DISPLAYTITLE C sub 5 sub H sub 10 sub O sub 3 sub The molecular formula C sub 5 sub H sub 10 sub O sub 3 sub may refer to Diethyl carbonate Ethyl lactate beta Hydroxy beta methylbutyric acid beta Hydroxy beta methylbutyric acid gamma Hydroxyvaleric acid gamma Hydroxyvaleric acid MolFormDisambig fr C5H10O3 sr C5H10O3 ... more details
enzyme Name D lactate 2 sulfatase EC number 3.1.6.17 CAS number 93586 05 1 IUBMB EC number 3 1 6 17 GO code 0047825 image width caption In enzymology , a D lactate 2 sulfatase EC number 3.1.6.17 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction S 2 O sulfolactate H sub 2 sub O math rightleftharpoons math S lactate sulfate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are S 2 O sulfolactate and water H sub 2 sub O , whereas its two product chemistry products are S lactate and sulfate . This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolase s, specifically those acting on sulfuric ester bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is S 2 O sulfolactate 2 sulfohydrolase . References reflist 1 cite journal author Crescenzi AM, Dodgson KS, White GF date 1984 title Purification and some properties of the D lactate 2 sulphatase of Pseudomonas syringae GG journal Biochem. J. volume 223 pages 487 94 pmid 6497859 issue 2 pmc 1144323 hydrolase stub Category EC 3.1.6 Category Enzymes of unknown structure ... more details
kcal g Section5 Chembox Related OtherAnions lactate Function carboxylic acid s OtherFunctn acetic ... hydroxybutyric acid OtherCpds 1 propanol br 2 propanol br propionaldehyde br acrolein br sodium lactate ... the lactate ion to be specific, an anion due to being negatively charged with an extra electron CH ..., is small D small lactic acid or R lactic acid. In animals, small L small lactate is constantly produced from pyruvate via the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase LDH in a process of fermentation biochemistry ... the rate of lactate production exceeds the rate of lactate removal, which is governed by a number of factors ... of tissues. The concentration of blood lactate is usually nowrap 1 2 mmol L at rest, but can ... pmc 2646165 ref In medicine , lactate is one of the main components of lactated Ringer s solution and Hartmann s solution . These intravenous fluids consist of sodium and potassium cation s along with lactate ... J ns Jacob Berzelius discovered that lactic acid actually L lactate also is produced in muscle ... Lactic Acid ref Exercise and lactate During power exercises such as sprint running sprinting , when the rate of demand for energy is high, lactate is produced faster than the ability of the tissues to remove it, so lactate concentration begins to rise. This is a beneficial process, since the regeneration ... and exercise can continue. The increased lactate produced can be removed in a number of ways ... if they are empty. Contrary to popular belief, this increased concentration of lactate does not directly ... 15308499 doi 10.1152 ajpregu.00114.2004 ref This is because lactate itself is not capable of releasing a proton , ref name Robergs and, second, the acidic form of lactate, lactic acid, is not produced ... related. The effect of lactate on acidosis has been the topic of many recent conferences ... difference SID , PCO sub 2 sub , and weak acid buffers. Lactate is a strong anion, and causes a reduction ... causes an increase in H sup sup . During exercise, the intramuscular lactate concentration and PCO ... more details
Hartmann s solution or compound sodium lactate is a crystalloid solution that is most closely Tonicity isotonic with blood and intended for intravenous therapy intravenous administration . Hartmann s IV Infusion is used to replace body fluid and mineral salts that may be lost for a variety of medical reasons. Hartmann s IV Infusion is especially suitable when the losses result in too much acid being present in the blood. Hartmann s solution is abbreviated as CSL . It is very similar&mdash though not identical to&mdash lactated Ringer s solution , the ionic concentrations of which differ. Overview One litre of Hartmann s solution contains 131 milliequivalent mEq of sodium ion 131 Molarity Molarity mmol L . 111 mEq of chloride ion 111 mmol L. 29 mEq of lactic acid lactate 29 mmol L. 5 mEq of potassium ion 5 mmol L. 4 mEq of calcium ion 2 mmol L . Generally, the sodium, chloride, potassium and lactate come from NaCl sodium chloride , NaC sub 3 sub H sub 5 sub O sub 3 sub sodium lactate , CaCl sub 2 sub calcium chloride , and KCl potassium chloride . Hartmann s IV infusion is given at a slow rate of injection drip . Contraindications Hartmann s solution may be relatively contraindicated in patients with diabetes mellitus, as one of the isomers of lactate is gluconeogenic. ref D. J. B. Thomas AND K. G. M. M. Alberti, Hyperglycaemic effects of Hartmann s solution during surgery in patients with maturity onset diabetes , British Journal of Anaesthesia, 1978, 50, 185 http bja.oxfordjournals.org cgi content abstract 50 2 185 ref Hartmann solution should not be given if the patient has congestive heart failure constant wheezing, shortness of breath , ischaemic stroke have had a stroke , liver disease as a consequence of alcoholism, or severe reduction in kidney function. Side effects Some swelling of the hands, ankles and feet may be experienced due to fluid retention in the body. In rare circumstances, this may also involve the lungs, which may cause some ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Merge to glycolysis date April 2011 Anaerobic glycolysis is the transformation of glucose to pyruvate when limited amounts of oxygen O sub 2 sub are available. Anaerobic glycolysis is only an effective means of energy production during short, intense exercise, providing energy for a period ranging from 10 seconds to 2 minutes. The anaerobic glycolysis lactic acid system is dominant from about 10 30 seconds during a maximal effort. It replenishes very quickly over this period and produces 2 Adenosine triphosphate ATP molecules per glucose molecule, or about 5 of glucose s energy potential 38 ATP molecules . The speed at which ATP is produced is about 100 times that of oxidative phosphorylation . The pH in the cytoplasm quickly drops when hydrogen ions accumulate in the muscle, eventually inhibiting enzymes involved in glycolosis. The burning sensation in muscles during hard exercise can be attributed to the production of hydrogen ions during a shift to anaerobic glycolysis as oxygen is converted to carbon dioxide by aerobic glycolysis faster than the body can replenish it. These hydrogen ions form a part of lactic acid along with lactate. The body falls back on this less efficient but faster method of producing ATP under low oxygen conditions. This is thought to have been the primary means of energy production in earlier organisms before oxygen was at high concentration in the atmosphere and thus would represent a more ancient form of energy production in cells. The liver later gets rid of this excess lactate by transforming it back into an important glycolytic intermediate called pyruvate . Aerobic glycolysis is a method employed by muscle cells for the production of lower intensity energy over a longer period of time. The process of converting the excess lactate back into pyruvate is known as the Cori cycle , and occurs in the liver. Many anaerobic microorganisms carry out Anaerobic Glycolysis through Fermentation biochemistry Fermen ... more details
Image Cori & Alanine Cycle edited by wrekodara.svg right thumb 500px Alanine & Cori cycles Image L alanine skeletal.svg thumb alanine Image Pyruvic acid 2D skeletal.png thumb pyruvate Image Beta D Glucose.svg thumb glucose The alanine cycle is quite similar to the Cori cycle . When muscles produce lactic acid lactate during times of decreased oxygen, they also produce alanine . This alanine is shuttled to the liver where it is used to make glucose . The alanine cycle is less productive than the Cori Cycle, which uses lactate, since a byproduct of energy production from alanine is production of urea . Removal of the urea is energy dependent,requiring four high energy phosphate bonds 3 ATP hydrolyzed to 2 ADP and one AMP , thus the net ATP produced is less than that found in the Cori Cycle. However, unlike in the Cori Cycle, NADH is conserved because lactate is not formed. This allows for it to be oxidized via the electron transport chain . This pathway requires the presence of alanine aminotransferase , which is restricted to tissues such as muscle , liver , and the intestine . Therefore, this pathway is used instead of the Cori Cycle only when an aminotransferase is present and when there is a need to transfer ammonia to the liver. Alanine cycle also serves other purposes Recycles carbon skeletons between muscle and liver Transports ammonium to the liver and is converted into urea. External links http www.colorado.edu intphys Class IPHY3430 200 image figure14m.jpg Diagram at colorado.edu http themedicalbiochemistrypage.org amino acid metabolism.html alaninecycle at indstate.edu Unreferenced date April 2007 Glycolysis enzymes DEFAULTSORT Alanine Cycle Category Metabolic pathways biochemistry stub cs Alaninov cyklus de Cori Zyklus Glukose Alanin Zyklus es Ciclo de Cahill id Lintasan alanina ja pl Cykl glukozowo alaninowy pt Ciclo da glicose alanina sv Alanincykeln vi Chu tr nh Alanine zh ... more details
enzyme Name diiodophenylpyruvate reductase EC number 1.1.1.96 CAS number 37250 31 0 IUBMB EC number 1 1 1 96 GO code 0047860 image width caption In enzymology , a diiodophenylpyruvate reductase EC number 1.1.1.96 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction 3 3,5 diiodo 4 hydroxyphenyl lactate NAD sup sup math rightleftharpoons math 3 3,5 diiodo 4 hydroxyphenyl pyruvate NADH H sup sup Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are 3 3,5 diiodo 4 hydroxyphenyl lactate and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD sup sup , whereas its 3 product chemistry products are 3 3,5 diiodo 4 hydroxyphenyl pyruvate , nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADH , and hydrogen ion H sup sup . This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductase s, specifically those acting on the CH OH group of donor with NAD or NADP as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 3 3,5 diiodo 4 hydroxyphenyl lactate NAD oxidoreductase . Other names in common use include aromatic alpha keto acid , KAR , and 2 oxo acid reductase . References reflist 1 cite journal author Zannoni VG, Weber WW date 1966 title Isolation and properties of aromatic alpha keto acid reductase journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 241 pages 1340&ndash 4 pmid 5935348 issue 6 1.1.1 enzyme stub Category EC 1.1.1 Category NADH dependent enzymes Category Enzymes of unknown structure it Diiodofenilpiruvato reduttasi ja ... more details
acid lactate , which mitigates changes in pH by acting as a Buffering agent buffer for acid. Thus ... Ringer s solution is used because the by products of lactate metabolism in the liver counteract acidosis ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Glucose paradox is a theory formulated by biochemist Dr. J. D. McGarry and his research associates. It is a theory that demonstrates the importance of lactic acid in carbohydrate metabolism . The paradox is that the large amount of glycogen 10 in the liver cannot be explained by its relatively minimal glucose absorption. After the digestion of carbohydrates and their entering the circulatory system in the form of glucose blood sugar , some glucose will be absorbed directly into the muscle tissue and will be converted into lactic acid in the Fermentation biochemistry anaerobic energy system rather than going directly to the liver and being converted into glycogen . This is true especially in situations of energy depletion and exercise. The lactate is then taken to and converted by the liver into the building blocks for liver glycogen. Much of the body s liver glycogen is produced indirectly from lactate rather than directly from glucose in the blood. References 10 THINGS YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT LACTIC ACID OLD MYTHS AND NEW REALITIES, by Thomas Fahey, Ed.D., Professor of Exercise Physiology, California State University at Chico BRASS C.A., CRAWFORD J.M., NARCISO J., GOLLAN J.L.. 1992 Hypoxic liver injury and the ameliorating effects of fructose the glucose paradox revisited. Am. J. Physiol. 263 G293 300. biochem stub Category Endocrinology ... more details
Lactic acid fermentation anaerobically , which leads to lactate formation. Therefore, elevated lactate is indicative of tissue Hypoxia medical hypoxia , hypoperfusion , and possible damage. Lactic acidosis is characterized by lactate levels 5 mmol L and serum pH 7.35. ref name Lactic Acidoisis ... into Lactic acid lactate and released from the cell into the bloodstream, where it accumulates ... is converted directly into lactate, the anionic form of lactic acid. When excess intracellular lactate ..., as well. This can reduce blood pH. Glycolysis coupled with lactate production is neutral .... Lactate production is buffered intracellularly, e.g. the lactate producing enzyme lactate dehydrogenase ..., cells will transport lactate into the bloodstream. Hypoxia certainly causes both buildup of lactate and acidification, and lactate is therefore a good marker of hypoxia, but lactate itself is not the cause ... Rinsho Hokoku. Heisei 14nen N20021674 VOL. NO. PAGE.134 142 2002 ref can raise lactate levels and lead ... more details
LDH is an acronym which may refer to Lactate dehydrogenase , an enzyme in a wide range of plants, animals and other organisms is measured as part of the complete blood test Fire hose Large diameter hose , a type of fire hose Layered double hydroxides , a class of layered materials composed of positively charged atomic layers and charge balancing anions located in the interlayer region Human Rights League France lang fr Ligue des droits de l homme disambig de LDH fr LDH homonymie it LDH ja LDH ru LDH ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 The aerobic threshold AeT is a term sometimes used by sports coaches and trainers to describe a level of exercise somewhat below the anaerobic threshold . It, however, is not a defined physiological term. The AeT is sometimes defined as the exercise intensity at which anaerobic energy pathways start to operate and where blood lactate reaches a concentration of 2 Mole unit mmol litre at rest it is around 1 . This tends to be at a heart rate of approximately 20 40 bpm less than the anaerobic threshold and correlates with about 65 of the maximum heart rate. The anaerobic energy system does not utilize oxygen to create Adenosine triphosphate ATP and uses glycogen glucose. Lactic acid is the by product of creating ATP for working muscles. See also Anaerobic exercise VO2max DEFAULTSORT Aerobic Threshold Category Aerobic exercise Sport stub de aerobe Schwelle ... more details
LDV may refer to Light truck Light Duty Vehicle , a type of automobile LDV Group formerly Leyland DAF Vans , a British manufacturer of panel vans, pick ups and mini buses The Football League Trophy was known as the LDV Vans Trophy between 2000 2007 for sponsorship reasons Home Guard United Kingdom Local Defence Volunteers , a volunteer army formed in the United Kingdom during the Second World War to defend against invasion, and within two months was renamed to Home Guard. Laser Doppler velocimetry , an optical method of measuring fluid flow Laser Doppler vibrometer , an optical method of measuring vibration Lactate dehydrogenase elevating virus Leonardo da Vinci Liberal Democrat Voice , a British political blog disambig de LDV ... more details
Cori may refer to Cori, Lazio lang la Cora , a city in Lazio Carl Ferdinand Cori and his wife Gerty Theresa Cori Gerty Theresa Cori, n e Radnitz , Nobel Prize winning biochemists who researched glycogenolysis Cori cycle , involving gluconeogenesis from lactate produced by anaerobic metabolism Cori lunar crater Cori crater on Venus Cori language People Jorge Cori , Peruvian chess player Sacha Cori , Italian footballer See also CORI disambiguation Criminal Offender Record Information CORI , a criminal record sheet in Massachusetts Zyuri C ri lang tt ri , a village in Tatarstan Coris disambiguation disambig geo surname Category Italian toponyms Category Italian language surnames de Cori es Cori desambiguaci n fr Cori sv Cori ... more details
Mixed acid fermentation is an wikt anaerobic anaerobic fermentation where the products are a complex mixture of acids, particularly lactic acid lactate , acetate , succinate and formate as well as ethanol and equal amounts of H sub 2 sub and CO sub 2 sub . It is characteristic for members of the Enterobacteriaceae family. ref M.Madigan & J. Martinko, 11th edition, 2006 Brock s Biology of Microorganisms, NJ, Pearson Prentice Hall, p. 352 ref External links http biocyc.org META NEW IMAGE?type PATHWAY&object FERMENTATION PWY Mixed acid fermentation References reflist DEFAULTSORT Mixed Acid Fermentation Category Anaerobic digestion Category Fermentation waste stub de Gemischte S ureg rung it Fermentazione acido mista ... more details
Zirconium granulomas are a skin condition characterized by a papule papular eruption involving the axillae , and are sometimes considered an allergic reaction to deodorant containing zirconium lactate . ref name Andrews cite book author James, William D. Berger, Timothy G. et al. title Andrews Diseases of the Skin clinical Dermatology publisher Saunders Elsevier location year 2006 pages isbn 0 7216 2921 0 oclc doi accessdate ref rp 46 See also Granuloma Skin lesion References reflist Cutaneous condition stub Category Skin conditions resulting from physical factors ... more details
Monocarboxylate transporters ref cite journal author Halestrap AP, Meredith D title The SLC16 gene family from monocarboxylate transporters MCTs to aromatic amino acid transporters and beyond journal Pflugers Arch. volume 447 issue 5 pages 619 28 year 2004 pmid 12739169 doi 10.1007 s00424 003 1067 2 ref , or MCTs , constitute a family of Proton Hydrogen as proton proton linked Membrane transport protein plasma membrane transporters that carry molecules having one carboxylate group monocarboxylates , such as Lactic acid lactate and Pyruvic acid pyruvate , across biological membranes . External links http www.genprice.com monocarboxylate transporter.htm Monocarboxilate transporter References Reflist Category Transmembrane transporters id Transporter monokarboksilat ... more details
from NADH to reduce pyruvate into lactic acid lactate . Refer to the main articles on glycolysis ... cells, lactic acid lactate produced by anaerobic fermentation is taken up by the liver . This initiates ... lactic acid lactate first into pyruvate , and finally back to glucose . The glucose is then supplied ... more details
The methylglyoxal pathway is an offshoot of glycolysis found in some prokaryote s, which converts glucose into methylglyoxal and then into pyruvate . However unlike glycolysis the methylglyoxal pathway does not produce adenosine triphosphate , ATP. The pathway is named after the substrate methylglyoxal which has three carbons and two carbonyl groups located on the 1st carbon and one on the 2nd carbon. Methylglyoxal is, however, a reactive aldehyde that is very toxic to cells, it can inhibit growth in E. coli at milimolar concentrations. The excessive intake of glucose by a cell is the most important process for the activation of the methylglyoxal pathway. The Methylglyoxal pathway Image Methylglyoxal pathway picture.png thumb right 350px The methylglyoxal pathway, Based on http mic.sgmjournals.org cgi reprint 151 3 707 Weber Figure 4, pg. 711 The methylglyoxal pathway is activated by the increased intercellular uptake of carbon containing molecules such as glucose , glucose 6 phosphate , lactic acid lactate , or glycerol . Methylglyoxal is formed from dihydroxyacetone phosphate DHAP by the enzyme methylglyoxal synthase , giving off a phosphate group. Methylglyoxal is then converted into two different products, either D lactate, and L lactate. Methylglyoxal reductase and aldehyde dehydrogenase convert methylglyoxal into lactaldehyde and, eventually, L lactate. If methylglyoxal enters the glyoxylase pathway , it is converted into lactoylguatathione and eventually D lactate. Both D lactate, and L lactate are then converted into pyruvate . The pyruvate that is created most often goes on to enter the Krebs cycle http mic.sgmjournals.org cgi reprint 151 3 707 Weber 711 13 . Enzymes and Regulation The potentially hazardous effects of methylglyoxal require regulation of the reactions with this substrate. Synthesis of methylglyoxal is regulated by levels of DHAP and phosphate concentrations. High concentrations of DHAP encourage methylglyoxal synthase to produce methylglyoxa ... more details
PBB geneid 3939 Lactate dehydrogenase A , also known as LDHA , is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the LDHA gene . ref name pmid3000353 cite journal author Chung FZ, Tsujibo H, Bhattacharyya U, Sharief FS, LI SS title Genomic organization of human lactate dehydrogenase A gene journal Biochem. J. volume 231 issue 3 pages 537 41 year 1985 month November pmid 3000353 pmc 1152784 doi url issn ref Function Lactate dehydrogenase A catalyzes the conversion of L lactic acid lactate and Nicotinamide ... biochemistry anaerobic glycolysis . LDHA is found predominantly in muscle tissue and belongs to the lactate ... name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene LDHA lactate dehydrogenase A url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ... cite journal author Miyajima H, Shimizu T, Kaneko E title Gene expression in lactate dehydrogenase ... variant of human lactate dehydrogenase A M subunit journal Biochem. Int. volume 27 issue 6 pages 1051 ... of genetic mutations in human lactate dehydrogenase A M deficiency using DNA conformation polymorphism ... 5 cite journal author Maekawa M, Sudo K, Li SS, Kanno T title Genotypic analysis of families with lactate ... lactate dehydrogenase A M deficiency journal Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. volume 168 issue 2 pages ... Centrosomal proteins and lactate dehydrogenase possess a common epitope in human cell lines journal ... of human lactate dehydrogenase A gene journal Biochem. J. volume 231 issue 3 pages 537 41 year ... SS title Nucleotide sequences of the cDNA and an intronless pseudogene for human lactate dehydrogenase ... j.1432 1033.1985.tb08711.x cite journal author Glass RD, Doyle D title Genetic control of lactate ... electrophoretic variant of lactate dehydrogenase M A and comparison with other missense mutations in lactate ... lactate dehydrogenase A deficiency journal Neurology volume 43 issue 7 pages 1414 9 year 1993 pmid ... activity of M and H isozyme forms of human lactate dehydrogenase journal Proteins volume 43 issue ... author Pioli PA title Lactate dehydrogenase is an AU rich element binding protein that directly interacts ... more details
Taxobox color violet name Arterivirus virus group iv ordo Nidovirales familia Arteriviridae genus Arterivirus type species Equine arteritis virus subdivision ranks Species subdivision Equine arteritis virus br Lactate dehydrogenase elevating virus br Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus br Simian hemorrhagic fever virus br Arterivirus is a genus of virus , with type species Equine viral arteritis equine arteritis virus . In 1996, the family Arteriviridae was included within the order Nidovirales . Arteriviruses are small, enveloped, animal viruses with an icosahedral core containing a positive sense RNA genome. The family includes Equine viral arteritis equine arteritis virus EAV , porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus PRRSV , lactate dehydrogenase elevating virus LDV of mice and simian haemorrhagic fever virus SHFV . Three of these viruses were first discovered and characterized in the 1950 60s, whereas PRRSV was first isolated in Europe and in North America in the early 1990s. The arteriviruses are highly species specific, but share many biological and molecular properties, including virion morphology, a unique set of structural proteins, genome organization and replication strategy, and the ability to establish prolonged or true persistent infection in their natural hosts. However, the epidemiology and pathogenesis of the infection caused by each virus is distinct, as are the diseases they cause. ref name sobrino3 cite book chapterurl http www.horizonpress.com avir author Balasuriya and Snijder year 2008 chapter Arteriviruses title Animal Viruses Molecular Biology publisher Caister Academic Press id http www.horizonpress.com avir ISBN 978 1 904455 22 6 ref Virology expand section date January 2012 Taxonomy expand section date January 2012 See also Animal virology Animal viruses Nidovirales References Reflist External links MeshName Arterivirus http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ICTVdb ICTVdB 03.004.0.01.htm ICTVdb http www.horizonpress.com gat ... more details
A passenger virus is a virus that is frequently found in samples from diseased tissue, such as tumour s, but does not contribute to causing the disease . Experimental demonstration of passenger status Proving that a virus has no causative role can be difficult. Although none of the following signs is definitive, evidence that a virus found in diseased tissue is a passenger rather than a causative agent includes injection of the virus into healthy animals without causing disease the absence of the virus at the earliest stages of the disease curing the viral infection using antiviral drug s or vaccination with no effect on the course of the disease. Examples A well established example is Lactate dehydrogenase elevating virus lactate dehydrogenase virus , which is often found in mouse tumours. ref Mongini PK, Rosenberg LT. 1976 Inhibition of lymphocyte trapping by a passenger virus in murine ascitic tumors characterization of lactic dehydrogenase virus LDV as the inhibitory component and analysis of the mechanism of inhibition. J Exp Med 143 100 113 PMID 1244415 http www.jem.org cgi content abstract 143 1 100 full text ref Hepatitis G virus and Chandipura virus are possible examples in humans. ref Mphahlele MJ, Lau GK, Carman WF. 1998 HGV the identification, biology and prevalence of an orphan virus. Liver 18 143 155 PMID 9716223 ref ref Potharaju NR, Potharaju AK 2006 Is Chandipura virus an emerging human pathogen? Arch Dis Child 91 279 280 PMID 16492900 http adc.bmj.com cgi content full 91 3 279 b R17 full text ref The discredited Duesberg hypothesis posits that HIV is a passenger virus in the etiology of AIDS . ref Duesberg P, Rasnick D. 1998 The AIDS dilemma drug diseases blamed on a passenger virus. Genetica 104 85 132 DOI 10.1023 A 1003405220186 PMID 10220905 ref References reflist Category Virology virus stub medicine stub ... more details
In medicine , a late effect is a condition that appears after the acute phase of an earlier, causal condition has run its course. A late effect can be caused directly by the earlier condition, or indirectly by the treatment for the earlier condition. Some late effects can occur decades later. Historically, late effects have been very difficult to connect with their causes, but as survivorship and life span has increased and follow up has become standard practice, these connections are becoming established. Examples Chickenpox may be followed decades later by herpes zoster see herpes zoster Chemotherapy , radiation therapy and surgery to cure a cancer may result years later in another, unrelated cancer and infertility or subfertility see oncofertility ref cite web url http www.cancer.net patient Survivorship Late Effects title Late Effects publisher American Society of Clinical Oncology date 2010 10 14 accessdate 2011 05 15 ref Female survivors of childhood leukemia treated with cranial radiation therapy may be unable to breastfeeding breastfeed because they do not lactation lactate ref name pmid17763465 cite journal author Johnston K, Vowels M, Carroll S, Neville K, Cohn R title Failure to lactate A possible late effect of cranial radiation. journal Pediatr Blood Cancer volume 50 issue 3 pages 721 year 2007 pmid 17763465 doi 10.1002 pbc.21291 ref See also Sequela Complication medicine Adverse effect References reflist External links http www.acor.org ped onc survivors cardio.html Late effects of the heart http www.eicd.com Guidelines General.htm General inpatient coding guidelines Category Epidemiology disease stub ... more details
An anxiogenic substance is one that causes anxiety . Anxiogenic effects can be measured by, for example, the hole board test in rats and mice. ref cite journal author Takeda, H and Tsuji, M and Matsumiya, T title Changes in head dipping behavior in the hole board test reflect the anxiogenic and or anxiolytic state in mice journal European Journal of Pharmacology year 1998 volume 350 issue 1 pages 21&ndash 29 doi 10.1016 S0014 2999 98 00223 4 pmid 9683010 ref A number of agents are used to provoke anxiety anxiogens or panic panicogens in experimental models . Some of the most common substances are sodium lactate , carbon dioxide as carbogen , L DOPA , caffeine , Modafinil , GABA antagonists such as DMCM , FG 7142 and ZK 93426 , serotonergic agents such as 1 3 Chlorophenyl piperazine mCPP and LY 293,284 , adrenergic agents such as yohimbine , antipsychotics dopamine antagonist such as ecopipam and reserpine , and cholecystokinin CCK especially the tetrapeptide and octapeptide fragments CCK 4 and CCK 8 . Studies have shown that 10 mL kg of 0.5 mole unit molar sodium lactate infused intravenously over a 20 minute period will provoke a panic attack in most patients with panic disorder but not healthy scientific control control subjects. ref cite book url http books.google.com ?id qlXxu9D39xcC&lpg RA1 PA82&dq panicogen&pg RA1 PA83 v onepage&q panicogen title Concise Guide To Anxiety Disorders first Eric last Hollander first2 Daphne last2 Simeon year 2002 publisher American Psychiatric Pub page 83 isbn 1585620807 place London , England ref Antibiotics drugs such as Fluoroquinolones can cause from short term to long term anxiety disorders anxiety and panic disorders as a side effect. This its due to a possible antagonism of GABA receptor and toxicity of the central nervous system . This effect its potentiated with the combined use of Non steroidal anti inflammatory drug s. The GABA antagonist , Flumazenil cause panic attacks in patients with panic disorder. Anxiolytic subst ... more details
enzyme Name hydroxyphenylpyruvate reductase EC number 1.1.1.237 CAS number 117590 77 9 IUBMB EC number 1 1 1 237 GO code 0047995 image width caption In enzymology , a hydroxyphenylpyruvate reductase EC number 1.1.1.237 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction 3 4 hydroxyphenyl lactate NAD sup sup math rightleftharpoons math 3 4 hydroxyphenyl pyruvate NADH H sup sup Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are 3 4 hydroxyphenyl lactate and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD sup sup , whereas its 3 product chemistry products are 3 4 hydroxyphenyl pyruvate , nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADH , and hydrogen ion H sup sup . This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductase s, specifically those acting on the CH OH group of donor with NAD or NADP as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 4 hydroxyphenyllactate NAD oxidoreductase . This enzyme is also called HPRP . This enzyme participates in tyrosine metabolism and phenylalanine metabolism . References reflist 1 cite journal author Petersen M and Alfermann AW date 1988 title Two new enzymes of rosmarinic acid biosynthesis from cell cultures of Coleus blumei hydroxyphenylpyruvate reductase and rosmarinic acid synthase journal Z. Naturforsch. C Biosci. volume 43 pages 501&ndash 504 1.1.1 enzyme stub Category EC 1.1.1 Category NADH dependent enzymes Category Enzymes of unknown structure it Idrossifenilpiruvato reduttasi ja ... more details
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