The Vulcan laser is an 8 beam 2.5 kJ per 2 nanosecond pulse infrared neodymium Neodymium glass neodymium glass laser at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory s Central Laser Facility in Oxfordshire , United Kingdom . Vulcan is also capable of operating in frequency doubled mode where it can deliver about 1 kJ to a target at 532 nm in 2 ns pulses. One of Vulcan s beams is also available as an ultra short pulse 700 Joules in 700 femtosecond ultra high intensity beam using chirped pulse amplification called the Vulcan petawatt . Main uses for Vulcan and Vulcan petawatt are the investigation of high intensity light matter coupling experiments and inertial confinement fusion experiments including the investigation of the fast ignition scheme of target implosion. In 2005 the Vulcan laser was the highest intensity focused laser in the world, capable of producing a Petawatt laser beam with a focused intensity of 10 sup 21 sup watts per cm sup 2 sup . ref http www.clf.rl.ac.uk news CLF News Archive vulcangbowr2005.htm VULCAN in the Guinness Book of World Records for Second Year Running CLF, Laser website ref See also Laser List of laser types External links http www.clf.rl.ac.uk Mission Strategy.htm Vulcan and other lasers at the CCLRC http www.clf.rl.ac.uk Facilities Vulcan 12248.aspx Vulcan laser References references fusion experiments Category Inertial confinement fusion research lasers Category Science and technology in the United Kingdom ... more details
Image rhodamine 6G.svg thumb right 200px Molecular structure of Rhodamine 6G, perhaps the best known laser dye. Laser dyes are very large organic molecules with molecular weights of a few hundred m sub u sub . When one of these organic molecules is dissolved in a suitable liquid solvent such as ethanol, methanol, or an ethanol water mixture it can be used as gain medium in a dye laser . ref F. P. Sch fer Ed. , Dye Lasers , 3rd Ed. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1990 . ref ref F. J. Duarte and L. W. Hillman Eds. , Dye Laser Principles Academic, New York, 1990 . ref Laser dye solutions absorb at shorter wavelengths end emit at longer wavelengths. Successful laser dyes include the coumarins and the rhodamines. Coumarin dyes emit in the green region of the spectrum while rhodamine dyes are used for emission in the yellow red. The color emitted by the laser dyes depend upon the surrounding medium i.e.the medium in which they are dissolved. However, there are dozens of laser dyes that can be used to span continuously the emission spectrum from the near ultraviolet to the near infrared. ref name TLO F. J. Duarte, Tunable Laser Optics Elsevier Academic, New York, 2003 Appendix of Laser Dyes includes more than 50 laser dyes ref Laser dyes are also used to dope solid state matrices, such as poly methyl methacrylate PMMA , and Ormosil ORMOSILs , to provide gain media for solid state dye lasers . ref name TLO Partial list of laser dyes Coumarin in various nomenclatures such as Coumarin 480, 490, 504, 521, 504T, 521T ref name TLO DCM Fluorescein Rhodamine 6G Rhodamine B Rhodamine 123 Umbelliferone also known as 7 hydroxycoumarin References reflist Category Laser gain media ... more details
In modern engineering, the term laser scanning is used to describe two related, but separate meanings. The first, more general, meaning is the controlled deflection of laser beams , visible or invisible. ref Gerald F. Marshall Handbook of Optical and Laser Scanning , Marcel Dekker, Inc., 2004, ISBN 0 8247 5569 3 ref Scanned laser beams are used in stereolithography machines, in rapid prototyping , in machines for material processing, in laser engraving machines, in ophtalmological laser systems for the treatment of presbyopia , in confocal microscopy , in laser printer s, in laser show s, in Laser ... of laser beams followed by a distance measurement at every pointing direction. This method, often called 3D scanner 3D object scanning or 3D scanner 3D laser scanning , is used to rapidly capture ... and applications of scanned laser beams. Technology Scanning mirrors File Plexi Galvohalter.jpg thumb Laser scanning module with two galvanometers, from Scanlab AG. The red arrow shows the path of the laser beam. Most laser scanners use moveable mirrors to steer the laser beam. The steering of the beam can be one dimensional , as inside a laser printer, or two dimensional , as in a laser ... a laser beam in two dimensions , it is possible either to rotate one mirror along two axes used mainly for slow scanning systems or to reflect the laser beam onto two closely spaced mirrors that are mounted ... of a laser beam in three dimensions . This is achieved by a servo controlled lens system, usually called a focus shifter or z shifter . Many laser scanners further allow changing the laser intensity. In laser projectors for laser TV or laser displays, the three fundamental colors red blue and green .... See www.optra.com When two optical lens es are moved or rotated against each other, a laser beam can ... laser scanners use, instead of moving mirrors, Acousto optic modulator acousto optic deflectors or Electro ... so far. They are used, for example, in laser TV systems. On the other hand, these systems are also ... more details
unreferenced date December 2011 Image Laser128 1.jpg thumb right Laser 128 The Laser 128 was a clone of the Apple II series of personal computers , first released by VTech in 1984 . Unlike the Apple II clones from Franklin Electronic Publishers Franklin , VTech reverse engineering reverse engineered the Apple Read only memory ROMs using a clean room design rather than copying them. Apple Computer challenged VTech in court, but unlike its efforts directed at Franklin, Apple was unable to force the Laser 128 off the market. As its name suggests, the Laser 128 had 128 Kibibyte KB of Random Access Memory RAM . Like the Apple IIc , it was a one piece semi portable design with a carrying handle and a single built in 5 inch floppy disk drive. Unlike the Apple IIc, it had a numeric keypad and a single Apple IIe compatible expansion slot, which gave it better expansion capabilities than a IIc. VTech offered a metal 2 slot card cage that sat alongside the Laser 128 and attached to the computer s single slot, allowing for even greater expansion flexibility. The Laser 128 retailed for about 700, substantially less than the price of an Apple IIc. Apple countered the Laser 128 with its upgraded Apple IIc Plus . VTech responded with the Laser 128EX and the Laser EX2. The Laser 128 was aggressively marketed, both by mail order firms and in retail and catalog stores such as Sears, Roebuck and Company Sears . Even though its ROM was not derived from Apple s ROM, the Laser 128 series had a high degree of compatibility with its competition from Apple. VTech owed much of this compatibility to the fact ... on various assembly routines that are a part of BASIC in ROM, and it s quite likely that the Laser ... computers.com museum computer.asp?st 1&c 13 Laser 128 Category Home computers Category Apple II family Category Apple II clones Category VTech Laser 128 ca Laser 128 de Laser 128 es Laser 128 it Laser 128 pl Laser 128 pt Laser 128 sr Laser 128 ... more details
Cleanup date May 2007 Laser ablation is the process of removing material from a solid or occasionally liquid surface by irradiating it with a laser beam. At low laser flux , the material is heated by the absorbed laser energy and evaporation evaporates or Sublimation chemistry sublimates . At high laser flux, the material is typically converted to a Plasma physics plasma . Usually, laser ablation refers to removing material with a pulsed laser, but it is possible to ablate material with a continuous wave laser beam if the laser intensity is high enough. Fundamentals The depth over which the laser energy is absorbed, and thus the amount of material removed by a single laser pulse, depends on the material s optical properties and the laser wavelength . Laser pulses can vary over a very wide range ... laser ablation very valuable for both research and industrial applications. Applications The simplest application of laser ablation is to remove material from a solid surface in a controlled fashion. Laser machining and particularly laser drilling are examples pulsed lasers can drill extremely small, deep holes through very hard materials. Very short laser pulses remove material so quickly that the surrounding material absorbs very little heat, so laser drilling can be done on delicate or heat sensitive materials, including tooth enamel laser dentistry . Also, laser energy can be selectively .... Another class of applications uses laser ablation to process the material removed into new forms ... of a laser to ablate a block of pure graphite , and later graphite mixed with catalytic metal . ref cite journal doi 10.1016 0009 2614 95 00825 O title Catalytic growth of single walled nanotubes by laser ... block is placed inside an oven with a laser pointed at it, and argon gas is pumped along the direction of the laser point. The oven temperature is approximately 1200 C. As the laser ablates ... graphite starting material. A variation of this type of application is to use laser ablation to create ... more details
Laser bonding is a marking technique that uses laser s and other forms of radiant energy to bond an additive marking substance to a wide range of substrates. Invented in 1997, this patent protected technology ref USPTO 6,238,847 ref delivers permanent marks on metals, glass and ceramic parts for a diverse range of industrial and manual applications, ranging from aerospace to the awards & engraving industries. It differs from the more widely known techniques of laser engraving and laser ablation in that it is an additive ... firing process replaced by a laser, with its permanent bond fired on in seconds. Laser bonding has been achieved by Nd YAG , carbon dioxide laser CO sub 2 sub laser , Fiber laser and Diode pumped solid state laser and can be made by other forms of radiant energy. Laser bonding is often referred ... , Cleveland Ohio, USA. This trademark, like Xerox, has become synonymous with the laser bonding process. The laser bonding process Mark quality depends on a variety of factors, including the substrate used, marking speed, laser spot size, beam overlap, materials thickness, and laser parameters ... 1. Application of the marking material 2. Bonding of the marking material with a laser. 3. Removal ... it is as durable as the subsrate itself. The durability of laser bonded markings Markings placed on stainless ... Space Station , or ISS , was home to aluminum squares laser marked with CerMark marking material ... laser bonding. The material test coupons were then affixed to spaces provided on test panels, which .... 11, 2005. ref . The laser bonding process is outlined and specified in both military ref MIL STD 130M DOD Marking Standard, p.24, Table II ref and NASA ref NASA HDBK 6003 NASA Marking Handbook, Laser Bonding Section 5.1.5, p.15 ref marking specifications and standards. Laser bonding is also a preferred ... IUID . See also Laser engraving Laser ablation Laser applications References Reflist Category Laser machining Bonding Category Laser applications ... more details
About the Laser Radial the general Laser history and more information Laser dinghy Refimprove date December 2010 Infobox Sailboat Specifications name image Laser Radial 160588 01.jpg imagesize 180 alt caption Laser Radial class symbol class image Sailing laser.svg class imagealt Class Symbol class imagesize ... d pn rya pn phrf year designer location role updated olympic current The Laser Radial is a popular one design class of small dinghy sailing sailing dinghy , originally built by Laser Performance . It is a singlehanded boat, meaning that it is sailed by one person. The Laser Radial is a variant of the Laser Standard , with shorter mast and reduced sail area, allowing light sailors to sail in heavy ... The Laser Radial is generally sailed and raced by lighter weight sailors and is usually the choice of women Laser sailors. Men typically sail the Laser Standard which has a larger sail. The only difference between the Laser Standard and Laser Radial is the size of the sail and the length of the lower ... person dinghies. Most larger regattas for the Laser class will generally have separate races for the Laser Standard, Laser Radial and Laser 4.7. The Laser Radial uses the same top section of the mast as the Laser Standard but uses a smaller bottom mast section. The sail itself is convert 62 sqft m2 , about 19 smaller than the full Laser Standard rig. Although the one design Laser rig and hull was introduced in 1971, the Radial sail and mast was created in the 1980s. In 1988 the Laser Women s World Championship began using the Laser Radial. They are a good training aid to start learning to sail a Laser but the Laser Radial is a good racing boat in its own right and some sailors generally women ... 140 lbs. World Championship Title s An incomplete archive of the winners. Men s Laser Radial World Champion see Laser Radial World Championships Men s Youth World Champion MedalistTable type Year ... s Laser Radial World Champion see Laser Radial World Championships Women s Youth Laser Radial World ... more details
neon laser HeNe on alignment rig, 2 Watt Lexel 88 Argon Ion laser, and power supply. To the rear are hoses for water cooling . An ion laser is a gas laser which uses an ion ized gas as its lasing medium. ref GoldBookRef title ion laser file I03219 ref Like other gas lasers, ion lasers feature a sealed cavity containing the laser medium and mirrors forming a Fabry P rot resonator. Unlike Helium neon laser HeNe lasers , the energy level transitions that contribute to laser action come from ion ... cooling water cooled . A small air cooled ion laser might produce, for example, 130mW of light with a tube ... of heat which must be dissipated. Types Krypton laser A krypton laser is an ion laser, a type of gas laser using krypton ion s as a gain medium , laser pumping pumped by electric discharge . Krypton ... light lasers, useful for laser light shows. Krypton lasers are also used in medicine e.g. for coagulation ... nm, 676.4 nm. Argon laser This section is linked from Laser File Nci vol 2268 300 argon ion laser.jpg left thumb This argon ion laser emits blue green light at 488 514 nm. The Argon laser was invented in 1964 by William Bridges at Hughes Aircraft ref W. B. Bridges, LASER OSCILLATION ... l phototherapy for diabetes , lithography , and laser pumping pumping other lasers. Argon lasers emit ... techinfo gas ion.htm ref . File Argon laser beam and diffraction mirror.png thumb An argon laser beam .... In comparison with the helium neon laser s requiring just a few milliamps, the current used for pumping the krypton laser ranges in several amperes, as the gas has to be ionized. The ion laser tube produces a lot of waste heat and requires active cooling. The typical noble gas ion laser plasma consists ... R. Bennett was co inventor of the first gas laser the helium neon laser , was first to observe spectral hole burning effects in gas lasers, and created a theory of hole burning effects on laser oscillation ..., dissociative excitation transfer in the neon oxygen laser the first chemical laser , and collision ... more details
A laser fence is a mechanism to detect objects passing the line of sight between the laser source and the detector ref http www.freepatentsonline.com 3825916.html http www.freepatentsonline.com 3825916.html accessed 26 Jan 2011 ref . Stronger lasers can potentially be used to injure someone or something passing the laser beam see mosquito laser ref Cite journal last Guth first Robert A year 2009 title Rocket Scientists Shoot Down Mosquitoes With Lasers journal Wall St. Journal ref harv url http online.wsj.com article SB123680870885500701.html ref . Sometimes laser fences are used in fiction with the ability to stop intruders by blocking or injuring them. It is a concept used frequently in videogames ref http www.giantbomb.com laser fence 92 5889 Laser Fence video game concept Bot generated title ref ref http cnc.wikia.com wiki Laser fence Laser fence EVA Database Command & Conquer 4, Red Alert 3, Generals 2 and more Bot generated title ref . The concepts of these fictional fences can be compared to other concepts like tractor beam tractor or repulsor beams. Notes reflist Category Fences Category Force lasers Category Fringe physics Category Science fiction weapons Category Ufology Category Video game gameplay ar ... more details
for the common 632.8 nm wavelength red laser helium neon laser Infobox G.I. Joe character name Red Laser image Red Laser.jpg caption Red Laser. His mask and helmet are based on the generic Red Shadow soldier ... Laser Dynamics ref name Info cite web url http www.bloodforthebaron.com toys 002 redshadows 011 index.html title Red Laser Toy accessdate 2009 03 11 ref secondaryMOS Artillery ref name Info subgroup previous series voiceby debut 1983 As toy ref name Red Laser Red Laser is an Action Force action figure and comic book character. He is a Red Shadows Red Shadow and the gunner of the Laser Exterminator . ref name Figure cite web url http www.geocities.com mkbip webpages Eredlaser.htm title Red Laser ... webpages Eredlaser.htm archivedate 2009 10 24 ref Red Laser was known in West Germany as Roter Laser. ref cite web url http toyarchive.de att terror bande roterlaser.htm title Roter Laser accessdate 2009 03 11 ref Characterisation File Red Laser unmasked.jpg left thumb 100px Red Laser unmasked. According to his Battle Action Force depiction, Red Laser is a former member of a Japan ese terrorist ... 091 index.html title Red Laser Data accessdate 2009 03 11 ref blockquote Has a high level of technical experience. Formerly a student of Laser Technology at Tokyo University , was corrupted by dreams of power shown to him by Baron Ironblood . Has developed Laser Exterminator into the most deadly weapon in the enemy armoury. blockquote In addition, Red Laser is described as totally corrupt , and brainwashed ... figure As an action figure Red Laser was supplied with a black pistol ref name Red Laser cite web url http www.yojoe.com action int redlaser.shtml title Red Laser accessdate 2009 03 11 ref which ... and crossbones, was made for West Germany due to then German toy laws. ref name Red Laser Role in the transition to Cobra Red Laser is one of a handful of Red Shadow characters incorporated into the storyline ... , and creating Cobra as a new enemy force. Subsequently, Red Laser who is shown without his face ... more details
Image Coherent 899 dye laser.jpg thumb right 200px CW rhodamine dye laser emitting near 590 nm, one typically used in early medical laser systems. Image photodynamic therapy.jpg 200px thumb right Laser ... 200px thumb right A 40 watt CO sub 2 sub laser with applications in ENT, gynecology, dermatology, oral surgery, and podiatry Laser medicine is the use of various types of laser s in medical diagnosis , treatment, or therapy. Types of lasers used in medicine include in principle any List of laser types laser design , but especially Carbon dioxide laser Applications CO sub 2 sub lasers diode laser s dye laser s Excimer laser Uses excimer lasers fiber laser s gas laser s Free electron laser Medical ... include angioplasty ref name Duarte8 cite book editor Duarte FJ title Tunable Laser Applications ... name Duarte5 cite book editor Duarte FJ title Tunable Laser Applications edition 2nd publisher CRC Press ... Hillman LM title Dye Laser Principles publisher Academic Press location Boston year 1990 pages 419 ... applications such as laser hair removal and tattoo removal ref name Duarte8 dermatology ref name ... Tunable Laser Applications edition 2nd publisher CRC Press location Boca Raton year 2008 isbn 1 4200 ... FJ title Tunable Laser Applications edition 2nd publisher CRC Press location Boca Raton year 2008 ...&pg PA15 v onepage&q&f false 15 96 ref ref name Duarte9 cite book editor Duarte FJ title Tunable Laser ... doi accessdate author Thomas JL Rudolph W chapter Biological Microscopy with Ultrashort Laser Pulses ... includes Lasik and laser photocoagulation optical coherence tomography ref name Duarte7 cite book editor Duarte FJ title Tunable Laser Applications edition 2nd publisher CRC Press location Boca Raton year 2008 isbn 1 4200 6009 0 oclc doi accessdate author Popov S chapter Fiber Laser Overview ... 197 226 ref prostatectomy surgery ref name Duarte7 See also Endovenous laser therapy Laser assisted new attachment procedure Laser interstitial thermal therapy Light therapy Low level laser therapy ... more details
Laser propulsion is a form of beam powered propulsion where the energy source is a remote usually ground based laser system and separate from the reaction mass. This form of propulsion differs from a conventional ... s carried on board the vehicle. File Laser launch hx kare.png thumb 300px A laser launch Heat Exchanger ... into a potential laser NASP transport technology url http hdl.handle.net 2060 19910008838 ... of laser propelled vehicles was first introduced by Arthur Kantrowitz in 1972. Laser propulsion ... s and laser sails. A second way of driving momentum transfer to a spacecraft, used in the devices described below, which is more commonly proposed is using the laser to help expel mass from the spacecraft ... in their final spacecraft velocities by the rocket equation . Forms There are several forms of laser propulsion. Ablative laser propulsion Ablative Laser Propulsion ALP is a form of beam powered propulsion in which an external pulsed laser is used to burn off a Plasma physics plasma plume from a solid ... surface at high velocities by laser ablation by a pulsed laser. Depending on the laser flux and pulse ... thousand seconds are possible by choosing the propellant and laser pulse characteristics. Variations of ablative propulsion include double pulse propulsion in which one laser pulse ablates material and a second laser pulse further heats the ablated gas, laser micropropulsion in which a small laser onboard a spacecraft ablates very small amounts of propellant for attitude control or maneuvering, and space debris removal, in which the laser ablates material from debris particles in low Earth ... Pakhomov at the University of Alabama in Huntsville of the UAH Laser Propulsion Group. Pulsed ... breakdown of the gas usually air . This causes an expanding shock wave which absorbs laser energy at the shock front a laser sustained detonation wave or LSD wave expansion of the hot plasma behind ... using air as the working fluid is the simplest form of air breathing laser propulsion. The record ... more details
The Raman laser is a byproduct of Raman scattering , discovered in 1928 by Nobel laureate Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman and Kariamanickam Srinivasa Krishnan in liquids and independently by Grigory Landsberg and Leonid Mandelshtam in crystals. When light hits a substance, it causes the atoms in the substance to vibrate sympathetically. The collision of photons with the substance causes some of the photons to gain or lose energy, resulting in a secondary light of a different wavelength. A Raman laser takes this secondary light and amplifies it by reflecting it and pumping energy into the system to emit a coherent laser beam. The most significant difference between a Raman laser and a standard laser is the absence of population inversion in a Raman laser. Recent research In 2002, researchers at UCLA demonstrated Raman light transmission from optical wires on a silicon quantum chip and in 2004 they demonstrated the first silicon laser . In February 2005, researchers at Intel demonstrated the second generation of such lasers that are capable of operating in continuous mode on silicon chips. It is expected that these breakthroughs will greatly reduce the cost of optical computing and communications devices by 2010. Because of its crystalline structure, silicon atoms readily vibrate when hit with light. The Raman effect is 10,000 times stronger in silicon than in glass. In 2007, researchers at JPL Caltech have also discovered Raman lasing with fluorite resonators, demonstrating record low threshold and high efficiency. The Raman effect can lead to higher energy photon emission, or, more ...?URI OPEX 12 21 5269 Demonstration of a silicon Raman laser , by Ozdal Boyraz and Bahram Jalali. http ... www.nature.com nature journal v433 n7027 full nature03346.html A continuous wave Raman silicon laser ... resonators , by Ivan Grudinin and Lute Maleki. Category Laser science optics stub cs Ramanovsk laser it Laser Raman zh ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2006 Orphan date November 2006 att February 2012 A laser bridge is a network bridge that transmits data between two network segments via laser . It is often used as an alternative to microwave links used in fixed wireless situations, and can provide much higher data rates than microwave links at a similar cost and less susceptible to interfere or eavesdropping . DEFAULTSORT Laser Bridge Category Ethernet Compu network stub ... more details
Laser peening , or laser shock peening LSP , is the process of hardening or peening metal using a powerful laser . Laser peening can impart a layer of residual compressive stress on a surface that is four times deeper than that attainable from conventional shot peening treatments. A coating, usually black tape or paint, is applied to absorb the energy. Short energy pulses are then focused to explode the ablative coating, producing a shock wave ref cite web last first authorlink coauthors year 2004 url http www.metalimprovement.com laserpeening.php title Laser Peening work Metal Improvement Company pages publisher accessdate 2006 10 16 ref The beam is then repositioned and the process is repeated, creating an array of slight indents of compression and depth with about 5 7 cold work. A translucent layer, usually consisting of water, is required over the coating and acts as a tamp, directing the shock wave into the treated material. This computer controlled process is then repeated, often as many as three times, until the desired compression level is reached, producing a compressive layer as deep as 1 2mm average. ref LSP Technologies. Laser Shock Peening of F119 Integrally Bladed Rotors. Retrieved 29 October 2008 from https www.dodmantech.com successes AirForce 03 07 BladeRotor.pdf. ref Laser peening is often used to improve the fatigue resistance of highly stressed critical turbine engine components, and the laser or component is typically manipulated by an industrial robot . ref cite web last Peach first Matthew date 2006 10 09 url http optics.org articles news 12 10 12 1 title Handheld laser device hardens tools format work Optics.org pages publisher IOP Publishing Ltd accessdate 2006 10 16 ref Prototype laser peening machines were developed in the 1970s, but they and subsequent versions over the past two decades were not cost effective because the lasers lacked the high ... Reflist Category Laser machining Peening Category Laser applications Peening Category Metalworking ... more details
A dental laser is a type of laser designed specifically for use in oral surgery or dentistry . In the United States , the use of lasers on the gingiva gums was first approved by the Food and Drug Administration in the early 1990s, and use on hard tissue like teeth or the bone of the human mandible mandible gained approval in 1996. ref cite web last Lewis, Ph.D. first Ricki title Lasers in Dentistry work FDA Consumer Magazine date January 1995 url http www.fda.gov bbs topics CONSUMER CON00296d.html accessdate 2007 07 21 archiveurl http web.archive.org web 20070713235109 http www.fda.gov bbs topics CONSUMER CON00296d.html Bot retrieved archive archivedate 2007 07 13 ref Several variants of dental laser are in use, with the most common being laser diode diode lasers , carbon dioxide laser s, and Nd YAG laser yttrium aluminium garnet laser . Different lasers use different wavelengths and these mean they are better suited for different applications. For example, laser diode diode lasers in the 810 900 nanometer nm range are well absorbed by red colored tissues such as the gingiva e increasingly being used in place of electrosurgery and standard surgery for soft tissue applications such as tissue contouring and gingivectomy Use of the dental laser remains limited, with cost and effectiveness being the primary barriers. The cost of a dental laser ranges from United States dollar 8,000 to 50,000, where a pneumatic dental drill costs between 200 and 500. The lasers are also incapable of performing some routine dental operations. ref cite web last Gordon first Jerry title How Cavities and Fillings Work publisher HowStuffWorks.com url http health.howstuffworks.com cavity5.htm accessdate 2007 07 21 ref Dental lasers are not without their benefits, though, as the use of a laser can decrease morbidity after surgery, and reduces the need for anesthetics . Because of the cauterisation ... stub fr Laser dentaire ja ru ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Infobox Company company name Laser Dynamics, Inc. company logo Image ldi.png 150px Laser Dynamics Logo company type Public company Public slogan Customer Service Sets Us Apart. foundation 2000 Allendale Charter Township, Michigan Allendale, Michigan , United States USA location Allendale Charter Township, Michigan Allendale, Michigan , United States USA industry Industry Industrial Services num employees 50 products Services such as Flat Laser Cutting , Tube Laser Cutting , Brake Forming , and Welding . homepage http www.laser dynamics.com www.laser dynamics.com Image ldi.png frame none caption text Laser Dynamics, Inc. is an United States American supplier of Laser Cutting and metal fabrication services. Located in Allendale Charter Township, Michigan Allendale , just outside Grand Rapids, Michigan Grand Rapids in Ottawa County, Michigan , Laser Dynamics currently employs more than 50 people at its convert 48000 sqft m2 sing on facility. ref name About Laser Dynamics cite web url http www.laser dynamics.com about us.php publisher Laser Dynamics, Inc. title About Us date January 7, 2008 ref History Laser Dynamics, Inc. was started in 2000 by Bill Herberg , Jim Scholten , and Ken Koster . Today, they are a growing corporation whose success is attributed to hard work, dedication, and great employees. ref name About Laser Dynamics cite web url http www.laser dynamics.com about us.php publisher Laser Dynamics, Inc. title About Us date January 7, 2008 ref References reflist External links official http www.laser dynamics.com Category Allendale, Michigan ... more details
multiple issues notability April 2010 unreferenced April 2010 orphan November 2010 Laser survey or airborne field surveying by laser is a name of an airborne survey system based on LIDAR Light Detection And Ranging . The raw data from the laser survey are a 3D pointcloud representing all footprints hits of the scanner. From this no interpretation of the object is possible. Advanced software is used to reduce and interpret data for the Digital Terrain Model DTM . On this basis and combined with photograph s, a vectorized map can be produced. Category LIDAR ... more details
Polariton laser is a novel type of laser source that exploits the coherent nature of Bose condensates of exciton polaritons in semiconductor s to achieve ultra low threshold lasing. ref Johnston, Hamish 27 May 2007 . http physicsworld.com cws article news 27431 Polariton laser reaches room temperature. Physics World . ref References Reflist optics stub Category Semiconductor lasers ... more details
Interventions infobox Name Laser lithotripsy Image Caption ICD10 ICD9 ICD9proc 98 MeshID D017602 OPS301 OtherCodes HCPCSlevel2 Laser lithotripsy is a Surgery surgical procedure to remove Urolithiasis stones from urinary tract , i.e., kidney , ureter , bladder , or urethra . History Laser lithotripsy was invented at Wellman Center for Photomedicine in the 1980s to remove impacted stones from the urinary tract. Laser pulses delivered through a fiber optic are used to pulverize the stone, avoiding surgery. The technology was licensed to Candela Corporation, which produced the first commercial laser lithotripsy system. ref cite web title Research Discoveries url http www2.massgeneral.org wellman research researchdiscoveries.htm publisher Wellman Center for Photomedicine accessdate 30 April 2011 ref Procedure A Urology urologist inserts a scope into the urinary tract to locate the stone. The type of the scope may be Cystoscopy cystoscope , ureteroscope, renoscope or nephroscope. A laser fiber is inserted through the working channel of the scope, and laser is directly emitted to the stone. The stone is disintegrated and the remaining pieces are washed out of the Urinary system urinary tract . This procedure is done under either Local anesthesia local or general anesthesia and is considered minimally Invasiveness of surgical procedures invasive surgery . References reflist See also Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy Kidney stone Urologic surgical and other procedures Category Laser medicine Category Urologic procedures ... more details
refimprove date May 2010 Infobox VG title Laser Chess image developer Mike Duppong ref name OPN cite journal title Playing with light A history of games that incorporate the photon first Stephen R. last Wilk journal Optics and Photonics News publisher Optical Society of America volume 18 issue 10 date October 2007 pages 18 ref modes platforms Commodore Amiga , Commodore 64 , Apple II , Atari XL , Atari XE released 1987 , 2006 genre Board Game designer Mike Duppong Laser Chess first appeared in Compute s Atari ST Disk & Magazine in 1987, written in Modula 2 . It won the 5,000 first prize in a programming competition held by the magazine. Ports of the game written in BASIC and machine language ... II , Atari XL and Atari XE . Laser Chess has been re implemented many times over the intervening years, including a variant Advanced Laser Chess with a larger board and additional pieces. Description Laser Chess is a two player computer game , modeled as a board game with chess like pieces, most of which have mirrored surfaces, and one of which is a laser cannon. The game somewhat resembles Deflektor by Gremlin Graphics especially in the presence of the laser game mechanic. Players take alternate ..., rotating a piece 90 degrees, or firing the laser cannon. A Teleportation teleporter piece ..., for example. Image LaserChess GameScreen.png right thumb 200px A modern version of Laser Chess Firing the laser On a player s turn, the player can elect to fire the laser cannon. Firing the laser ... the first move in a turn to aim the laser, rotate a reflecting piece to set up a reflected shot, or move another piece into position. Laser beams are absorbed if they hit the edge of the board. The laser ... to set up a shot. Since a player is focused on creating a path from that player s laser cannon ... laser at the same time. See also Khet game References reflist External links http www.traygames.com games ?game laserchess Laser Chess at TrayGames http www.laserchess.org Category 1987 video games ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Laser Electrical was a chain of electrical retail stores operating solely in Northern Ireland , similar to other UK chains such as Currys . It was the largest electrical chain operating exclusively in Northern Ireland, with ten stores. ref name BTel http www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk news local national no way back for laser electrical as the plug is pulled for good 14762377.html No way back for Laser Electrical as the plug is pulled for good , Belfast Telegraph , 10 April 2010 ref After operating since 1984, it went into administration through KPMG and subsequent liquidation in April 2010, having undergone a management buyout in 2004. ref http www.londonderrysentinel.co.uk news Laser electrical stores to close.6201330.jp Laser electrical stores to close , Londonderry Sentinel , 2 April 2010 ref ref McDonnell, Fraces 2010 http www.irishtimes.com newspaper finance 2010 0403 1224267617348.html Administrators appointed to Laser Electrical , Irish Times , 3 April 2010 ref ref http news.bbc.co.uk 1 hi northern ireland 8611694.stm 140 jobs lost at Laser Electrical , BBC News , 9 April 2010 ref Laser Electrical s e commerce website http www.laserdirect.co.uk was subsequently acquired by Armagh based electrical retailer Dalzell s of Markethill. ref http www.armaghelectrical.com blog 2010 06 dalzells of markethill have acquired laserdirect co uk Dalzell s of Markethill Have Acquired LaserDirect.co.uk , Blog The Dalzell s Daily , 20 June 2010 ref References Reflist Category Consumer electronics retailers of the United Kingdom retail company stub ... more details
Refimprove date September 2007 file Lasercons.svg frame 300px right Schematic diagram of a typical laser, showing the three major parts A laser is constructed from three principal parts An energy source usually referred to as the Laser pumping pump or pump source , A gain medium or Active laser medium laser medium , and Two or more mirrors that form an optical resonator . Pump source The pump source is the part that provides energy to the laser system. Examples of pump sources include electrical discharges, flashlamps, arc lamps, light from another laser, chemical reactions and even explosive devices ... how the energy is transmitted to the medium. A helium neon Helium neon laser HeNe laser uses an electrical discharge in the helium neon gas mixture, a Nd YAG laser uses either light focused from a xenon flash lamp or Laser diode diode lasers , and excimer lasers use a chemical reaction. Gain medium Laser medium The gain medium is the major determining factor of the wavelength of operation, and other properties, of the laser . Gain media in different materials have linear spectra or wide spectra. Gain media with wide spectra allow tuning of the laser frequency. First wide tunable crystal laser ... of different gain media in which laser operation has been achieved see list of laser ... determines the operation wavelength of the dye laser . Gases, such as carbon dioxide , argon , krypton ... state laser media include Nd YAG, Ti sapphire laser Ti sapphire , Cr sapphire usually known .... Solid state lasers are usually pumped by flashlamps or light from another laser. Semiconductor ... in which the movement of electron s can cause laser action. Semiconductor lasers are typically very ... such as compact disc players. See laser diode . Optical resonator The optical resonator , or optical ... of the light to leave the cavity to produce the laser s output beam. Light from the medium, produced ... to the medium is crucial to determining the exact operating wavelength and other attributes of the laser ... more details
Image Coherent 899 dye laser.jpg thumb right 300px Close up of a table top dye laser based on Rhodamine 6G , emitting at 580 nm yellow orange . The emitted laser beam is visible as faint yellow lines. The orange dye solution enters the laser from the left, and is pumped by a 514 nm blue green beam from an argon laser. The dye jet is in the center of the image, behind the yellow window. A dye laser is a laser which uses an organic compound organic dye as the lasing medium , usually as a liquid solution ... for tunable laser s and pulsed lasers. Moreover, the dye can be replaced by another type in order to generate different wavelengths with the same laser, although this usually requires replacing other optical components in the laser as well. Dye lasers were independently discovered by P. P. Sorokin ..., 1990 . ref ref F. J. Duarte and L. W. Hillman Eds. , Dye Laser Principles Academic, New York, 1990 ... a dye laser for use with rhodamine.JPG thumb 200px A dielectric mirror used in a dye laser. A dye laser consists of an organic dye mixed with a solvent , which may be circulated through a dye cell, or streamed through open air using a dye jet. A high energy source of light is needed to Laser pumping pump the liquid beyond its lasing threshold . A fast discharge flashlamp or an external laser is usually ... tuning of the beam. Because the liquid medium of a dye laser can fit any shape, there are a multitude of different configurations that can be used. A Fabry P rot laser cavity is usually used for flashlamp ... other with the laser medium in between. The dye cell is usually side pumped, with one or more flashlamps ... Flashlamp Pumped Dye Laser T.K. Yee, B. Fan and T.K. Gustafson. Applied Optics Vol. 18, No. 8 ref ... generated title ref Image Ring dye2.jpg thumb A ring dye laser. P pump laser beam G gain dye jet A saturable ... laser design is often chosen for continuous operation, although a Fabry P rot design is sometimes used. In a ring laser, the mirrors of the laser are positioned to allow the beam to travel in a circular ... more details
Distinguish Nuclear pumped laser A nuclear laser is a laser that would depend on the Excited state excitation of atomic Nucleus atomic structure nuclei to produce electromagnetic radiation .No such laser exists yet as of April 2011. Eugene Tkalya of Moscow State University in Russia has proposed, on 22 April 2011, a path for achieving this. Description Expand section date April 2011 Ordinary Atomic physics atomic lasers produce electromagnetic radiation when an atom or molecule drops to a lower energy level , transferring its energy to that radiation.They produce Visible light visible , Ultraviolet light ultraviolet and Infrared light infrared light, or X ray X rays , but not the very energetic Gamma ray gamma rays . To produce gamma ray lasers, researchears have studied the nuclei. A nuclear laser would produce radiation when excited nuclei would drop to unexcited states.But, as a first step to achieve a gamma ray laser, Tkalya imagined a nuclear laser which would produce visible light. To create the population inversion necessary for the laser effect, Tkalya proposes applying either a strong magnetic field of about 100 Tesla unit tesla or a strong electric field gradient of about 10 18 volts per square centimetre to nuclei of thorium . Uses A nuclear laser could be used for measuring time and for other things. See also List of laser articles References small div class reflist4 style height 200px overflow auto padding 3px cite web url http focus.aps.org story v27 st16 title Laser from Atomic Nuclei author David Harris date 22 April 2011 publisher American Physical Society accessdate 26 April 2011 div small External links Categories Use dmy dates date April 2011 Category Lasers Category Nuclear physics ... more details
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