Infobox historical continent name Laurasia image Image Laurasia Gondwana.svg 250px caption Map of Pangaea with Laurasia and Gondwana. formation year 500 Mya type Geology Geologica l supercontinent today ... In paleogeography , Laurasia IPAc en icon l r e or IPAc en l r e i ref OED ref was the northernmost ... naming, Laurasia included most of the landmasses which make up today s continents of the Northern ... cratons. Origin Although Laurasia is known as a Mesozoic phenomenon, today it is believed that the same continents that formed the later Laurasia also existed as a coherent supercontinent after the breakup ... to as Proto Laurasia . It is believed that Laurasia did not break up again before it recombined ... remained until the early Cambrian . Laurasia was assembled, then broken up, due to the actions of plate ..., Laurasia was largely located in equatorial latitudes and began to break up, with North China ... created during the Silurian by extensive volcanism. When these two continents joined together, Laurasia ... the redeveloping Laurasia as it collided with Gondwana to form Pangaea . North China became, as it drifted ... years ago at the end of the Paleocene . Laurasia finally divided into the continents after which ... Natural history of Asia Category Historical continents af Laurasi ar ast Laurasia be bg bs Laurazija br Laurazia ca Laur sia cs Laurasie cy Lawrasia da Laurasien de Laurasia dv et Lauraasia es Laurasia eo La razio eu Laurasia fa fr Laurasia gd Laurasia gl Laurasia ko hr Laurazija id Laurasia it Laurasia he ka kk lt Laurazija hu Laur zsia nl Laurazi ja no Laurasia nn Laurasia pnb pl Laurazja pt Laur sia ro Laurasia ru simple Laurasia sk Laur zia sl Lavrazija sr sh Laurazija fi Lauraasia sv Laurasien tt tr Laurasia uk vi Laurasia vo Laurasiyop zh yue diq Laurasia zh ... more details
of the China plates collided with eastern Laurasia. After it collided with Laurasia around 200 Ma ... to split Pangaea in two, and the growing Atlantic Ocean separated the northern supercontinent of Laurasia ... c. 150 Ma, and the continents of India and Africa Arabia began to drift north towards Laurasia, of which ... 300px thumb The Cimmerian Plate has collided with Laurasia about 200 190 million years ago. Its collision ... more details
The Boreal Sea was a Mesozoic era seaway that lay along the northern border of Laurasia . ref http bsgf.geoscienceworld.org cgi content abstract 175 5 513 World distribution of middle Jurassic ammonites Upper Aalenian to Middle Bathonian relationships between biodiversity and palaeogeography Moyne et al. 175 5 513 Bull... Bot generated title ref References Reflist Category Historical oceans palaeo geo stub uk ... more details
Euramerica also known as Laurussia not to be mistaken as Laurasia , the Old Red Continent or the Old Red Sandstone Continent was a minor supercontinent created in the Devonian as the result of a collision between the Laurentia n, Baltica , and Avalonia craton s Caledonian orogeny . 300 million years ago in the Late Carboniferous tropical rainforest s lay over the equator of Euramerica. A major, abrupt change in vegetation occurred when the climate aridified. The forest fragmented and the Lycopodiophyta lycopsids which dominated these wetlands thinned out, being replaced by opportunistic ferns. There was also a great loss of amphibian diversity and simultaneously the drier climate spurred the diversification of reptiles. ref name SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates cite journal url http geology.geoscienceworld.org cgi content abstract 38 12 1079 author Sahney, S., Benton, M.J. & Falcon Lang, H.J. year 2010 title Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica journal Geology volume 38 pages 1079 1082 format PDF doi 10.1130 G31182.1 issue 12 ref Extent Image Euramerica en.svg thumb 300px Euramerica in the Devonian Euramerica became a part of the major supercontinent Pangaea in the Permian . In the Jurassic , when Pangaea rifted into two continents , Gondwana and Laurasia , Euramerica was a part of Laurasia. In the Cretaceous , Laurasia split into the continents of North America and Eurasia . The Laurentian craton became a part of North America while Baltica became a part of Eurasia, and Avalonia was split between the two. Events Carboniferous Climate change devastated tropical rainforests, fragmenting the forests into isolated islands and causing the extinction of many plant and animal species during the Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse CRC . Permian Euramerica became a part of the major supercontinent Pangaea Jurassic Pangaea rifted into Gondwana and Laurasia Cretaceous Laurasia split into the continents of North America ... more details
, AKA Proto Laurasia , was shaved off the splitup Rodinia, 550 Ma Baltica Proto Laurasia broke apart ... Gondwana and Laurasia, 300 Ma Balt. Kaza. Siberia and Kazakhstania were the last continents to adjoin Pangea towards the Baltica block, thereby forming a Laurasia subcontinent of Pangea, 270 Ma Cimmeria The Cimmerian Plate split off from Gondwana by rifting, 190 Ma Baltica Laurasia split off from Gondwana ... more details
Image Laurasia Gondwana.svg thumb right 250px First phase of the Tethys Ocean s forming the first Tethys Sea starts dividing Pangaea into two supercontinents, Laurasia and Gondwana . The Tethys Ocean Greek was an ocean that existed between the continents of Gondwana and Laurasia during much of the Mesozoic era, before the opening of the Indian Ocean Indian and Atlantic Ocean Atlantic oceans during the Cretaceous period. Modern theory About 250 million years ago, ref http www.palaeos.com Mesozoic Triassic MidTrias.html Palaeos Mesozoic Triassic Middle Triassic Bot generated title ref during the Triassic , a new ocean began forming in the southern end of the Paleo Tethys Ocean . A rift formed along the northern continental shelf of Southern Pangaea Gondwana . Over the next 60 million years, that piece of shelf, known as Cimmerian Plate Cimmeria , traveled north, pushing the floor of the Paleo Tethys Ocean under the eastern end of Northern Pangaea Laurasia . The Tethys Ocean formed between Cimmeria and Gondwana, directly over where the Paleo Tethys used to be. File LateCretaceousGlobal.jpg thumb left 250px The Tethys Ocean closes again, about 90 million years ago During the Jurassic Period 150 annum Ma , Cimmeria finally collided with Laurasia. There it stalled, the ocean floor behind it subduction buckling under , forming the Tethyan Trench . Water levels rose and the western Tethys came to shallowly cover significant portions of Europe, forming the first Tethys Sea. Around the same time, Laurasia and Gondwana began drifting apart, opening an extension of the Tethys Sea between them that today is the part of the Atlantic Ocean between the Mediterranean and Caribbean . As North and South America were still attached to the rest of Laurasia and Gondwana, respectively, the Tethys ... . Most of the floor of the Tethys Ocean disappeared under Cimmeria and Laurasia. Geologist ... existed between Laurasia and the continents which formed Gondwana Gondwana II . In this moment of Earth ... more details
about a continent unreferenced date March 2008 Image Positions of ancient continents, 550 million years ago.jpg thumb right 250px Baltica in 550 mya unit mya green Baltica is a name applied by geologists to a late Proterozoic , early Palaeozoic continent that now includes the East European craton of northwestern Eurasia . Baltica was created as an entity not earlier than 1.8 billion years ago. Before this time, the three segments continents that now comprise the East European craton were in different places on the globe. Baltica existed on a tectonic plate called the Baltic Plate . Partial history 1.8 billion years ago, Baltica was part of the major supercontinent Columbia supercontinent Columbia . 1.5 billion years ago, Baltica along with Arctica and East Antarctic craton East Antarctica were part of the minor supercontinent Nena supercontinent Nena . 1.1 billion years ago, Baltica was part of the major supercontinent Rodinia . 750 million years ago, Baltica was part of the minor supercontinent Protolaurasia . 600 million years ago, Baltica was part of the major supercontinent Pannotia . Cambrian , Baltica was an independent continent. late Ordovician , Baltica collided with Avalonia most of modern Western Europe Devonian , Baltica collided against Laurentia , forming the minor supercontinent Euramerica . Permian , all major continents collided against each other to form the major supercontinent Pangaea . Jurassic , Pangaea rifted into two minor supercontinents, Laurasia and Gondwana . Baltica was part of the minor supercontinent Laurasia. Cretaceous , Baltica was part of the minor supercontinent Eurasia . Present, Baltica is part of the forming minor supercontinent Afro Eurasia . See also Baltic Shield Baltic Plate Continents of the world Category Historical continents Category Plate tectonics Category Proterozoic Category Paleozoic Category Natural history of Europe cs Baltika de Baltica Kontinent es B ltica eu Baltika fr Baltica ko it Baltica lt Baltika nl B ... more details
File Siberian craton location.jpg thumb current location in Asia Siberia is the craton located in the heart of the region of Siberia . Siberia or Angaraland or simply Angara is today the Central Siberian Plateau . It is an extremely ancient craton that formed an independent continent before the Permian period. Partial history of Siberia in chronological order 2.5 billion years ago Siderian , Siberia was part of a continent of Arctica , along with the Canadian Shield 1.1 billion years ago Stenian , Siberia became part of the major supercontinent of Rodinia . 750 million years ago Cryogenian , Rodinia broke up, and Siberia became part of the minor supercontinent of Protolaurasia . 600 million years ago Ediacaran , Protolaurasia became part of the major southern supercontinent of Pannotia . 550 million years ago Ediacaran , Pannotia broke up and Protolaurasia split up and became the continents of Laurentia , Baltica , and Siberia. Cambrian , Siberia was an independent continent. Carboniferous , Siberia collided with the minor continent of Kazakhstania . Permian , Siberia, and Kazakhstania collided with Baltica , thus completing the formation of the supercontinent Pangaea . Siberian Traps formed. Jurassic , Pangaea split up, Siberia stays with Laurasia . Cretaceous , Laurasia gradually splits up, Siberia remains part of present day northeastern Eurasia . Present, Siberia was part of forming minor supercontinent Afro Eurasia . 250 million years from now Siberia may be in the subtropical region and part of a new supercontinent of Pangaea Ultima . External links http jan.ucc.nau.edu rcb7 paleogeographic asia.html Asia History Page detailing the history of Siberia as well as other parts of Asia. Continents of the world Category Historical continents Category Tectonic plates Category Historical tectonic plates Category Siberia Category Natural history of Asia Category Northeast Asia palaeo geo stub cs Sibi kontinent de Sibiria es Siberia continente eu Siberia kontinentea it ... more details
Cimmeria was an ancient continent microcontinent that existed about 200 million years ago. It rift ed north from Gondwana during the Late Carboniferous and collided against eastern Laurasia the Siberia continent Siberian continent during the Late Triassic together with the Chinese continents. The collision created new mountain range s between Siberia and Cimmeria. Cimmeria consisted of parts of Turkey , Iran , Afghanistan , Tibet , Indochina and Malay Peninsula Malaya . Cimmeria was on the Cimmerian Plate , an ancient plate tectonics tectonic plate that was subduction subducting under Laurasia . The present remains of Cimmeria, as a result of the massive uplifting of its continental crust, are unusually rich in a number of rare chalcophile chemical element elements . Apart from the Altiplano in Bolivia, almost all the world s deposits of antimony as stibnite are found in Cimmeria, cn date October 2011 with the major mines being in Turkey, Yunnan and Thailand. The major deposits of tin element tin are also found in Malaysia and Thailand , whilst Turkey also has major deposits of chromite ore. cn date October 2011 See also South China continent South China Cimmerian Plate References unsourced date October 2011 http www.scotese.com moreinfo7.htm PALEOMAP Project Continent Category Historical continents Category Carboniferous Category Permian Category Triassic Category Jurassic Category Natural history of Asia palaeo geo stub Triassic stub Jurassic stub de Cimmeria Kontinent es Cimmeria continente fr Plaque cimm rienne is Kimmer a it Cimmeria continente hu Kimm ria nl Cimmeria nn Kimmeria pl Kimmeria pt Placa cimeriana ru uk vi Cimmeria l c a zh ... more details
Tethys can refer to Tethys mythology , a Titaness in Greek mythology Tethys moon , a natural satellite of Saturn Tethys Ocean , a Mesozoic era ocean between the continents of Gondwana and Laurasia Prototethys Ocean c. 550 330 Megaannum Ma Paleotethys Ocean c. 445 75 Ma Neotethys Ocean c. 300 100 Ma Alpine Tethys Sea c. 175 30 Ma or Paratethys Sea isolated after 34 Ma today s Black Sea , Caspian Sea , and Aral Sea are remnants of the Paratethys Sea Tethys software , an SMTP server Tethys LRAUV , a Long Range Autonomous Underwater Autonomous Vehicle Tethys gastropod Tethys gastropod , genus of gastropods in the family Tethydidae See also Thetis disambiguation Thetis disambig af Tethys als Tethys ca Tetis cs Tethys cy Tethys da Tethys de Tethys eo Tetiso fa fr T thys he nl Tethys nds Tethys pl Tethys sk T thys sr fi Tethys uk ... more details
Image Positions of ancient continents, 550 million years ago.jpg thumb right 300px Pannotia 550 Ma . Image Late Cambrian 514 Ma .jpg thumb right 300px Land distribution during late Cambrian 514 Ma . Pannotia , first described by Ian W. D. Dalziel in 1997, is a hypothetical supercontinent that existed from the Pan African orogeny about six hundred million years ago to the end of the Precambrian about five hundred and fifty million years ago. It is also known as the Vendian supercontinent . After that, it split into the islands of Laurentia, Siberia and Baltica, with the main landmass, Gondwana , south of it. ref name palaeos cite web url http www.palaeos.com Earth Geography Pannotia.html title Pannotia work Palaeos accessdate 2006 03 12 ref Formation About 750 million years ago 750 megaannum Ma , the previous supercontinent Rodinia rift ed apart into three continents Proto Laurasia which broke apart and eventually re formed as Laurasia , the continent al craton of Congo craton Congo , and Proto Gondwana all of Gondwana except the Congo craton and Atlantica . Proto Laurasia rotated southward toward the South Pole . Proto Gondwana rotated counterclockwise. The Congo craton came between Proto Gondwana and Proto Laurasia about 600 Ma. This formed Pannotia. With so much landmass around the poles, evidence suggests that there were more glaciers during this time than at any other time in Geologic time scale geologic history . ref cite web url http www.fossilmuseum.net Geological History PreambrianGelogicalHistory.htm title Precambrian Paleobiology work Virtual Fossil Museum accessdate 2006 03 12 ref Geography and lifespan Pannotia looked like a V that faced northeast. Inside the V was an ocean that opened up during the break up of Rodinia , the Panthalassic Ocean , an ocean that became the early Pacific Ocean . There was a mid ocean ridge in the middle of the Panthalassic Ocean. Outside of the V was a very large ancient ocean called the Panafrican Ocean ... more details
Asiamerica was a large island formed from the Laurasia n landmass and separated by shallow continental seas from Eurasia to the West and eastern North America to the East. This region incorporated what is now China , Mongolia , western USA and western Canada . Fossil evidence tells us that it was home to many dinosaur s and archaic mammal s. It existed during the Late Cretaceous to Eocene periods. See also List of supercontinents References http www.findarticles.com p articles mi qa3790 is 199911 ai n8871715 The early evolution of the Tyrannosauridae in Asia http www.greatwebsights.com dinosaurs intro.htm Dinosaurs sub heading The Earth of the Dinosaur http www.palaeos.com Earth Geography Asiamerica.htm Palaeos website Continents of the world Category Historical continents Category Cretaceous Category Paleocene Category Eocene Category Natural history of Asia Category Natural history of North America palaeogeography stub ar fa fr Asiam rique it Asiamerica no Asiamerika nn Asiamerika vi Asiamerica ... more details
unreferenced date March 2008 The Tethyan Trench was an ancient oceanic trench that existed in the northern part of the Tethys Ocean during the middle Mesozoic to early Cenozoic era s. Geology The Tethyan Trench formed when the Cimmerian Plate was subduct ing under eastern Laurasia , around 200 million years ago, in the Early Jurassic . The Tethyan Trench extended at its greatest during Late Cretaceous to Paleocene , from what is now Greece to the Western Pacific Ocean . Subduction at the Tethyan Trench probably caused the continents Africa and India to move towards Eurasia , which resulted in the opening of the Indian Ocean. When the Arabian Plate Arabian and Indian plate s continental collision collided with Eurasia, the Tethys Ocean and the trench closed. Remnants of the Tethyan Trench can still be found today in Southeastern Europe and southwest of Southeast Asia . See also Geology of the Himalaya Oceanic trench Category Historical geology Category Oceanic trenches Category Jurassic Category Cretaceous Category Paleogene Category Natural history of Asia Category Natural history of Europe palaeo geo stub es Fosa de Tetis ... more details
These is a list of former Oceans that disappeared due to the tectonic movements and other geographical and climatic changes. Bridge River Ocean , the ocean between the ancient Insular Islands and North America. Iapetus Ocean , the southern hemisphere ocean between Baltica and Avalonia. Panthalassa , the vast world ocean that surrounded the Pangaea supercontinent. Rheic Ocean Slide Mountain Ocean , the ocean between the ancient Intermontane Islands and North America. Tethys Ocean , the ocean between the ancient continents of Gondwana and Laurasia. Khanty Ocean , the ocean between Baltica and Siberia. Mirovia , the ocean that surrounded the Rodinia supercontinent. Paleo Tethys Ocean , the ocean between Gondwana and the Hunic terranes. Poseidon Ocean Proto Tethys Ocean Pan African Ocean , the ocean that surrounded the Pannotia supercontinent. Superocean , the ocean that surrounds a global supercontinent. Ural Ocean , the ocean between Siberia and Baltica. Category Oceans Category Oceanography Oceans ... more details
Jurassic Portal box Geology Paleontology Time The Middle Jurassic is the second Epoch geology epoch of the Jurassic Period geology Period . It lasted from 176 161 million years ago . In European lithostratigraphy , rocks of this Middle Jurassic age are called the Dogger. ref A Geologic time scale 1989 , Walter Brian Harland, 1990, p.53, webpage http books.google.com books?id xbKJV6LSeggC&pg PA53&lpg PA53 Books Google eggC . ref ref A palynological investigation of the Dogger Formation Middle Jurassic , JB Riding, NERC.ac.uk, 2007, webpage http nora.nerc.ac.uk 7565 nerc 65 . ref This name in the past was also used to indicate the Middle Jurassic epoch itself, but is discouraged by the IUGS , to distinguish between rock units and units of geological time. Paleogeography During the Middle Jurassic epoch, Pangaea began to separate into Laurasia and Gondwana , and the Atlantic Ocean formed. Tectonic activities are active on eastern Laurasia as the Cimmerian plate continues to collide with Laurasia s southern coast, completely closing the Paleo Tethys Ocean . A subduction zone on the coast of western North America continues to create the Geology of the Rocky Mountains The Ancestral Rocky Mountains Ancestral Rocky Mountains . Life forms of the epoch Marine life During this time, marine life including ammonite s and bivalve s flourished. Ichthyosaur s, although common, are reduced in diversity while the top marine predators, the pliosaur s, grew to the size of orca killer whale s and larger e.g. Pliosaurus , Liopleurodon . Plesiosaur s became common at this time, and metriorhynchid crocodilia ns first appeared. Terrestrial life New types of dinosaur s evolved on land including Cetiosaurus cetiosaurs , Brachiosauridae brachiosaurs , Megalosauridae megalosaurs and hypsilophodont s . Descendants of the therapsid s, the cynodont s were still flourishing along with the dinosaurs even though they were shrew sized none exceeded the size of a badger . A group of cynodonts, the trit ... more details
just as North and South China did earlier , and was heading towards Laurasia. Paleo Tethys Ocean started ... collided with South China, and together drew northwards, towards Laurasia . In the Early ... more details
Laurasia . It is phylogenetically positioned between the more basal millerettid s from the Late Permian ... in Gondwana. However, Microleter appears in Laurasia soon after the earliest known parareptiles and is among ... more details
unreferenced date March 2008 Khanty Ocean was an ancient, small ocean that existed near the end of the Precambrian time to the Silurian . It was between Baltica and the Siberia continent Siberian continent , with the bordering oceans of Panthalassa to the north, Proto Tethys to the northeast, and Paleo Tethys to the south and east. The ocean formed when a minor supercontinent of Proto Laurasia shortly after the break up of Pannotia , about 600 mya rifted and created three separated continents Laurentia , Baltica , and Siberia continent Siberia , the ocean was between Siberia and Baltica. Khanty s sister ocean, Iapetus Ocean also formed, between Laurentia and Baltica. The ocean closed when an island arc called the Sakmarian Arc collided with Baltica. At the northeastern end of the Island arc arc was a new ocean , the Ural Ocean . See also Rheic Ocean Category Historical oceans Category Proterozoic Category Cambrian Category Ordovician Category Silurian Category Natural history of Asia Category Natural history of Europe palaeo geo stub de Khanty Mansi Ozean es Oc ano Khanty nn Khantyhavet uk zh ... more details
Taxobox name Patranomodon fossil range image Patranomodon.jpg image width 250px regnum Animalia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Synapsid a ordo Therapsida subordo Anomodont ia infraordo genus Patranomodon Patranomodon is an extinct genus of primitive anomodont . Patronomodon is primitive in that it retains a complete set of teeth in both jaws, in contrast to their descendants, the dicynodonts , in which the dentition is reduced to only a single pair of tusks an in many cases no teeth at all , with their jaws covered by a horny beak similar to that of the modern tortoise although they are in no way closely related to each other. It was the size of a mongoose . Its discovery from the earliest terrestrial rocks of Gondwana from Prince Albert in the southern Cape Province of South Africa has shown that this group of herbivores originated in Gondwana rather than Laurasia , as had previously been supposed, and spread to other Pangaean continents. References McCarthy, T. & Rubidge, B. 2005. The story of Earth & Life. A southern African perspective on a 4.6 billion year journey . Struik Publishers, Cape Town. 333pp. See also Anomocephalus List of synapsids Category Anomodonts anomodont stub ca Patranomodon es Patranomodon ja pt Patranomodon ru ... more details
Automatic taxobox fossil range Early Permian authority Fox, 1962 in paleontology 1962 type species extinct Delorhynchus priscus type species authority Fox, 1962 Delorhynchus is an extinct genus of parareptile which existed in Oklahoma during the Early Permian period. It was found from the Early Permian fissure fill deposits near Richards Spur in Comanche County, Oklahoma Comanche County , often referred to as the Fort Sill locality. This locality has yielded many other well preserved tetrapod fossils, including those of other parareptiles such as Bolosaurus , Colobomycter , and Microleter . It was first named by the paleontologist R. C. Fox in 1962 in paleontology 1962 and the type species is Delorhynchus priscus . ref name Tsuji2010 cite journal authors Linda A. Tsuji Johannes Muller Robert R. Reisz year 2010 title Microleter mckinzieorum gen. et sp. nov. from the Lower Permian of Oklahoma the basalmost parareptile from Laurasia journal Journal of Systematic Palaeontology volume 8 issue 2 pages 245 255 doi 10.1080 14772010903461099 url http www.informaworld.com smpp content db all content a922464465 frm titlelink ref References Reflist Portal Paleontology Category Parareptiles Category Permian reptiles Category Fossil taxa described in 1962 paleo reptile stub es Delorhynchus ... more details
The Chedabucto Fault is a Fault geology fault that divides Mainland Nova Scotia from the Minas Basin in the west to Chedabucto Bay in the east into the Avalonia Avalon zone in the north and the Meguma Zone in the south .The Avalon and Meguma terrane Meguma Zones are different because they belonged to different land masses that were widely separated from one another. The Avalon Zone was a part of Laurasia , while the Meguma Zone was a part of Gondwanaland .It marks the southern margin of the Cobequid Mountains .The Cobequid fault Cobequid Chedabucto Fault Zone is the most prominent geological feature of Nova Scotia. References http gsc.nrcan.gc.ca marine scotianmargin go e.php Geology of the Scotian Margin http www.accessmylibrary.com article 1G1 112129944 synopsis geology cobequid highlands.html A synopsis of the geology of the Cobequid Highlands, Nova Scotia http www.gov.ns.ca NATR MEB pdf ic ic47.pdf Cobequid Chedabucto Fault Zone, Nova Scotia http bbs.keyhole.com ubb ubbthreads.php?ubb showflat&Number 696572&site id 1 import KML reference http museum.gov.ns.ca fossils geol precamb.htm Precambrian Period coord 45 26 36.76 N 63 6 30.51 W region CA display title Category Landforms of Nova Scotia NovaScotia geo stub ... more details
Italictitle Taxobox name Phonodus fossil range Early Triassic regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata subphylum Vertebrata classis Sauropsida subclassis Anapsida ordo Procolophonomorpha familia Procolophonidae subfamilia Leptopleuroninae genus Phonodus genus authority Modesto et al. , 2010 in paleontology 2010 subdivision ranks Species subdivision P. dutoitorum small Modesto et al. , 2010 small Phonodus is an extinct genus of procolophonid parareptile . It is known from a single skull found from the Early Triassic Katberg Formation in South Africa . It is the oldest known member of the subfamily Leptopleuroninae , and was likely the result of a procolophonid migration into the Karoo Karoo Basin from Laurasia after the Permo Triassic extinction event . Because Phonodus had large maxilla ry teeth underneath a large antorbital buttress a bony prominence in front of the eye , and a lack of ventral temporal emargination along the side of the skull, it probably had a durophagy durophagous diet. ref name Metal10 cite journal last Modesto first S.P. coauthors Scott, D.M. Botha Brink, J. and Reisz, R.R. year 2010 title A new and unusual procolophonid parareptile from the Lower Triassic Katberg Formation of South Africa journal Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology volume 30 issue 3 pages 715 723 doi 10.1080 02724631003758003 ref References reflist paleo reptile stub Category Parareptiles Category Prehistoric reptiles of Africa Category Triassic reptiles Category Fossil taxa described in 2010 ... more details
refimprove date April 2012 Unreferenced date September 2007 Image L neburger Heide 006.jpg thumb right Juniperus communis subsp. communis on L neburg Heath in Germany Image Rhododendron palustre.JPG thumb right Rhododendron tomentosum The Boreal Kingdom or Holarctic Kingdom Holarctis is a floristic kingdom identified by botanist Ronald Good and later by Armen Takhtajan , which includes the temperate to Arctic portions of North America and Eurasia . Its flora is inherited from the ancient supercontinent of Laurasia . However, much of the floristic kingdom and most of its Circumboreal Region was glaciated during the Pleistocene and has a very young flora. Tertiary relict s found refuge in the southern and mountainous parts of the kingdom, especially in the Eastern Asiatic Region and North American Atlantic Region . Good noted that the plant species of temperate North America and Eurasia were very closely related, despite their separation by the Atlantic Ocean and the Bering Strait . Millions of years ago, before the opening of the Atlantic Ocean, North America and Eurasia were joined as a single continent, Laurasia. After the opening of the Atlantic, the continents were connected to one another periodically via land bridges linking Alaska and Siberia . Until a few million years ago, the global climate was warmer than at present, especially at higher latitudes, and many temperate climate species were distributed across North America and Eurasia via Alaska and Siberia. The sharply cooler climate of the past few million years eliminated a temperate zone connection between North America and Eurasia, but common Laurasian origins and a long history of temperate climate land bridges account for the botanical similarities between the temperate floras on the two continents. A floristic kingdom is the botanical analogue to an ecozone , which takes into account the distribution of animal as well as plant species. Many biogeography biogeographers distinguish the Boreal Kingdom as ... more details
Refimprove date February 2012 Ur was a supercontinent that formed mya 3000 3 billion in the early Archean Eon geology eon the oldest continent on Earth, half a billion years older than Arctica . Ur joined with the continents Nena supercontinent Nena and Atlantica about mya 1000 1 billion to form the supercontinent Rodinia . Ur survived as a single unit until it was sundered when the supercontinent Pangaea broke apart into Laurasia and Gondwana . ref name Endeavors 1997 harvnb Zubritsky 1997 ref Ur may have been preceded by one other supercontinent, Vaalbara , which is suggested to have formed about mya 3600 3100 . ref harvnb Lerner Lerner 2003 ref Formation and breakup ref improve section date January 2011 Rocks that made up Ur are now parts of Africa , Australia continent Australia , and Indian subcontinent India . ref name Endeavors 1997 In the early period of its existence, it was probably the only continent on Earth, and is considered to be a supercontinent , even though it was probably smaller than Australia is now. When it was the only continent on Earth, all other land was in the form of small granite islands and small land masses like Kenorland that were not large enough to be continents. Timeline Unreferenced section date January 2011 3 billion years ago, Ur formed as the only continent on Earth . 2.8 billion years ago, Ur was a part of the major supercontinent Kenorland . 2 billion years ago, Ur was a part of the major supercontinent Columbia supercontinent Columbia . 1 billion years ago, Ur was a part of the major supercontinent Rodinia . 550 million years ago, Ur was a part of the major supercontinent Pannotia . 300 million years ago, Ur was a part of the major supercontinent Pangaea . 208 million years ago, Ur was torn apart into parts of Laurasia and Gondwana . 65 million years ago, the Africa n part of Ur was torn apart as part of India. Present, Ur is part of Australia and Madagascar. Notes reflist References cite web ref harv title Supercontinents e ... more details
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