Infobox language name Kurmanji nativename Northern Kurdish states Turkey , Iraq , Syria , & neighboring ... kmr refimprove date February 2009 no footnotes date February 2009 Kurmanji lang kmr Kurmanc or Northern ... of the Kurdish language . Scripts and books The Kurmanji language, which uses the Latin script, is the most common dialect of Kurdish language and spoken by 80 of all Kurds. Kurmanji is the ceremonial ... Yezidism . The sacred book Mishefa Re Black Book and all the prayers are written and said in Kurmanji. Speakers Prose date July 2011 Most important native communities in Kurdistan Kurmanji is the only ... majority of Kurds in Eastern and Southeastern Turkey speak Kurmanji. It s also the mother tongue of the all Kurds in Kurdistan of Syria. Iran and Iraq also have a significant amount of Kurmanji speakers Kurmanji in Southern Kurdistan Northern Iraq is spoken in the cities of Mosul, Duhok, Zakho, Akre, Amedia, Sheikhan, Shangal, Zummar. In Iraq, Kurmanji is mistakenly called by some as Bahdini, simply because Kurmanji speaking Kurds live in Bahdinan region, which consists of the above mentioned cities and towns. In Iran, Kurmanji is spoken in the northern parts of the country, in the cities ... called Shikaki , due to major Kurmanji tribe Shikak which is the tribe of legendary Kurdish leader Ismail Aghaye Shikak, also known as legendary Simko among the Kurds. Also Kurmanji was also .... Kurmanji is also spoken by the entire Kurdish population that was exiled from the historical Kurdish ... Kurmanji. Kurdish exile community in Ankara, Konya, Kirsehir, Aksaray, Eskisehir and some other cities of Middle Anatolia of Turkey also speak Kurmanji. Entire Kurdish population in Former Soviet ..., as well as the all Kurds in Lebanon are the speakers of Kurmanji language. Kurmanji is also spoken ... theory about the etymology of Kurmanji is that the term Kurmanji , according to Prince Jaladet ... of this century, the term Kurmanji was sometimes spelled with a d like Kurdmanji but the standard ... more details
Kurmanc can refer to Peoples Kurmanji Kurmanc language , an Iranian language group spoken in Turkey, Iran, Iraq and Syria. Kurmanc Kurmanc identity , Kurds who speak the Kurmanc dialect or group of dialects. Names Kurmanc magazine , a Kurdish linguistic magazine. disambig ... more details
The Sorans Kurdish Hozi Soranakan are a Kurds in Iraq Kurdish clan whose traditional homeland is the central region of Soran in northern Iraq . Their name is derived from the name of the mountainous region in the north of Iraq , the place they traditionally inhabit. They speak the Sorani variety of the Kurmanji dialect of the Kurdish language . Sorani The principal language used by Sorans is Sorani , used both at home and professionally. Speakers take pride in the Sorani language and have resisted using Arabic . However, English language English is often used in both trade and correspondence. Iraqi Arabic is the next most used second language. As of the twentieth century, all southern Kurmanji dialects which were almost identical to Sorani were named Sorani in honor of Soran emirate. However, the people speaking Sorani identify themselves after their respective clan origins such as Mukri, Ardalani, Babani, etc. All of these groups are categorized as southern Kurmanji Kurds. Categories Category Kurdish tribes ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 Shakaki in Kurdish language Kurdish ikak is a sub dialect of Kurmanji Kurdish language Kurdish and is spoken in a parts of Kurdish people Kurdish regions in Iran and Iraq , especially in Badinan region in Iraqi Kurdistan and among Kurdish tribes around the city of Maku, Iran Maku and Urmiye in Iranian Kurdistan . See also Shekak Shekak or Shakkak , a Kurdish tribe Category Kurdish language Ie lang stub ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Peyamner News Agency , or PNA , is a Kurdish language Kurdish news agency based in Arbil , Iraqi Kurdistan . It provides news, analysis and commentaries in Kurdish language Kurdish , English language English , Arabic language Arabic , Persian language Persian and Turkish language Turkish . It was founded in 2004 . Its Kurdish section, provides news in both dialects of Kurmanji and Sorani . Peyamner is mostly concentrated on news in Iraqi Kurdistan, Kurdish inhabited areas of Iran, Turkey, Syria and Kurdish diaspora in Europe and America. External links http www.peyamner.com index.php?lang english Peyamner News Agency Category News agencies Category Kurdish organisations ... more details
Washington Kurdish Institute is an educational and research organization focused on Kurdish people Kurds . It was established in September 1996 and is based in Washington DC . Its objectives are raising awareness of Kurdish issues, promoting human rights in Kurdish areas and supporting development of civil society among Kurds. The institute has a Board of Directors headed by Dr. Najmaldin Karim . It also has an advisory committee composed of renowned Kurdologists such as Martin van Bruinessen , Abbas Vali , Amir Hassanpour and Michael Chyet . The institute offers Kurdish language courses at beginner and advanced levels for both dialects of Sorani and Kurmanji . External links http www.kurd.org Washington Kurdish Institute Category Kurdish organisations ... more details
Part of the Bible was first available in the Kurdish language in 1856 in the Kurmanji dialect. The Gospels were translated by Stepan, an Armenian employee of the American Bible Society and were published in 1857. Isaac Grout Bliss , of the American Bible Society translated the rest of the NT books, and the entire New Testament was published in Istanbul by A.H. Bohajian in 1872. It was published in the Armenian alphabet . Ludvig Olsen Fossum of the United Norwegian Lutheran Church of America translated the Bible into the Mukri dialect of Sorani Kurdish of Iran. It was published in the Arabic script under the title Injil Muqqades, in 1919. A part of the Bible was first available in the Mukri dialect in 1909. Part of the Bible was first available in Kermanshahi in 1894. Modern translations are being done into many different dialects. Biblica International Bible Society is translating into Sorani , Institute for Bible Translation into Cyrillic Kurmanji for Kurds in the post Soviet Union. KLA into Bedhini Kurdish, and also the gospel of Luke has been translated into Zaza Kurdish. class wikitable style width 25 Translation Gospel of John John 3 16 style text align center 1919 Fossum translation dir rtl . style text align center Modern Kurmanji translation imk Xwed wusa ji dinyay hez kir ku Kur xwe y yekta da, da her kes ku baweriy bi w b ne helak nebe, l jiyana w ya herhey hebe. style text align center IBT Modern Kurmanji w , w , w w w , w . style text align center IBS Modern Sorani dir rtl . style text align center KLA Modern Bedihni dir rtl ... more details
pronouns it does use OBL. plural forms neither Kurmanji uses nominative plural forms. Pre and postpositions ... Notes references References W. M. Thackston 2006 Kurmanji Kurdish A Reference Grammar with Selected ... en library online grammar of the kurmanjiKurmanji grammar http www.kurdishacademy.org Kurdish Academy ... more details
No footnotes date August 2011 Mala Ahmade Bate or Bateyi 1417 1491 was a Kurdish people Kurdish poet and cleric. His real name was Hussein . He belonged to the Artushi tribe. He was born in Bate , a village in Hakkari Province , in present day south eastern Turkey . Works His main work is called Mewl da Kurmanc Birthday in Kurmanji , written in Kurmanji dialect of Kurdish language Kurdish , a celebration of the birth of prophet Muhammad . The book contains 19 chapters. It was used as a textbook for teaching Kurdish in the past. It is also very popular among Muslim Kurds in northern Kurdistan and many people recite its poems by heart. Its poems are also recited in other occasions such as in charity. This book was published for the first time in 1905 in Egypt . It was published for the second time in 1919 in Istanbul . References http hem.bredband.net serkay Doc Pirtuk pirtuk b Nr 4.htm Mewl da Kurmanc , Pencinar Publishers for Kurdish Culture, Sweden, in Kurdish http www.navkurd.de edebiyat.htm bate Melay Bat in Famous Kurdish poets, writers and philosophers , NavKurd, in Kurdish Mel Batey , Mewl da Kurmanc , kurd kurmanc , Roja Nu Publishers, Sverige Stockholm, 1987, 64 r pel, ISBN 91 7672 018 7. Kurdish Literature Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Bate, Ahmade ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1417 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 1491 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Bate, Ahmade Category 1417 births Category 1491 deaths Category Kurdish poets MEast writer stub ku Mela His n Batey sl Ahmade Bate ... more details
Ria Taza , lit. New Path is was? a newspaper published in Kurmanji Kurdish language Kurdish in Cyrillic script Cyrillic . It was published in Yerevan , Armenia since 1930, ref cite news url http www.groong.org orig ja 19980702.html title The Yezidi movement in Armenia last Abrahamian first Jackie date 1998 07 02 work Armenian News Network Groong accessdate 2008 10 04 ref ref cite news url http www.puk.org web htm news nws news071015.html title Kurds in Armenia last Hovhannisyan first Hasmik date October 15, 2007 work Patriotic Union of Kurdistan accessdate 2008 10 04 Dead link date October 2010 bot H3llBot ref twice a week, with a run of 4,000. References Reflist Armenia stub asia newspaper stub Category Newspapers published in Armenia Category Newspapers published in the Soviet Union Category Kurdish language newspapers ku Riya Teze rojname ru ... more details
spelling of the name of the most widely spoken dialect of the Kurdish language, Kurmanji . See also KurmanjiKurmanji Language Kurdish Institute of Paris Re o Z lan External links http www.institutkurde.org ... more details
Unreferenced date August 2011 Kurdish dialects are dialects of the Kurdish language . They are linguistic varieties which differ in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar from each other and from the various standardised forms of Kurdish. Classification The Kurdish language and its dialects are part of the Northwestern Iranian languages group. The following macrodialects are commonly described for Kurdish although the debate continues whether some or indeed all of these should be classified as languages Kurmanji Northern Kurdish The branch with the most speakers, spoken in Turkey , Syria , Iraq , Iran , Armenia and the Lebanon . It has an estimated 8 10 million speakers and has been written in the Latin script since the 1930s. Its main dialects are engal Mosul , Judikani Central Anatolia Qerejdax Urfa , Qamishlo etc Botan Boxt Cizre Botan , Serhedk Western Azerbaijan , Van , Erzurum , Kars , A r , Mu etc. , Hekkar Hakkari , Behd n Duhok, Iraq Dahuk and Western Azerbaijan Tor Mardin and Siirt Xerz Batman, Turkey Batman and Siirt Qochan Greater Khorasan Birjand Khorasan Elburz Dailam Western Kurmanji Reshvani Adiyaman Sems r Gaziantep Entab , Kahramanmara Mere , Sivas , Dersim , Melet etc Central Kurmanji around Diyarbakir Sorani Central Kurdish Spoken to the South of the Iraqi Kurdistan Iraqi Kurdish areas and in Western Iran by approx. 5 million speakers. It is written in a Kurdish variant of the Perso Arabic script but also in a Latin based system. Hewl r in Arbil , Pishdar south of Arbil Xaneq n in Khanaqin , Mukr in Mukriyan , Sil man Soran Baban in Sulaimania , Erdelan in Ardalan , Siney in Sanandaj , Warmawa northeast of Arbil , Germiyan in Kirkuk , Jaffi spoken in Jaff Stamm , Judeo Kurdisch in Kermanshah and Hamadan Southern Kurdish Southern Kurdish diverges considerably from the other branches. Its main dialects are Kelhur , Kolyai, Kermashani dialect Kermanshahi , Garrusi, Sanjabi, Malekshahi, Bayray, Kordali Leki, Biranavend , ... more details
kurmandzhi i sorani Moskva The comparison of the grammar of Kurdish dialects North Kurmanji and south Kurmanji , 293 p., 1978. Literature and Folklore Tar xa Edebiyata Kurd , cilda 1 The history of Kurdish ... more details
. Kurmanji Literature A Yezidi religious work, the Meshefa Re , is in a classic form of Kurmanji, and could well have been written sometime in the 13th century. It is held to have been .... Based on this date, Meshef can be considered as the oldest piece of prose in Kurmanji. The Kurdish ... versified correspondence with the poet Malaye Jaziri . Some of the well known Kurmanji poets and writers ... ref Ismail Bayazidi 1654 1710 , author of a Kurmanji Arabic language Arabic Persian language Persian ... the two even after their death. Contemporary Kurmanji Literature The first Kurmanji newspaper, titled ... for reviving Kurdish language and literature. Sorani Literature Contrary to Kurmanji, literary ... of the two dialects of Sorani and Kurmanji, is cited as one of the reasons for the late start in Sorani ... in the Kurmanji dialect. Despite its late start, Sorani literature progressed with a rapid pace, specially ... Bat Ahmade Bate 1417 1491 of Hekkar , the author of Mewl da Kurmanc Birthday in Kurmanji , a collection ... more details
Zaradachet Hajo , or Zerde t Haco born 1950 is a Kurdish people Kurdish writer, linguist and researcher, born in Syria in 1950. He has studied linguistics, German language German and Iranian languages at the Free University of Berlin , and wrote his doctoral thesis on Indo Iranian languages Indo Iranian language studies. Since 1982, he has been teaching as the universities of Berlin, Bremen city Bremen and Hamburg . He has been the president of the Kurdish language Kurdish chapter of the literary organization International PEN PEN since 1998. Works Zaradachet Hajo has been involved in the translation of the Bible into Kurdish language Kurdish language. He has also published many linguistic essays and papers in Kurdish people Kurdish newspapers and journals. He has published a collection of his poems in a book titled Songs from the exile . External links http www.pen kurd.org index en.html The Kurdish Center of International PEN http www.yekiti.ch frame 14.10.05b haco.htm The historical development of the Syrian state and the situation of the Kurds in Syria, By Dr. Hajo, in German http www.kurdish bible.org Holy Bible in Kurmanji Kurdish Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Haco, Zaradachet ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1950 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Haco, Zaradachet Category Kurdish language writers Category Syrian emigrants to Germany Category 1950 births Category Living people MEast writer stub ku Zerde t Haco ... more details
09L pronounced Oh Nine Lima is a Military Occupational Specialty in the United States army involving translators interpreters. History 09L began in February 2003 as a pilot program for recruiting Arabic language Arabic , Dari Persian Dari Persian , and Pashto language Pashto speakers. It became an official Military Occupational Specialty in February 2006. Current demand The languages dialects needed are Arabic Modern Standard Arabic Gulf Iraqi Arabic Egyptian Arabic Jordanian Arabic Syrian Arabic Lebanese Arabic Yemeni Arabic Sudanese Arabic Maghrebi Arabic Algerian Arabic Libyan Arabic Moroccan Arabic Tunisian Pushtu Pashto Pachto Pushtu Afghan Kurdish Kurmanji Kurdish Sorani Kurdish Dari Persian Iranian Persian As of 2011 the Army is just recruiting 09L who can speak Pashto languge, due to the end of operations in Iraq the Army has stopped recruiting Arabic speaking 09L. CN date January 2012 References http www.goarmy.com JobDetail.do?id 342 Interpreter Translator 09L http www.armyinterpreters 09l.com official site See also 33W List of United States Army MOS DEFAULTSORT 09l Category United States Army Military Occupational Specialty US mil stub ... more details
A nuclear physicist by profession, Dr. Kendal Nezan is president of the Kurdish Institute of Paris and a board member of the Washington Kurdish Institute . ref http www.zoominfo.com people Nezan Kendal 7434566.aspx ref In 1975, Nezan established the France Kurdistan Society, which included such leading intellectuals as Jean Paul Sartre . ref name kcrf cite web url http www.kurd.org kcrf biosKCRF.html accessdate 2008 10 22 title Panelist biographies work Kurdish Conflict Resolution Forum date 1998 07 29 ref Nezan maintains close relations with numerous European governments and with the European Parliament . ref name kcrf See also Kurdish Institute of Paris Kurmanc Linguistic magazine. Kurmanji External links http www.institutkurde.org The Kurdish Institute of Paris Kurdish language, history, books and latest news articles. http www.institutkurde.org info archives Archive Reportages, entretiens et articles faites avec Dr. Kendal NEZAN. Notes reflist Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Nezan, Kendal ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Nezan, Kendal Category Living people Category French nuclear physicists france physicist stub ku Kendal Nezan ... more details
and Writing , 1936. Folklora Kurmanca, Kurmanji Folklore with Hec y Cind , 644 pp., 1936. M tod ka Ziman Kurmanc , Method of Kurmanji Language , 1937. Kit ba Ziman Kurmanc , Bona Dersxana e a, with Casim ... more details
This is in contrast to the other Kurdish dialect, Kurmanji which is spoken mainly in Turkey and is usually ... has been favoured by some Soran speaking Kurds but it has disappointed Northern Kurmanji Kurmanjis ... and Kurmanji Northern Kurdish comparison class wikitable Sorani Kurmanji English language English min ... more details
Orphan date June 2008 Lexin is an online Swedish language Swedish and Norwegian language Norwegian lexicon that can translate between Swedish or Norwegian and a number of other languages. Its original use was to help immigrants translate between their native languages and Swedish, but at least the English Swedish English lexicons are so complete that many Swedes use them for everyday use. Swedish The Swedish lexicons are now called Folkets lexikon The People s Dictionary and support bidirectional translation between Swedish and col begin col 3 Albanian language Albanian Arabic language Arabic Bosnian language Bosnian Croatian language Croatian col 3 English language English Finnish language Finnish Greek language Greek Kurmanji Russian language Russian col 3 Serbian language Serbian Somali language Somali Sorani Spanish language Spanish Turkish language Turkish col end External links http folkets lexikon.csc.kth.se folkets folkets.en.html The People s Dictionary formerly Lexin en icon http folkets lexikon.csc.kth.se folkets Folkets lexikon formerly Lexin sv icon http decentius.hit.uib.no lexin.html?ui lang eng Lexin en icon http decentius.hit.uib.no lexin.html?ui lang nbo Lexin span class languageicon style font size 0.95em font weight bold color 555 Norwegian Bokm l span http decentius.hit.uib.no lexin.html?ui lang nny Lexin span class languageicon style font size 0.95em font weight bold color 555 Norwegian Nynorsk span Primarysources date December 2006 Category Swedish language Category Swedish websites website stub ie lang stub ca Lexin ja sv Lexin ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2010 Kurdish Institute of Paris lang fr Institut Kurde de Paris , founded in February 1983, is an organization focused on Kurdish language and culture. It is one of the main Kurdish academic centers in Europe . Its main publications include a linguistic journal titled Kurmanc magazine Kurmanc in Kurdish language Kurdish , a monthly press review about Kurdish issues titled Bulletin de liaison et d information Bulletin of Contact and Information and tudes Kurdes , a research journal in French language French . Most of the activities of the Institute are focused on the Northern Kurmanji dialect of Kurdish language Kurdish . The institute has a library preserving thousands of historical documents, pamphlets and periodicals about Kurds . Two representatives from the French Ministry of Interior and Ministry of Culture provide the link between the Institute and the Government of France . The Institute is headed by Kendal Nezan as the president and Abbas Vali Swansea University and Fuad Hussein University of Amsterdam as the two vice presidents. See also Kurmanci magazine Kurmanc Linguistic magazine. The Kurdish Digital Library online since December 10, 2010. Links http www.institutkurde.org en Kurdish Institute of Paris en http www.institutkurde.org en library online On line books available in the library of the Kurdish Institute of Paris Category Kurdish culture Category Kurdish organisations Category Organizations based in Paris cs Institut kurde de Paris de Kurdisches Institut in Paris fr Institut kurde de Paris ku Enst tuya Kurd ya Par s pl Instytut Kurdyjski w Pary u tr Paris K rt Enstit s ... more details
other places Infobox settlement official name Jirandeh other name Jirindih native name settlement type city image skyline imagesize image caption pushpin map Iran mapsize 150px coordinates region IR subdivision type List of countries Country subdivision name flag Iran subdivision type1 Provinces of Iran Province subdivision name1 Gilan Province Gilan subdivision type2 Counties of Iran County subdivision name2 Rudbar County Rudbar subdivision type3 Bakhsh subdivision name3 Amarlu District Amarlu leader title leader name established title established date area total km2 area footnotes population as of 2006 population total 2616 population density km2 auto timezone Iran Standard Time IRST utc offset 3 30 timezone DST Iran Daylight Time IRDT utc offset DST 4 30 coordinates display latd 36 latm 42 lats 00 latNS N longd 49 longm 47 longs 30 longEW E elevation m website area code footnotes Jirandeh lang fa , Tati language Iran Tati Jirindih also Romanize d as J randeh , Ch randeh , Dzharindy , J randeh , and Jarindeh ref GEOnet3 3068001 ref is a city in and the capital of Amarlu District , in Rudbar County , Gilan Province , Iran . At the 2006 census, its population was 2,616, in 754 families. ref IranCensus2006 01 ref Name Jirindih Jirin Lower Dih village, land Places near Jirandeh Ainahdih Dosalan Askabon Lavarbon Mianah kushk Rivers Rudxan People Kurmanji Kurd s Tati Iran Tats References Reflist Book of Amarlu M.M. Zand Gilan Province Category Rudbar County Category Cities in Iran Category Cities in Gilan Province Gilan geo stub ar fa it Jirindih ku Cirindih tr Cirindih ... more details
orphan date January 2008 Ann Kristin Kowarsch , born 1974 is a German people German women s rights activist. She was born in the region of Hannover . In 1991, she became involved in Kurdish people Kurdish student movements and took part in protests against Germany s arms sales to Turkey . She started teaching German language courses to Kurdish refugees at the Kurdish Institute of Hannover in 1995. In the process, she became familiar with Kurdish issues and learned to speak Kurmanji and in the same year, she visited Kurdistan for the first time in a trip to the city of Amadiya . She is the Board Secretary and vice chairperson of the International Free Women s Foundation Internationale Vrije Vrouwen Stichting based in Rotterdam and also a founding member of Navenda Jivana Jin UTAMARA Center for Women s Issues , which was established in 2006. External links http www.klaever.nl open document.asp?id 340&site id 157 The Womens Centre at the Maxmur Refugee Camp , Women s Global Network for Reproductive Rights, Newsletter 80, November 2003. http www.freewomensfoundation.org Free Women s Foundation . http www.daphne toolkit.org prjListe.asp?sloc all&srch women Daphne Project Resources for Combating Violence Against Children, Young People and Women . http www.daphne toolkit.org prjFiche.asp?prj 20051093&lang EN Psychological consequences of trauma experiences on migrated Kurdish women in the European Union . http www.navend.de aktuell pdf 2007 06 22 Einladung VA Hamburg.pdf Tradition, Emanzipation und Integration Kurdische Frauen in Deutschland , Zentrum F r Kurdische Studien e. V., Hamburg, July 2007. http www.ipb.org disarmdevelop gender Women s 20Day 20for 20Peace 20and 20Disarmament 20 07.pdf Kurdish and Turkish Mothers Let s Build Peace Together , By Ann Kristin Kowarsch, in Girls Change the World , pp. 22 23, International Women s Day for Peace and Disarmament, May 2007. Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Kowarsch, Ann Kristin ALTERNATIVE NAMES SH ... more details
Shekak also Shakkak or Shikakan is considered as the largest among all the Kurdish tribes in the West Azerbaijan province of Iran and the adjacent area of Turkey . This large tribe lives around the city of Maku, Iran Maku and south as far as Urmia . They speak the Kurmanji dialect of the Kurdish language , Shakaki sub dialect . The Shekak consists of many clans and families. History Among the clans of the Shekak are the Awdo . ref name Houtsma 118 Houtsma, M. Th. et al. 1993 reprint Salmas E. J. Brill s First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913 1936 Volume 4, E.J. Brill, New York, http books.google.co.uk books?id VJM3AAAAIAAJ&pg PA118 page 118 , ISBN 90 04 09796 1 ref According to their oral history they came from Diyarbak r in the 17th Century and settled west of Lake Urmia , ref name Houtsma 118 which displaced the Dumbul tribe. ref name Houtsma 290 Houtsma, M. Th. et al. 1993 reprint Shak k E. J. Brill s First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913 1936 Volume 4, E.J. Brill, New York, http books.google.com books?id sP hVmik QYC&pg PA290 page 290 , ISBN 90 04 09796 1 ref The first known chieftain of the Awdo was Ismail Agha who died in 1816 and whose tomb is beside the Naslu River . ref name Houtsma 290 His grandson Jafar Agha was executed as a bandit in Tabriz in 1905. ref name Houtsma 118 Jafar s brother, Simko Shikak , was responsible for leading the anti Christian massacres in the area before and during World War I and for trying to create an independent Kurdistan in the 1920s. ref O Leary, Brendan and li , Kh lid 2005 The Denial, Resurrection, and Affirmation of Kurdistan page 7 In O Leary, Brendan McGarry, John and li , Kh lid eds. 2005 The Future of Kurdistan in Iraq University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, pp. 3 46, ISBN 0 8122 3870 2 ref Notes references Category Kurdish tribes Iran stub de Schikak fa ku ikak ckb tr avak ... more details
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