theory has fallen out of favor along with many other rule based models in the wake of prototype ... correct learning PAC learning References cite journal last Levine first Marvin title Hypothesis ... A Cognitive Theory of Learning Research on Hypothesis Testing publisher John Wiley & Sons year 1975 ... more details
The sequence hypothesis was first formally proposed in a review On Protein Synthesis by Francis Crick in 1958. It states that the sequence of bases in the genetic material DNA or RNA determines the sequence of amino acid s for which that segment of nucleic acid codes, and this amino acid sequence determines the three dimensional structure into which the protein folds. The three dimensional structure of a protein is required for a protein to be functional. This hypothesis then lays the essential link between information stored and inherited in nucleic acids to the chemical processes which enable life to exist. Or, as Crick put it in 1958 ..In its simplest form it the Sequence Hypothesis assumes that the specificity of a piece of nucleic acid is expressed solely by the sequence of its base pair bases , and that this sequence is a simple code for the amino acid sequence of a particular protein. This hypothesis appears to be rather widely held. Its virtue is that it unites several remarkable pairs of generalisations the central biochemical importance of proteins and the dominating role of genes , and in particular of their nucleic acid the linearity of protein molecules considered covalently and the genetic linearity within the functional gene the simplicity of the composition of protein molecules and the simplicity of the nucleic acids. This description is further amplified in the article and, in discussing how a protein folds up into its three dimensional structure, Crick suggested that the folding is simply a function of the order of the amino acids in the protein. See also Central dogma Category Nucleic acids Category Biology theories ... more details
The Expectations Hypothesis of the term structure of interest rates also known as Term structure Yield Curve is the proposition that the long term rate is determined by the market s expectation for the short term rate plus a constant risk premium Sarno et al., 2007 . It has been found that the expectation hypothesis has been tested and rejected using a wide variety of interest rates, over a variety of time periods and monetary policy regimes Guidolin et al., 2008 . This analysis is supported in a study conducted by Sarno, where it is concluded that while conventional bivariate procedure provides mixed results, the more powerful testing procedures, for example expanded Vector Autoregression test, suggest rejection of the EH throughout the maturity spectrum examined. A common reason given for the failure of the EH is that the risk premium is not constant as the expectation hypothesis requires, but is time varying. However, research by Guidolin and Thornton 2008 suggest otherwise. It is postulated that the expectation hypothesis fails because short term interest rates are not predictable to any significant degree. While traditional term structure tests mostly indicate that expected future interest rates are ex post inefficient forecasts, Froot 1989 has an alternative take on it. At short maturities, the expectation hypothesis fails. At long maturities, however, changes in the yield curve reflect changes in expected future rates one for one. 1 i lt n 1 i st year 1 1 i st year 2 cdots 1 i st year n This hypothesis assumes that the various maturities are perfect substitutes and suggests that the shape of the yield curve depends on market participants expectations of future interest ..., D., & Valente, G. 2007 . The Empirical Failure of the Expectations Hypothesis of the Term Structure ..., D. 2008 . Predictions of Short Term Rates and the Expectations Hypothesis of the Term Structure ... for the Expectations Hypothesis of the Term Structure of Interest Rates. The Journal of Finance, XLIV ... more details
The synaptotropic hypothesis is a neurobiology neurobiological hypothesis of neuron al growth and synapse formation. The hypothesis was first formulated by J.E. Vaughn in 1988, ref name pmid2458630 cite journal doi 10.1002 syn.890020110 title Dendritic development and preferential growth into synaptogenic ... by glutamatergic synaptic input A review of the synaptotrophic hypothesis year 2008 last1 ... 1509 17 pmid 18202093 pmc 2375708 ref The synaptotropic hypothesis proposes that input from a presynaptic ..., the hypothesis predicts that growth will be directed into regions containing more presynaptic ... of synaptic transmission. ref name Cline Implications of the Hypothesis Branching Patterns in Spinal Cords support of hypothesis As described previously, the pattern of dendritic branching depends on the initial contact of filopodia with afferent axons. The hypothesis predicts that regions ... used the developing mouse spinal cord to test this hypothesis. A computer assisted three dimensional ... is consistent with predictions of the synaptotropic hypothesis of dendritic branching. ref name pmid2458630 ... function. The synaptotropic hypothesis implies that function drives form, since the appropriateness ... give evidence to either dissent with or support the synaptotropic hypothesis. Applications Imaging ... tenet of the synaptotropic hypothesis. Modifications of the Hypothesis Some interpret the synaptotropic hypothesis as saying that manipulations that increase synapse formation and maturation promote formation ... underlying synaptogeneis. A resulting modified version of the hypothesis has emerged in which ... This is a different way of viewing the synaptotropic hypothesis that still takes into account ... hypothesis would predict that cell adhesion molecules that are important in synapse formation would ... Evidence Evidence against the synaptotropic hypothesis comes from experiments with munc 18 knock out ..., such as Holly Cline, deny that the munc 18 knock out mice disprove the synaptotropic hypothesis ... more details
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