about the Balts Baltic people the modern ethnic group of Latvians Latgalians modern History of Latvia Unreferenced date December 2009 The term Latgalians Latgalian language Latgalian latgal i, latgali , Lang lv latga i, letga i, leti also spelt Latgallians and sometimes known as Lettigalls , Latgolans , or Lettigallians can refer to the inhabitants of the Latgale region in eastern Latvia in general, the ethnic Latvians of Latgale especially those who speak the Latgalian language , or to the ancient Balts Baltic tribe. In English, the more archaic Lettigallians usually refers to the tribe. In Latvian, latga i refers to the ancient tribe, whilst latgalie i refers to the ethnic Latvians of Latgale, which developed separately from the rest of ethnic Latvia in 1621 1917, though the terms are confused in colloquial Latvian. The ancient Latgalians The ancient Letts , or Latgalians i.e. inhabitants of the primal Latgale , likely derived from L tgale The Lettland cf. Semigalia Zemgale The lower land , were a Balts Central Baltic tribe whose origin is little known, who, in the 5th and 6th centuries, dwelt only in the eastern part of present day Vidzeme westwards from the Aiviekste River , and later ... the 11th century. In the first two decades of the 13th century, the Western Latgalians allied with German ... tribe, who thus became a part of today s ethnic Latvians the Latvian term latgalie i Latgalians ... thumb 200px left Latgalians in the context of the other Baltic tribes, circa 1200 Common Era ... Western Latgalians comes from archaeology . In the lands of the Western and the Eastern Latgalians ... century. It is possible that ancestors of the so called Eastern Latgalians migrated to the territory ... territory by Slavic migration some archaeologists also believe, that the Eastern Latgalians formed ... the ancient and contemporary Latgalians as a part of the same continuum. The term latgal i in both ... the cultural revival of Latgalians in 1988, there is a tendency in Latgalian literature and media to follow ... more details
language Latgalian related Latvians , Lithuanians Latgalians lang lv latgalie i, latgal i refers ... Latgalians as a part of the same continuum. The term latgal i in both meanings prevailed in Latgalian ... the 1920s and 1930s in Latvia and from 1940 to 1988 in exile. Since the cultural revival of Latgalians ... names. Early history File Latgalian flag.jpg thumb 120px Flag of Latgalians Citation needed date March 2012 Modern Latgalians developed as a result of two main factors 1 Latgalians having preserved ... of Latgalians, especially after the coup by K rlis Ulmanis in 1934, the Latgalian language was also ... be told from the surviving documentation, the Latgalians were scheduled for genocide complete extermination ... Latgalian Emblem.jpg right 80px thumb Latgalian emblem Latgalians continued to publish books and periodicals ... as a historic form of the Latvian language. Some Latgalians consider themselves to be an ethnic group separate from Latvians. The majority opinion is, however, that present day Latgalians are a subgroup ... is unknown because the Latvian government does not identify Latgalians as a separate group in census data. Additionally, the majority view is that Latgalians appeared because Latgale was part of Poland .... References reflist DEFAULTSORT Latgalians Modern Category Ethnic groups in Latvia ru ... more details
Latgalians prefer latga i latgal i in Latgalian, sometimes latgali Latgalians, Latgallians, or Lettigalls ..., and Latgalians often call other Latvians iu i . The term latgalie i dates only to the early 20th century, and before that Latgalians modern Latgalians were long refrred to as Vitebsk Latvians ... and standard Latvian language Latvian . Many Latgalians still speak the local dialect, which has ... Vidzeme . In addition Latgalians inhabited parts of modern Pskov Oblast in Russia and Vitsebsk ... Russian Federation . References reflist 30em See also Latgalians modern LatgaliansLatgalians ... more details
Infobox military conflict conflict Battle of C sis 1210 partof Livonian Crusade place C sis , Latvia date 1210 result Estonian retreat combatant1 Counties of Ancient Estonia combatant2 Livonian Brothers of the Sword Sword Brethren , vends br Livonians br Latgalians strength1 ? strength2 ? casualties1 ? casualties2 Heavy casualties The Battle of Cesis was fought between native Estonian forces and the Germanic knights known as the Livonian Brothers of the Sword and their allies during the Livonian Crusade . In 1210 the Estonian counties launched several raids on the strongholds in Latvia , guarded by the Livonian Brothers of the Sword Sword Brethren . A large number of Estonian troops began besieging the stronghold of C sis , which had become a very important strongpoint for the Livonian Order. The Estonians attempted to set the stronghold on fire by building a large turret . Attacking from above and below, the defenders were put in a difficult situation. The stronghold was attacked for three days and the defenders probabaly wouldn t have been able to keep defending it, if on the fourth day the besiegers hadn t unexpectedly left. The Estonians had received a message from their scouts that a large number of enemy troops was heading towards C sis to relieve the army trapped inside the stronghold. Without waiting for the whole relief army, the besieged troops began chasing the retreating Estonian army with some of the newly arrived Livonians and Latgalians. ref cite book title Eesti ajalugu 1. osa last M esalu first Ain authorlink coauthors year 1997 publisher Avita location isbn 9985200438 pages 168 url http www.raamatukoi.ee cgi bin raamat?277 ref In the Battle of mera which followed, the Estonians turned on their pursuers and soundly defeated them. References reflist coord missing Latvia Category C sis Category 1210 in Europe Category Battles of the Livonian Crusade Category Battles involving Estonia Category Battles involving the Livonian Order Category Conflicts in ... more details
Infobox Military Conflict conflict Livonian Crusade image caption date 1210 place just south from Valmiera , Latvia result Estonian tribes victory combatant1 Image Cross livonia.png 13px Livonian Brothers of the Sword Sword Brothers combatant2 Estonians commander1 ? commander2 ? strength1 Unknown strength2 Unknown casualties1 Heavy casualties casualties2 Low casualties Battle of mera lang et mera lahing , lang lv Kauja pie Imeras recorded by Henry of Livonia was fought near Valmiera lang et Volmari on the mera river in 1210 , during the Livonian Crusade between Estonians and Crusaders. The Estonians won the battle. ref cite book title Estonia Identity and Independence last Subrena first Jean Jacques authorlink coauthors year 2004 publisher Rodopi location isbn 9042008903 pages 301 url http books.google.com books?id ZVhpAAAAMAAJ&q Umera&pgis 1 search ref The Estonian troops moved across the Gauja Koiva river and stopped at its tributary the next day for an ambush. The chasing Livonians and Latgalians assumed that their enemy was escaping with their head over heels which also had been confirmed by their scouts. The German squad was moving in front with the Livonians and Latgalians behind them. The hidden Estonians in the forest around mera charged the enemy unexpectedly. The attack was a success. Many Germans, Livonians and Latgalians were killed. The Germans had tried to regroup around their banner, but as soon as their reinforcements escaped, they too fled the battlefield. The Estonians chased them and some were captured and killed on the scene. According to the Livonian Chronicle , out of 14 prisoners some were burned alive and others had been made a cross on their backs with a sword before executing them as well. A victory over the Livonian Order was a huge morale booster for the Estonians. A message of this feat was sent to all counties and they promised to be as one heart and one soul against the Christian name . ref cite book title Eesti ajalugu 1. osa last ... more details
rai i lake dwelling site is a popular tourist location with original and reconstructed remnants of Latvia n prehistory . It is a unique nationally important archaeological site remains of the 9th 10th centuries Latgalians Latgalian settlement on the island of rai i lake. File Araisi.jpg thumb rai i lake dwelling site in 2010 Today the lake dwelling is partially reconstructed and visitors can see rebuilt prehistoric Latgalian wooden buildings. During the excavations remains of 151 wooden buildings were discovered, with 3700 Artifact archaeology artefacts , and about a hundred thousand fragments of pottery were found. Using collected data, ethnographic parallels and replicas of ancient tools, today there are 14 reconstructed buildings of the first period of the construction of the fortress. External links http www.ltg.lv araisu.ezerpils lv icon http www.vietas.lv index.php?p 2&id 7507 lv icon coord 57 15 5 N 25 16 58 E source lvwiki region LV type landmark display title DEFAULTSORT Araisi Category Archaeological sites in Latvia Category Former populated places in Latvia Vidzeme geo stub et rai i j rvelinnus ltg Uorai u azara pi s lv rai u ezerpils ... more details
unreferenced date April 2008 File audonas bazn ca.jpg thumb 270px Parish church audona lang de Laudohn is a village in the Vidzeme region of northeastern Latvia . The audona parish of the former Madona District was merged into the Administrative divisions of Latvia municipality novads of Madona municipality Madona in 2009. The historical Latgalians Latgalian stronghold on the Aiviekste River was rebuilt as a fortress by the Archbishopric of Riga Archbishop of Riga in 1274 and used for trade and military purpose. The Laudohn noble family, then vassal s of Archbishop Henning Scharpenberg, acquired the manor of Toce Tootzen in 1432. The famous Habsburg Monarchy Austrian Field Marshal Ernst Gideon von Laudon was born here in 1716. The archbishop s castle had been destroyed in the 16th century Livonian War . With Livonia , audona was conquered by King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden by the 1629 Truce of Altmark , and upon the 1721 Treaty of Nystad belonged to the Russian Empire . coord 56 42 N 26 11 E region LV MA type city source dewiki display title DEFAULTSORT Laudona Category Geography of Latvia Category History of Latvia vidzeme geo stub de audona fr Laudona lv audonas pagasts ... more details
Infobox military structure name R zekne Castle partof location Latgale , R zekne , Latvia coordinates image Image Rezekne castle.JPG 300px right caption Biggest remnant of R zekne Castle ruins image2 caption2 type Castle code built 1285 builder Livonian Order materials height used demolished 17th. century condition Ruins ownership open to public controlledby garrison current commander commanders occupants battles events unreferenced date January 2009 R zekne Castle ruins are located in the centre of R zekne , Latvia , a city in the centre of Latgale . History Archeological excavations shows, that between the ninth and the twelfth centuries, a Latgalians Latgalian wooden fortress was situated in the place where the castle ruins now stand. It is unknown when the Latgalian fortress was destroyed, however in 1285 , the Livonian Order built a two storey stone castle with towers on the same location. The castle served as a base of the local Livonian order landlord until the sixteenth century. It was also the main military support base for battles with Russians and Lithuanians . The castle was ravaged and rebuilt many times. When it was destroyed in the middle of the seventeenth century it was not rebuilt. Today, fragments of the stone walls and the foundation can be seen on the ancient castle hill. Castles in Latvia coord missing Latvia DEFAULTSORT Rezekne Castle Category R zekne Category Castles in Latvia Category Castles of the Livonian Order lv R zeknes pilskalns ... more details
Use dmy dates date April 2012 Unreferenced date February 2009 Infobox military structure name Ludza Castle partof location Ludza, Latvia coordinates image Image Ludza.JPG 307px caption Part of the castle ruins image2 caption2 type Castle code built 14th c. builder Livonian Order materials brick, stone height used demolished 1654 condition ruins up to 3 floors high ownership open to public yes controlledby garrison current commander commanders occupants battles events Ludza Castle is located in the centre Ludza , Latvia, a small town in eastern Latgale . History Once the largest and strongest fortress in Latgale, built by the Livonian Order in 14th century. This stone and brick structure replaced an earlier wooden fortress built by the ancient Latgalians . The Ludza stone castle had three stories, six towers, three gates and two foreparts. It served as the eastern outpost for the Livonian order, mainly to guard trade routes from Russia . In 1481 castle was devastated by Russians. However it was rebuilt in 1525, only to be destroyed in 1654 by Russian troops on order by the Russian tsar Aleksey. After that the castle was abandoned and left in ruins. Nowadays impressive fragments of castle walls including a three floors high fragment remains. The ruin is the main tourist attraction and symbol of the town and entire Ludza District . Castles in Latvia coord missing Latvia Category Ludza Category Castles in Latvia Category Castles of the Livonian Order lv Ludzas pils ... more details
Infobox Coat of arms name Coat of arms of Vidzeme image Coat of Arms of Vidzeme.svg image width 120 middle middle width lesser lesser width armiger year adopted shield crest supporters other elements earlier versions use Vidzeme lang liv Vidum is one of the cultural regions of Latvia historical and cultural regions of Latvia . Literally meaning the Middle Land it is situated in north central Latvia north of the Daugava River . Sometimes in German language German it is also known as Livland German form from Latin Livonia , though it comprises only a small part of Medieval Livonia and about half Latvian part of Swedish Livonia . Vidzemes guber a Livland Governorate is also bigger than Vidzeme, since it corresponds roughly to Swedish Livonia . History In ancient times the territory of Vidzeme was inhabitated by Latgalians and Livonians Livs near the coast of the Gulf of Riga and along the lower reaches of the Daugava River Daugava and Gauja rivers . Until the Livonian Crusade German conquest in the 13th century the Daugava, which now forms the south east border of Vidzeme, was the boundary between the lands of the Livs and Latgalians on the right bank and those of the Semigallians and Selonians on the left bank of the river. The most notable Latgalian region in today s Vidzeme was T lava . After the Livonian War part of the Livonian Confederation on the right bank of the Daugava river and the Patrimony of Riga was ceded to the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth , and the Duchy of Livonia the left bank forming the Duchy of Courland and Semigalia . After the Polish Swedish War 1600 1629 Polish Swedish War concluded by the Truce of Altmark in 1629 Sweden acquired the western part of the Duchy of Livonia roughly as far as the Aiviekste River , since then forming Vidzeme s eastern border. During the course of the Great Northern War Swedish Livonia was conquered by the Russian Empire and ceded to Russia at the Treaty of Nystad in 1721. In place of Livonia the Russians created t ... more details
For the 20th century battle in Belfast Battle of St. Matthews Infobox military conflict conflict Battle of St. Matthew s Day partof Northern Crusades image caption date September 21, 1217 place Near Viljandi , Estonia result Crusaders victory combatant1 Counties of Ancient Estonia combatant2 Livonian Brothers of the Sword Sword Brethren br Livonians br Latgalians commander1 Lembitu of Lehola commander2 Volquin br Caupo of Turaida strength1 6000 strength2 3000 casualties1 1000 1400 casualties2 ? The Battle of St. Matthew s Day lang et Madisep eva lahing was fought near Viljandi on September 21, 1217 ref Battle of St. Matthew s Day on September 21, 1217 Cite book title Eastern Europe last Frucht first Richard authorlink coauthors year 2005 publisher ABC CLIO location isbn 9781576078006 pages url http books.google.com books?id lVBB1a0rC70C&pg PA69&dq 22Battle of St. Matthew 27s Day 22&as brr 3&sig ACfU3U0GDcbGx p3uPTO7 7WF m5yjJ8uA ref ref Battle of St. Matthew s Day September 21 Cite book title Historical Dictionary of Estonia last Miljan first Toivo authorlink coauthors year 2004 publisher Scarecrow Press location isbn 9780810849044 pages url http books.google.com books?id XKWRct15XfkC&pg PA2&dq 22Battle of St. Matthew 27s Day 22&as brr 3&sig ACfU3U2nNmOrTYWc6pc L9MFgvcf9ejYgA PPA2,M1 ref during the Livonian Crusade . The adversaries were the German crusading order the Livonian Brothers of the Sword Sword Brethren with their recently converted Livonians Livonian and Latgalians Latgalian allies and an army of 6000 Estonia n men from different counties, led by Lembitu , who had attempted to unify the Estonians. The Germans won, Lembitu and Caupo of Turaida converted Livonian chieftain, fought on the order s side were killed. Also many others were forced to convert. References Reflist coord missing Estonia Use mdy dates date September 2010 DEFAULTSORT St. Matthew s Day, Battle Of Category Battles of the Livonian Crusade Category Battles involving Estonia Category Battle ... more details
Infobox Former Country native name T lava conventional long name Eldership of T lava common name T lava continent Europe region Latvia year start before 1180 year end 1224 date start date end event start event end p1 flag p1 s1 Bishopric of Riga flag s1 Archbishopric of Riga.svg s2 Livonian Brothers of the Sword flag s2 SwordBrothers.svg image flag image coat image map Talava.jpg image map caption T lava and it s border speculations in 12 13th centuries. religion Latgalians Latgalian paganism , Eastern Orthodox Church capital Bever na municipality Bever na stat area1 stat pop1 stat year1 stat area2 stat pop2 stat year2 government type Eldership title leader Elder administrative title Elder leader1 T livaldis year leader1 leader2 year leader2 common languages Ancient Latgalian currency T lava was a Latgalians Latgalian county in the northern Vidzeme and northern Latgale region of today s Latvia . It was bordered by the Latgalian principality of Jersika to the south, the Livonian counties of Metsepole and Idumeja to the west, the Estonia Estonian counties of Sakala and Ugandi to the north and the Russian Novgorod Republic to the east. T lava was first mentioned in the Chronicle of Henry of Livonia in 1207 as the Christian county of Tholowa . ref http www.columbia.edu cu cup catalog data 023112 0231128886.HTM The Chronicle of Henry of Livonia translated and edited by James A. Brundage, Columbia University, 1961 revised 2003 288 pages ISBN 0231128886 ref Russian chronicles refer to the county of Atzele which was probably the eastern part of T lava. History After Mstislav Rostislavich The Brave , prince of Novgorod , rode against the Chud during the winter of 1179 1180, T lava was forced to pay tribute to Novgorod. The leader of T lava, T livaldis and his sons were baptized in the Eastern Orthodox faith. In 1208 T livaldis, together with the Latgalian leaders R si of Satekle and Varidots of Autine , established a military alliance with the Livonian Brothers of th ... more details
Infobox military conflict conflict Livonian Crusade image caption date 1215 place Riga , Latvia result Crusaders victory combatant1 Image Cross livonia.png 13px Livonian Brothers of the Sword Sword Brothers combatant2 Estonians commander1 ? commander2 ? strength1 Unknown strength2 Unknown casualties1 Unknown casualties2 Unknown The Battle of Riga was an attempt by native Estonian forces to repel the Germanic knights known as the Livonian Brothers of the Sword and their allies during the Livonian Crusade . In 1215 , after the raid of Ridala Parish Ridala and the loss of the L havere Leole stronghold, Estonians Estonian forces agreed to co operate for a large scale counter offensive. A strategic plan was formed, with the hoped for result of the complete destruction of the nearby German colonies . According to the plan, the Oeselians were to close the Daugava River estuary and besiege the city of Riga , the L ne County Rotalians were to attack the Livonians in Turaida , and the Sakala County Sackalians and Ungannians were to harass the Latgalians , preventing them from coming to the assistance of Riga. At the end of April or beginning of May 1215, the Oeselians closed the estuary of the Daugava River. Old ships and wooden obstacles built on the spot were filled with rocks and sunk to prevent German Cog ship cog s from escaping to sea, and Oeselian troops took up positions in a field just outside of Riga. When a strong enemy force charged out of the city, they pulled back to the estuary to await reinforcements. Unexpectedly for the besiegers, two German cogs arrived from the sea. Threatened with being caught between two armies, the Oeselian fleet decided to break out to the sea. In the meantime, Malev military unit malevs from other counties were engaging in the areas of Livonians and Latgalians . They didn t achieve much success because the villagers had been able to take shelter in the strongholds. The hoped for cooperative attack didn t bring any results due to the ... more details
Infobox language name Selonian altname Selian nativename Selsko kalba states Latvia and Lithuania region Europe extinct 16th century familycolor Indo European fam2 Balto Slavic languages Balto Slavic fam3 Eastern Baltic languages Eastern Baltic iso3 sxl notice IPA Selonian was a Baltic language spoken by the Balts Eastern Baltic tribe of the Selonians , who until the 15th century lived in Selonia , a territory in South Eastern Latvia and North Eastern Lithuania . During the 13th 15th centuries the Selonians lost their language after being assimilated by the Latgalians and partly by the Lithuanians . It is considered that the Selonian language retained the proto Baltic phonemes an , en , in , un like the Lithuanian language , but like the Latvian language the proto Baltic IPA k , IPA changed to c , dz , and the proto Baltic , changed to s , z . Traces of the Selonian language can still be found in the territories the Selonians inhabited, especially in the accent and phonetics of the so called Selonian dialect of the Latvian language . There are some traces of the Selonian language in the North Eastern sub dialects of the Auk taitian dialect of Lithuanian language , mostly in the lexicon. Baltic languages DEFAULTSORT Selonian Language Category Baltic languages Category West Baltic languages Category Medieval languages Category Extinct Baltic languages Ie lang stub ca Seli da Selisk sprog de Selonische Sprache fa fr S lonien ko it Lingua selonica lv S u valoda lt S li kalba mk no Selisk pl J zyk selo ski ru ... more details
S lpils or S pils or Selpils lang la castrum Selonum , the castle of the Selonians , German language German Selburg was the military and political center of ancient Selonia , a Balts Baltic land that lay in what is now northern Lithuania and in southern Latvia east of the Semigallians Semigallian lands and mostly on the left bank of the Daugava river. Archaeological evidence shows that S lpils, 17 km northwest of modern J kabpils , was a major settlement between the 10th and 13th centuries. Used as a base for raids by the Selonians and their Lithuanians Lithuanian allies into Latgalians Latgalian and Livonians Livonian lands, S lpils was first mentioned in the Chronicle of Henry of Livonia , which describes its capture by the Livonian Brothers of the Sword Livonian Order and their Christianity Christianized ethnic Livonian allies in 1208. S lpils was briefly the seat of a Selonian diocese 1218 1226 , and then came under the rule of the Livonian Order, which constructed fortifications there for the Advocate lang de Vogt of the Order. These were destroyed by the Sweden Swedes in 1704, during the Great Northern War , and only traces of the foundations are visible at the site today. References Arveds v be, ed. Latvju enciklop dija . Stockholm Tr s Zvaigznes, 1952 1953. Edgars Andersons, ed. Latvju enciklop dija 1962 1982 . Lincoln American Latvian Association, 1983 1990. Entry S lija available at http www.historia.lv alfabets S Se selija encik selija le 1962.htm historia.lv . Retrieved 26 February 2006. Vytautas Kazakevi ius http www.istorija.lt la arch20 01engKazok.htm Selonian archaeological sites in Lithuania Retrieved 26 February 2006. coord 56 31 38 N 25 36 50 E source lvwiki region LV type city display title DEFAULTSORT Selpils Category History of Latvia Category Destroyed cities Category Archaeological sites in Latvia Category Former populated places in Eastern Europe Category Castles of the Livonian Order Latvia geo stub de S lpils lv Vecs lpils lt S lpil ... more details
are Latvians . There is a culturally and linguistically distinct subgroup, the Latgalians modern Latgalians , who inhabit the Latgale region in eastern Latvia. Another indigenous group are the Livonians ... more details
thumb 200px left R zekne early 20th century A Latgalians Latgalian hill fort ref name History ... minority of native Latgalians modern Latgalians . With the economic development and the arrival ... over Latgalia in the 17th and 18th centuries strengthened Catholicism among the native Latgalians modern Latgalians . Incoming populations of Russian Old Believers introduced Russian Orthodox Church ... more details
File Baltic Tribes c 1200.svg thumb 250px right Selonians in the context of the other Baltic tribes, circa 1200 Common Era CE . The Eastern Balts are shown in brown hues while the Western Balts are shown in green. The boundaries are approximate. History of Latvia Selonians Latvian S i were a tribe of Balts Baltic peoples . The Selonians lived until the 15th century in Selonia , located in southeastern Latvia and northeastern Lithuania . They merged with neighbouring tribes, contributing to the ethnogenesis of Latvians and Lithuanians . They spoke in Selonian language . Selonians were Eastern Balts , but very little is known about them. Scare archaeological and historic data determined that this region is often characterized as a scarcely populated land . In writtern sources they are mentioned only few times. Chronicle of Henry of Livonia mentions Selonians in the beginning of 13th century 13th. century when they were conquered and christened. Author of the chronicle calls Selonians as Lithuanian allies . ref http www.historia.lv raxti Seelji LME.htm ref Their lands was subjects of Principality of Jersika Principalities of Jersika and Principality of Koknese Koknese . Southern lands however were ruled by Lithuanians Lithuanian dukes. In 1207 German Swordbrothers Brothers of Sword together with their Livonians Livonian and Latgalians Letgallian allies besieged main Selonian centre S lpils castle . Reason for attack were German claims, that S lpils castle is used as main Lithuanian support base for their attacks in Livonia . After long siege Selonians agreed to baptism and German rule. ref Indri a hronika. . Feldh na tulk., . Mugur vi a priek v rds un koment ri. R ga Zin tne, 1993. 453 lpp. ref Selonians is last time mentioned in written sources in 15th century 15th. century . Archeology Archeological data can trace Selonians back to the beginning of 1st millennium AD when they lived on both sides of Daugava river. ref http www.istorija.lt la simniskyte2005en.html r ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2006 Dr. Valdis Juris Zeps May 29, 1932 in Daugavpils , Latvia July 25, 1996 in Riga , Latvia was a Latvian American linguist and college professor. Early life and family His parent s, Jazeps and Anna Zeps, were World War II refugee s. In 1944, he fled the Occupation of Latvia 1940 1945 Russian occupation of Latvia with his parents and sibling brother , Aivars Zeps. They arrived first in the displaced persons camp of Lubeck, Germany , then, after receiving sponsorship, arrived in the United States in 1949. Valdis marriage married Betty Reel Shuford, a costume designer , in 1957. Their child ren are Dace, Valdis, Barbara, and William grandchildren, Sandra, Andrew, Guntis, Monika, and Leo great grandchild, William. Career Valdis studied at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio and received his doctorate in linguistics and sociology from Indiana University Bloomington Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana Bloomington in 1961. He became a professor of linguistics at the University of Wisconsin Madison in 1963. In addition to writing ves d ls Kurbads partial text at http www.zagarins.net JG jg19 JG19 Turbads.htm , under the Pen name pseudonym J nis Turbads, he was widely published, in over 130 publications and journals, on such topics as Latvian folksong Meter music metrics , the Latvian language, and Latgalians Latgalian exile literature. In 1994, he published The placenames of Latgola A dictionary of East Latvian toponyms . Bibliography Articles Folk Meter and Latvian Verse http www.lituanus.org 1972 72 2 03.htm in Lituanus . 18 2 1972 pg. 10 26. What s Instant Coffee in Latvian? http www.lituanus.org 1987 87 3 03.htm in Lituanus 33 3 1987 pg. 25 36. Books Phoneme subsystems and correspondences in Cheremis dialects, 1960 Concordance and Thesaurus of Cheremis Poetic Language Janua Linguarum with Thomas A. Sebeok , 1961 Latvian and Finnic linguistic convergences Indiana University publication. Uralic and Altaic series , 1962 The placenames of ... more details
Use mdy dates date October 2011 Citations missing date July 2008 Infobox Ethnic group group Ludza Estonians image File South Estonian language area.jpg 250px caption Southern Estonian language area, Ludza Estonians in eastern corner of Latvia population possibly none regions flag Latvia languages Estonian language Estonian , Latvian language Latvian religions Catholic related other Finnic peoples The Ludza Estonians in Ludza dialect of the Estonian language Estonian Lutsi maarahvas Lutsi Estonians , in Latvian language Latvian Ludzas igau i were a group of ethnic Estonians living in near Ludza , south eastern Latvia . History Most of the Ludza Estonians probably moved into the area in the 17th century during the Great Northern War , but the settlement may have originated earlier. Throughout the era of feudalism , when life was mostly confined to one s near environment, this ethnic group retained its Estonian identity and ethnographic features. Ludza Estonians were originally Lutheranism Lutherans , but became Catholics and had close contacts with neighbouring Latgalians and Belarusians . As long as the church ceremonies and confessions were held in Estonian, the people had little need to speak Latvian language Latvian or Belarusian language Belarusian . Nevertheless, the local Latgalian language Latgalian dialect of Latvian, Belarusian and Russian were spoken to a certain extent in the areas were those people were their neighbours. In manor house manor s, Polish language Polish was heard in Latgale , it was the administrative language at the time . Language By the 19th century the church had become Latvianised and Russian had become the official language and lingua franca . According to Oskar Kallas , who made a studying trip to area in 1893, there were 4,387 Ludza Estonians of whom some 800 could speak Estonian language. In the 1970 sup s sup and 1980 sup s sup , there were some 20 people left in the area still using the Estonian language, but it is now most likely ... more details
Image TiesenhausenWappen.jpg thumb right Tiesenhausen s Blazon Image GrafTiesenhausenWappen.jpg thumb right Counts von Tiesenhausen s coat of arms Tiesenhausen is the name of a Baltic German nobility family. The origins of the family are in Lower Saxony . During the Baltic crusades they settled in Livonia in the first half of the 12th century. Bishops Albert of Riga and Herman of Tartu had a sister whose husband Engelbertus de Tisenhuse was the progenitor of the family in the Baltic. After some time in southern Livonia in the early stages of occupation, Engelbertus joined his brother in law bishop Herman to obtain the northern Livonian country of Ugaunia around Otep and Tartu. It was Ugaunia where the family held its main early properties and positions. Engelbertus son married a daughter of the castellan of Koknese in Latgale and through this marriage, the family claims descent from indigeneous princes of the Latgalians. Some branches of Tisenhusen clan settled later to the Latvian Vidzeme holdings of Ergli and Berzaune . From the ancestral place of Ugaunia, sons of the family managed to obtain estates in other parts of Estonia, also so called Danish Estonia and Osilia Rotalia, both by services and by marriages. Raplamaa was apparently a favorite place in northern Estonia for them to obtain estates. In Livonia they became one of the wealthiest and most important noble lineages between the 14th and 16th centuries. During the changeful history of Livonia several members of the family served under various suzerains, first under the Livonian Brothers of the Sword and the Teutonic Knights and later in Royal Polish Tyzenhaus family Tyzenhauz , Swedish and Tsarist Russian T y family service. Notable members Ferdinand von Tiesenhausen 1782 1805 , Russian military officer whose death in Austerlitz inspired Leo Tolstoi Tolstoi s character Andrei Boltonski in War and Peace Dorothea de Ficquelmont Dorothea von Tiesenhausen 1804 1863 , Ficquelmont family Countess de Fi ... more details
Infobox monarch name T livaldis title Elder of T lava image Talava.jpg caption T lava and its border in the 12th 13th centuries speculative reign until 1215 coronation predecessor successor His sons, Rameks and Drivinalds suc type heir consort issue several sons royal house father mother birth date 12th century birth place death date 1215 death place Trik ta parish Trik ta buried T livaldis or T libalds lang la Thalibaldus de Tolowa d. 1215 was a Latgalians Latgalian Elder administrative title elder , the ruler of T lava , whose support for Albert of Riga and the German crusaders brought about his death at the hands of the native Baltic peoples. Biography T livaldis s date of birth is unknown. He is first noted in 1208 fact date April 2012 when he fought against the Saccalia ns and Ugandians as an ally of the Latgalian dukes R si and Varidots . T livaldis became a vassal of Albert of Riga and was thus involved in the Northern Crusades against the Estonians Estonian tribes as an ally of the German crusaders. In 1211 the Estonians raided T lava as revenge for the Latgalian support of the crusaders and pillaged the area round Trik ta parish Trik ta , T livaldis s native region. In 1212 T livaldis, as a vassal of Albert of Riga, did not support the Aut ne revolt , a joint Latgalian and Livonians Livonian revolt against the crusaders. In 1213 the Lithuanians invaded T lava. They captured T livaldis in his castle at Trik ta and were taking him back to Lithuania as a prisoner, but he managed to escape. T livaldis was killed in 1215 by invading Ugandians, who, according to the Chronicle of Henry of Livonia , burnt T livaldis alive. ref Chronicle of Henry of Livonia edition? page? ref Soon afterwards, T livaldis s sons Rameka and Drivinalds raided Ugandi County Ugandia in revenge and plundered it severely. T livaldis was a Christian ruler. He was baptised in the Eastern Orthodox Church Eastern Orthodox faith sometime before 1208 when he was a vassal of the Principality of ... more details
NOTOC This is a timeline of Latvia n history , comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Latvia and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Latvia . See also the list of Presidents of Latvia . Dynamic list div class toc Centuries 8th century 8th 9th century 9th 10th century 10th 11th century 11th 12th century 12th 13th century 13th 14th century 14th 15th century 15th 16th century 16th 17th century 17th 18th century 18th 19th century 19th 20th century 20th 21st century 21st div 8th century class wikitable width 100 style width 6 Year style width 10 Date Event 800 The ancient Balts began to form specific tribal realms. 9th century Empty section date January 2012 10th century Empty section date January 2012 11th century class wikitable width 100 style width 6 Year style width 10 Date Event 1100 The borders of the Balts Baltic realms became settled. 12th century class wikitable width 100 style width 6 Year style width 10 Date Event 1184 The monk Saint Meinhard began missionary work among the Livonian people . 1186 Saint Meinhard Meinhard was appointed bishop of Livonia by the Pope . 1198 Bishop Berthold of Hanover arrived at the mouth of the Daugava River accompanied by crusaders and was killed in battle with Livonian people Livonians . rowspan 2 valign top 1199 Albert of Riga was elected the third bishop of Livonia . Pope Pope Innocent III Innocent III proclaimed a second Baltic Crusade. 13th century class wikitable width 100 style width 6 Year style width 10 Date Event 1201 Albert of Riga Albert founded Riga on the site of earlier Livonian settlement. 1202 The Livonian Brothers of the Sword was founded by Bishop Albert of Riga Albert . 1206 The Livonian Brothers of the Sword Brothers of the Sword and their Semigallians Semigallian allies defeated the Livonian people Livonians and Latgalians . 1217 The Livonian Brothers of the Sword Brothers of the Sword and their Livonian people Livonian and ... more details
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