A lawcollective is a non hierarchical organization which provides legal services to a community or communities in need. ref name Wrenching the Bench Such work ranges from traditional criminal defense ... equal decision making power. ref name The people s lawyers At some law collectives, workers supporting families were paid more. A handful of law collectives organized along those lines still exist for example, the People s Law Office in Chicago, Illinois and the Portland LawCollective in Portland .... Also, since June 2009, the Minnesota LawCollective has been open in St. Paul, Minnesota. This new generation of lawcollective works to assist people in providing their own legal support. They give ... the law in general and lawcollective work in particular. Law collectives have been central in the defense ... http www.portlandlawcollective.com The Portland LawCollective in Oregon http www.midnightspecial.net Oakland, CA s Midnight Special LawCollective http www.flora.org legal index.html Ottawa, Canada s Legal Support Ottawa http www.peopleslawoffice.com People s Law Office in Chicago http www.defenestrator.org upagainstthelaw Philadelphia s Up Against the LawCollective http www.justiceandsolidarity.org Washington, DC s Justice and Solidarity LawCollective http www.mnlawcollective.com Minnesota LawCollective DEFAULTSORT LawCollective Category Anti globalization protests Category Activism ... Rights and other law related workshops. ref name Wrenching the Bench Phaedra Travis, Sarah Coffey and Paul Marini, http www.earthfirstjournal.org article.php?id 123 Wrenching the Bench People s Law Collectives ... shared by law collectives ref There were many law collectives in the 1970s. ref name The people ... 0030010411 ref These collectives ran as worker run, cooperative law firms. ref name The people s lawyers ... a small movement of activist law collectives. These groups are usually non lawyer centered, run along ... for social justice. These law collectives are made up mostly or entirely of non lawyers ... more details
collective rights management Collection administration of copyrights describes the use of copyright collectivecollective societies to manage licenses for copyrighted material belonging to more than one copyright owner. These collective societies are responsible for granting permission to use the works they manage and setting out what conditions users of their works must follow. Examples of collective ... by Canadian television stations and networks. Reasons justifying the practice of collective administration of copyrights often pertain to debates over the economic efficiency of such policies. Collective administration of copyrights in Canada differs from collective administration policies in other common law jurisdictions such as the United States and United Kingdom. Consequently, the justifications for Canadian collective administration will not necessarily be identical to that of other systems. Legal Regime The expression collective society was defined in Canada by the Bill C 32 amendment ... since been reintroduced by Parliament quotation Collective society means a society, association or corporation that carries on the business of collective administration of copyright or of the remuneration ... to that collective administration, and a operates a licensing scheme, applicable in relation to a repertoire ..., c. C 42 ref This definition divides collective societies into four legal regimes music and performing rights, general collective administration, particular cases retransmissions and certain educational ... in a collective, in practice the Society of Composers, Authors and Music Publishers of Canada SOCAN ... of another applicable regulatory scheme. Nonetheless, collective management organizations under ... Collective Canadian Retransmission Right Association Copyright Collective of Canada FWS Join Sports Claimants Major League Baseball Collective of Canada Society of Composers, Authors and Music Publishers ... copyright holders by collecting funds through the Canadian Private Copying Collective and sets out ... more details
Collectivism Collective farming Artist collective Musical collectiveCollective bargaining Collective agreement Collective investment scheme Collective security Collective intelligence Collective consciousness Collective unconscious Discursive dilemma Kibbutz Lawcollective Mutual aid organization ...other uses Refimprove date March 2009 A collective is a group of entities that share or are motivated by at least one common issue or interest, or work together on a specific project s to achieve a common objective. citation needed date October 2011 Collectives differ from cooperative s in that they are not necessarily focused upon an economic benefit or saving but can be that as well . There may be some issues with meaningfully describing the qualities of a collective. Types of groups Collectives are sometimes characterised by attempts to share and exercise political power political and power sociology social power and to make decisions on a consensus driven and egalitarianism egalitarian basis. A Commune intentional community commune or intentional community , which may also be known as a collective ..., or in some other arrangement e.g. sharing land . Collective households may be organized for a specific purpose e.g. relating to business, parenting , or some other shared interest . The term collective is sometimes used to describe a species as a whole for example, the human collective . A street artist collective , sometimes referred to as a graffiti crew or in other instances simply an artist collective is typically a collection of individuals with similar interests in producing and documenting ... with someone else and have no other goals or motivations for forming their collective. A work collective is a type of horizontal collectivism wherein a business functions as a partnership of individual ... collective aims to reduce costs to clients while maintaining healthy rewards for participating partners ... web.archive.org web 20050307063955 http www.redemmas.org collectives.shtml Collective Labor is Direct ... more details
wiktionary collective A collective is a group that makes decisions usually with unanimity. Collective may also refer to Collective number , a kind of grammatical number Collective operation , an operation in parallel computing Collective pitch , a flight control in helicopters Collective digital creative agency , a UK based digital creative agency The Collective, Inc. , an American video game company The Ayn Rand Collective , a group of people associated with Ayn Rand and Objectivism during the 60 s and 70 s The Collective mountain biking , a group of filmmakers, photographers, and mountain bikers Workers collective , a type of economic labor organization characterized by employee ownership and participation in decision making Collective investment scheme a method for a group to invest together Artist collective , a group of artists who coordinate activities for mutual benefit Musical collective , a flexible type of band Collective farm , a large farm leased from the state to groups of peasant farmers The Collective comics , a recently introduced Marvel Comics character Collective Man , another Marvel character CollectiveLaw & Order Criminal Intent CollectiveLaw & Order Criminal Intent , a 2005 episode of Law & Order Criminal Intent Collective Star Trek Voyager Collective Star Trek Voyager , a 2000 episode of Star Trek Voyager Collective BBC , an interactive culture magazine hosted by the BBC s website, bbc.co.uk Collective I ve album , 2005 Collective Stavesacre album Collective Stavesacre album The Collective 2008 film The Collective 2008 film , a 2008 American independent horror film The Collective Shreveport , a music venue located in Shreveport, Louisiana The Collective album The Collective album , a 2011 album by Scale the Summit disambiguation es Colectivo fr Collectif pt Coletivo ... more details
A collective agreement or collective bargaining agreement CBA is an agreement between employers and employees which regulates the terms and conditions of employees in their workplace, their duties and the duties of the employer. It is usually the result of a process of collective bargaining between an employer or a number of employers and a trade union representing workers. Germany See also German labour law Expand section date April 2010 United Kingdom See also UK labour law TULRCA 1992 In the United Kingdom, collective agreements are conclusively deemed to be not legally binding under the Trade Union and Labour Relations Consolidation Act 1992 section 179. This presumption may be rebutted when the agreement is in writing and contains an explicit provision asserting that it should be legally enforceable. This reflects the tradition in British industrial relations policy of legal abstentionism from workplace disputes. United States See also US labor law NLRA Expand section date April 2010 See also Labour law Labour economics NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement , an agreement in the National Basketball Association NHL Collective Bargaining Agreement , an agreement in the National Hockey League Notes reflist 2 DEFAULTSORT Collective Agreement Category Labour law de Tarifvertrag da Overenskomst es convenio colectivo fa ... more details
A collective title is an expression by which two or more pieces of legislation may, under the law of the United Kingdom , be Legal citation cited together. Construction of references to citation with a group of Acts that have a collective title Section 2 2 of the Short Titles Act 1896 reads Blockquote If it is provided that any Act passed after this Act may, as to the whole or any part thereof, be cited with any of the groups of Acts mentioned in the Second Schedule to this Act, or with any group of Acts to which a collective title has been given by any Act passed before this Act, that group shall be construed as including that Act or part, and, if the collective title of the group states the first and last years of the group, the year in which that Act is passed shall be substituted for the last year of the group, and so on as often as a subsequent Act or part is added to the group. This provision is derived from section 1 3 of the Short Titles Act 1892 . Effect of repeal Section 19 2 of the Interpretation Act 1978 does not authorise the continued use of a collective title previously authorised by a repealed enactment. ref The Law Commission England and Wales Law Commission and the Scottish Law Commission . Statute Law Revision Fifteenth Report, Draft Statute Law Repeals Bill. Law Com 233. Scot Law Com 150. Cm 2784. HMSO. March 1995. Paragraph 4.4 at page 77. ref See also Short title References Halsbury s Laws of England . Fourth Edition. Reissue. Butterworths. London. 1995. Volume 44 1 . Paragraph 1254 at page 742. Bennion, Francis. Statutory Interpretation. Second Edition. 1992. s 262. Reflist Category Statutory law ... more details
unreferenced date June 2009 A collective trauma is a traumatic psychological effect shared by a group of people of any size, up to and including an entire society. Traumatic events witnessed by an entire society can stir up collective sentiment, often resulting in a shift in that society s culture and mass actions. Well known collective traumas include The John F. Kennedy assassination in the United States , the Estonia disaster in Sweden, the September 11, 2001 attacks in the United States and various others. Collective traumas have been shown to play a key role in group identity formation see Gestalt psychology Law of Common Fate . During World War II , a US submarine, the USS Puffer SS 268 , came under several hours of depth charge attack by a Japanese surface vessel until the ship became convinced the submarine had somehow escaped. Psychological studies later showed that crewmen transferred to the submarine after the event were never accepted as part of the team . Later, US naval policy was changed so that after events of such psychological trauma, the crew would be dispersed to new assignments. Examples of contemporary collective traumas include 9 11 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake Hurricane Katrina Rape during the occupation of Germany References reflist DEFAULTSORT Collective Trauma Category Social psychology ... more details
2009070276 News lawyers collective overturns anti gay law title Lawyers Collective overturns anti gay law author Kian Ganz date 02 July 2009 work legallyindia.com publisher accessdate 9 April 2011 ref Women s rights In 2006 the Lawyers Collective received a grant from the United Nations Development Fund for Women to develop a project titled Staying Alive Empowerment through Law. The purpose of this project ...File Lawyers collective logo.png right Lawyers Collective is an Non governmental organization NGO in India which promotes human rights, especially issues relating to women s rights , HIV , tobacco , and parliamentary corruption in India . Founding Lawyers collective was founded in 1981. ref cite web url http www.lawyerscollective.org index.php title About author date work publisher Lawyers Collective accessdate 9 April 2011 ref Among its founders were Indira Jaising and Anand Grover . Citation needed date April 2011 HIV issues The Lawyers Collective has written a bill intended for debate in parliament regarding HIV AIDS discrimination. The purpose of the proposed law is to prohibit discrimination against persons living with HIV. The proposal describes prohibition of discrimination in employment, healthcare, and education, and further prohibits hate and discriminatory propaganda. Anand Grover is the head of the Lawyers Collective HIV AIDS unit. ref cite web url http www.hindu.com 2006 02 05 stories 2006020504940300.htm title Lawyers Collective prepares a bill on HIV AIDS author staff correspondent date 5 February 2006 work The Hindu publisher The Hindu Group accessdate 9 April 2011 ref Decriminalization of homosexuality The Lawyers Collective works closely with the Naz Foundation India Trust Naz Foundation ref cite web url http www.nazindia.org advocacy.htm title Advocacy author date work publisher Naz Foundation accessdate 9 April 2011 ref and acted as their legal team in their lawsuit ... 202007.pdf Draft law of 2007 HIV AIDS Bill Use dmy dates date April 2011 Category Think tanks ... more details
distinguish Collective guilt For the British Parliamentary discipline Cabinet collective responsibility for other types of responsibility Responsibility disambiguation Unreferenced date September 2009 Collective responsibility is a concept or doctrine, according to which individuals are to be held responsible for other people s actions by tolerating, ignoring, or harboring them, without actively collaborating in these actions. In religion see also Corporate personality This concept is found in the Old Testament or Tanakh , some examples include the account of the Noah s Ark Flood , the Tower of Babel , Sodom and Gomorrah and in some interpretations, the Book of Joshua s Achan . In those records .... The practice of blaming the Jews for Jesus death is the longest example of collective responsibility ... Religions. Collective punishment main collective punishment Collective responsibility in the form of collective .... Collective punishment is also practiced in situation of war, economic sanctions , etc., presupposing the existence of collective guilt . Collective guilt, or guilt by association, is the controversial ..., even if they themselves didn t do this. Contemporary systems of criminal law accept the principle ... of governments and citizens, the term collective responsibility is beginning to be more widely used. Collective responsibility is widely applied in corporations, where the entire workforce is held .... Collective punishment , even including measures that actually further harm the prospect of achieving ... ignored as it is not measurable on balance sheets. In culture The concept of collective responsibility ... Bad Boys 1983 film Bad Boys depict collective responsibility and punishment. See also Collective punishment ... laysource laysummary laydate quote ref separator postscript External links sep entry collective responsibility Collective Responsibility DEFAULTSORT Collective Responsibility Category Political theories Category Collective punishment Category Religious belief and doctrine kk ... more details
from law or customers to constrain actions. Online advertising companies are using collective ...Expert subject Sociology date April 2010 Image CI types1s.jpg thumb 350px Types of collective intelligence Collective intelligence is a shared or group intelligence that emerges from the collaboration ... form of collective intelligence. More narrowly, it can be understood as an emergent property between .... The Millennium Project, Washington, DC 2008 ref This notion of collective intelligence is referred ... Collective Science site ref The concept is used in sociology , Prediction market business , computer ... the idea of collective intelligence include Douglas Hofstadter 1979 , Peter Russell author Peter Russell ... evolving collective intelligence &mdash an informational cortex of the planet. The notion has more ... Bloom has discussed mass behavior collective behavior from the level of quarks to the level of bacterial ... to produce a theory of how collective intelligence works. ref Howard Bloom, The Lucifer Principle A Scientific Expedition Into the Forces of History , 1995 ref Later he showed how the collective ... Henry Holland John Holland . ref name bloom2000 Bloom traced the evolution of collective intelligence ... of a group mind as articulated by Thomas Hobbes in Leviathan and Fechner s arguments for a collective consciousness of mankind. He cites Durkheim as the most notable advocate of a collective consciousness ... IQ . Atlee feels that collective intelligence can be encouraged to overcome groupthink and individual cognitive bias in order to allow a collective to cooperate on one process while achieving enhanced intellectual performance. George P r defined the collective intelligence phenomenon as the capacity ..., http www.community intelligence.com blogs public Blog of Collective Intelligence ref Atlee and P r state that collective intelligence also involves achieving a single focus of attention and standard ... Community Metaphor . Atlee and P r suggest that the field of collective intelligence should primarily ... more details
yes sociology Collective consciousness was a term coined in psychology by the French sociology sociologist ... recommend collective conscience as a superior translation of Durkheim s concept, in part due to the busy ... The Division of Labour in Society The Free Press, New York, 1993. pp. ix ref Collective consciousness ... role in uniting members through the creation of a common consciousness conscience collective in the original ... the collective or creative consciousness. Emile Durkheim ref name AllanAllan2005 108 cite book author1 ... individual causes of suicide. This relates to the concept of collective consciousness as if there is a lack ..., 1897. ref Other uses of the term Various forms of what might be termed collective consciousness ... Social Psychology 2004, p. 110 ref Society is made up of various collective groups, such as the family ... Construction of Consciousness. Part 1 Collective Consciousness and its Socio Cultural Foundations .... ref Burns, T.R. Engdahl, E. 1998 The Social Construction of Consciousness. Part 1 Collective ... behaviours vary according to the different collective consciousness between nations. This illustrates that differences in collective consciousness can have practical significance. Edmans, Garcia, and Norlia ... mind might survive death in a fragmentary state and merge itself into a collective consciousness ... Rao 2002, p. 54 ref See also Columns list 3 Abilene paradox Collective effervescence Collective intelligence Collective unconsciousness Communal reinforcement Crowd psychology Group behaviour Higher ... Forms of Religious Life 1912 Works by others Gad Barzilai , Communities and Law Politics and Cultures ... doi accessdate 2007 02 03 cite article last Lloyd first Annemaree title Guarding Against Collective ... 2007 url http www.thefreelibrary.com Guarding against collective amnesia 3F Making significance problematic ... a0170113891 format Web and Print doi accessdate 2008 04 25 DEFAULTSORT Collective Consciousness Category Social psychology Category Sociological terms Category Collective intelligence ... more details
?id epil entries law 9780199231690 e270&recno 2& Collective Security , Max Planck Encyclopedia ...Collective security can be understood as a security arrangement, regional or global, in which each state in the system accepts that the security of one is the concern of all, and agrees to join in a collective response to threats to, and breaches of, the peace. Collective security is more ambitious than systems of alliance security or collective defence in that it seeks to encompass the totality of states within a region or indeed globally, and to address a wide range of possible threats. While collective ... Collective security, as suggested by many, is one of the most promising approaches for peace and a valuable ... for collective security in 1629, which was partially reflected in the 1648 Peace of Westphalia . In the eighteenth century many proposals were made for collective security arrangements, especially in Europe ... collective security as a means to establish world peace in his writings during the 19th century ... 5 p. 248 ref blockquote International co operation to promote collective security originated in the Concert ... of international law with the first Geneva Conventions establishing laws about humanitarian ... wars, and penalties that made war unattractive to nations. sfn Bell 2007 p 8 Collective security in the League of Nations After World War I, the first large scale attempt to provide collective security ... of Nations Covenant represented a weak system for decision making and for collective action. An example of the failure of the League of Nations collective security is the Manchurian Crisis , when ... monarch Emperor Haile Selassie I continued to support collective security though, having assessed ... active and articulate exponent of collective security during the immediate pre war years was the Soviet ... of Czechoslovakia in March 1939 it was shown that the Western Powers were not prepared to engage in collective ... United Nations Charter , although containing stronger provisions for decision making and collective ... more details
, depending on the country, to reach an industry wide agreement. A collective agreement functions as a Labor and employment law labor contract between an employer and one or more trade union union s. Collective ... law 2011 Wisconsin protests , related to attempts to reduce or eliminate collective bargaining ... School, Cornell University http digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu cb Collective Bargaining, Labor Law ...labor Collective bargaining is a process of negotiations between employers and a group of employees aimed ... presented by representatives of a trade union to which the employees belong. The collective agreements ... as a collective bargaining agreement CBA or as a collective employment agreement CEA . History The term collective bargaining was first used in 1891 by economic theorist Sidney Webb . ref ... of Events in Modern American Labor Relations accessdate 2010 08 18 quote 1891 The term collective ... and Conciliation Service United States ref However, collective negotiations and agreements had existed ... width 30 align tihhy quote ...where free unions and collective bargaining are forbidden, freedom is lost ... of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining as an essential ... Court of Canada extensively reviewed the rationale for regarding collective bargaining as a human ..., namely their work... Collective bargaining is not simply an instrument for pursuing external ends rather it is intrinsically valuable as an experience in self government... Collective bargaining permits workers to achieve a form of workplace democracy and to ensure the rule of law in the workplace ... theory Different economic theories provide a number of models intended to explain some aspects of collective ... Empirical findings Union members and other workers covered by collective agreement s get, on average ... url http www.politiquessociales.net IMG pdf worldunions.pdf title Unions and Collective Bargaining ... aidt2002 1 Styles Continuous Continuous bargaining is a method of collective bargaining which retains ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Collective redress is a legal term used within the European Union to define the legal instrument of group proceedings as there is absolutely no regulation at the moment. At the present the European Commission is working on a study to introduce European class action, ref Study Leuven, Final Report dd. 17.1.2007, loc cit fn 1 ref similar to the US class action . The project is currently at the stage of obtaining expert report and opinion. A survey carried out by the European Commission Commission showed that more than 70 of EU citizens would exercise their rights with other claimant claimants in the event of joint proceedings. ref Special Eurobarometer, European Union citizens and access to justice in October 2004 ref The possibility of group action would enable inexpensive legal action and would also act as deterrent. ref BEUC, loc cit fn 1 , p 2 ff. ref The European Commission Commission has declared that it will not be copying the US system, will avoid abusive and excessive practices and will take account of the 27 legal systems of EU member states member states that have developed over time. The instrument of class action will not confer any new rights or create new claims but will only provide new ways of asserting these. Some European states already have proceedings which are similar to class action, others have introduced compromises, such as legal action taken by associations, although most EU member states do not have any such instruments. External links http www.europeinvestcontrol.eu en c1 Home.htm EuropeInvestControl http ec.europa.eu consumers redress cons collective redress en.htm Collective Redress on Europa References references interesting article in International Banking and Financial Law,October 2008 class action in Europe www.mattil.de publications Category Legal terms ... more details
Collective punishment Category Punishments Category Criminal law Category Human rights abuses de ...Distinguish Collective responsibility POV date February 2008 Collective punishment is the punishment ... over their actions. In times of war and armed conflict , collective punishment has resulted in wiktionary ..., Military occupation occupying powers have used collective punishment to retaliate against ... be answerable for any theft or robbery . 18th century The Intolerable Acts were seen as a collective punishment of Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party . 19th century The principle of collective ... the village of Lidice , Czechoslovakia now the Czech Republic killing 340 inhabitants as collective ... as collective punishment. The goal was to punish the Germans , ref name Iw9AAAAIAAJ page 2 http ... ref the Allies declared them Denazification Collective guilt campaign collectively guilty of German ..., ISBN 073911607 ref In the US and UK the ideas of German collective guilt and collective punishment ... Not until late in the war did the US public assign collective responsibility to the German people. ref name Francis R. Nicosia p.130,131 The most notable policy document containing elements of collective guilt and collective punishment is JCS 1067 from early 1945. ref name Francis R. Nicosia p.130,131 Collective punishment has also been implicated in the American food policy in occupied Germany ... Times, the British planned collective punishment for aiding Reds, rewards and more troops in Malaya in 1951. ref British to step up Malaya campaign 1951 plans include collective punishment for aiding Reds, rewards and more troops New York Times, Dec. 17, 1950, p 12 ref The British used collective ... over Kenya fails New York Times, Dec 17, 1952, p16 ref In 1956, Britain officially used collective ... 33 of the Fourth Geneva Convention specifically forbids collective punishment. Joseph Stalin s mass ... of officially orchestrated collective punishment. The partial removal of potentially trouble making ... more details
Soviet Union sidebar Collective leadership lang ru , kollektivnoye rukovodstvo ... level, the heart of the collective leadership was officially the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Communist Party . Collective leadership is characterised by limiting the powers ... the powers of collective bodies, such as the Politburo. Vladimir Lenin was, according to Soviet literature , the perfect example of a leader ruling in favour of the collective. Stalin s rule ... democracy and collective leadership this made his leadership highly controversial in the Soviet Union ... s successor, supported the ideal of collective leadership but only ruled in a collective fashion when it suited him. In 1964, Khrushchev was ousted due to his disregard of collective leadership .... Collective leadership was strengthened during the Brezhnev years and the later reigns of Yuri Andropov ... Lenin , the List of leaders of the Soviet Union first Soviet leader , thought that only collective ..., instead of creating a new collective leadership, he created an Autocracy autocratic leadership ..., who were vying for control over the Soviet leadership , promoted the values of collective leadership ...&dq isbn 0738601276 ref formed a collective leadership immediately after Stalin s death, but it collapsed ... Khrushchev proclaimed that collective leadership was the supreme principle of our Party . He further ... the collective leadership lost under Stalin. sfn Baylis 1989 pp 96 97 Khrushchev s rule as First ... continued to call his rule as a rule of the collective even after becoming Premier of the Soviet Union ... and the establishment of the All People s State. sfn Law 1975 p 161 The All People s State would strengthen collective decision making within such government institutions as, for instance, the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union Supreme Soviet . sfn Law 1975 p 181 This concept meant that everyone ... in the Soviet Union every election . sfn Law 1975 p 161 Some state administrative functions ... more details
Multiple issues orphan January 2011 notability May 2009 unreferenced May 2009 The Firehouse Collective is a large scale artist collective in Berkeley, CA . It was founded during the summer of 2006 by graduates of ceramics at California College of the Arts , Tom Franco and Joe Kowalczyk . Early in the development of the collective they met Sara Kagan , and the three became the founding members. Together with the help of various artists they established the artist collective. The collective operates two working artist studios East West Studios in south Berkeley, California and an art classroom and a gallery Firehouse North in the gourmet ghetto of north Berkeley. The Collective is home to over twenty emerging artists, working in various media. It was voted best open studio by Diablo Magazine in its July, 2008 edition. Managers Tom Franco Chris Hawkins Members Empty section date January 2011 Non Studio Members Empty section date January 2011 External links http www.firehousecollective.com Firehouse Collective Firehouse Collective website Category Artist collectives ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2006 Fiction date October 2009 Puffball Collective First Appearance Incredible ... called the Puffball Collective. The Puffball Collective was composed of a multitude of pale yellow thistle like puffballs. The Puffball Collective tried help the Hulk, who had lost all of Bruce Banner s intellect and persona and now had the mentality of a feral animal. The Puffball Collective ... to death. The Puffball Collective would sometime psychically probe Hulk s mind just to get a response out of him. Issue date July 2011 Though the Puffball Collective could not leave the Crossroads, it and the Hulk ... Collective became part of the crew of the space vessel Andromeda, helmed by Xeron the Starslayer and Captain Cybor. With the help of a powerful force field the Puffball Collective was finally .... Issue date July 2011 After Hulk and the Puffball Collective returned to the Crossroads, the Puffball Collective asked the Hulk to help it return to it homeworld. A world it described as a paradise ..., the gateway to its world was barricaded by chains which the Puffball Collective lacked the strength to break but the Hulk could. Issue date July 2011 Finding the Puffball Collective s world was now a desolate wasteland the Hulk finally learned the truth. The Puffball Collective was once part of a greater worldwide Collective. The small faction of the greater Collective which was the Puffball Collective secretly studied arcane magic. Using this magic it summoned a horde of demon s. The N Garai demons quickly started killing the Collective and destroying the planet. When the worldwide Collective discovered that the Puffball Collective was responsible for summoning the N Garai demons, the worldwide Collective exiled the Puffball Collective to the Crossroads. Issue date July 2011 Betrayed to the N Garai by the Puffball Collective, the Hulk escaped with the help of three parts of his ... Collective s world, leaving the Puffball Collective to be destroyed by the very demons he summoned ... more details
about private bodies government bodies copyright agency unreferenced date November 2011 A copyright collective also known as a copyright collecting agency , licensing agency or copyright collecting society is a body created by copyright law or private agreement which engages in collective rights management . Collecting societies have the authority to license copyrighted works and collect royalties as part of compulsory licensing or individual licences negotiated on behalf of its members. Collecting societies collect royalty payments from users of copyrighted works and distribute royalties to copyright owners. Authors of literary or artistic works as well as holders of related rights enjoy exclusive rights to authorise or prohibit the use of their works. In cases where the rights cannot be enforced vis vis individual members of the public or where individual management would not be appropriate, given the number and type of uses involved, right holders are granted a remuneration right instead. These rights are typically managed by collecting societies. The underlying idea of collective rights management, whereby copyright and related rights are managed collectively, is widely shared and collecting societies have a key role in all developed countries. Because of historical, legal, economic and cultural diversity among countries, regulation of collecting societies and the markets where they act vary from one country to another. In Europe collecting societies require their members to transfer them exclusive administration rights of all of their works. United States and Canada have less restricting rules as members maintain their rights simultaneously with collecting societies. Societies tasks Collecting societies are effectively an organization handling the outsourced function ... In Journal on European History of Law, London STS Science Centre, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 14 ... Collective Licensing Category Copyright collection societies Copyright collection societies category ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 The Envelope Collective is an ongoing collaborative art project that uses mail as a medium. The Envelope Collective was founded by http heyitsgarrett.com 20 Garrett Miller and Adam Morse on November 3, 2005. Anyone can send anything to the Envelope Collective people from all over the world have sent in everything from boxes of Kraft Mac and Cheese to handmade paper envelope s. On April 11, 2006 The Envelope Collective reached 300 submissions. The Envelope Collective is not accepting submissions any longer. Garrett and Adam have graduated from Oberlin College and moved to Washington, D.C. and Los Angeles, California. The Envelope Collective is one of the largest online collectives of Mail art with over 1000 submissions from hundreds of artists. External links http www.envelopecollective.com The Envelope Collective official web site is closed. http www.flickr.com people heyitsgarrett Garrett Miller s photos Garrett Miller s photos Category Ephemera Category Performance artist collectives art org stub ... more details
A collective operation is a concept in parallel computing in which data is simultaneously sent to or received from many nodes. Common examples of collective operations are gather in which data is collected from all nodes , scatter in which a set of data is broken up into pieces, and a different piece is sent to all nodes , and broadcast in which the same data is sent to all nodes . Parallel computing frameworks with collective operations Collective operations are present in the following parallel programming frameworks Google s MapReduce framework Message Passing Interface MPI ref http www.mcs.anl.gov research projects mpi mpi standard mpi report 2.0 node144.htm Intercommunicator Collective Operations . The Message Passing Interface MPI standard, chapter 7.3.1. Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory . ref References references Compu network stub Category Programming constructs ... more details
es collective farms after 1992. The law granted indefinite usufruct to the workers of the UBPC in line ...refimprove date June 2008 Collective farming and communal farming are types of agricultural production in which the holdings of several farmers are run as a joint enterprise. ref Definition of collective ... of collective is essentially an agricultural cooperative agricultural production cooperative in which member owners engage jointly in farming activities. Typical examples of collective farms are the kolkhoz ... on large farm management in Encyclop dia Britannica 2004 CD . ref Both are collective farms based ... century led to the impression that collective farms operate under the supervision of the state, ref Definition of collective farm in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language , Third ... example of the Israeli kibbutz. Communist collectivization The Soviet Union introduced collective ... adopted collective farming after World War II , with the accession of communist regimes to power. In Asia People s Republic of China , North Korea , Vietnam the adoption of collective farming was also driven by communist government policies. In all communist countries, the transition to collective farming involved an element of compulsion, and the collective farms in these countries, lacking the principle ... production through the organization of land and labor into large scale collective farms kolkhoz y ... of production brought on by collective farming policies and mass seizure of property the proceeds ... of this period more than 95 of agricultural land in Hungary had become the property of collective .... ref Nigel Swain, Collective Farms Which Work? , Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1985. ref This quick success should not be confused with enthusiastic adoption of collective idealism on the part ... was low since they provided tiny salaries and no pensions, and they failed to create a sense of collective ... from approximately 25 of the population to approximately 1 . SFR Yugoslavia Collective farming was introduced ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Collective routing is routing in which a switching center automatically delivers message s to a specified list of destinations. Collective routing avoids the need to list each single Network address address in the message heading . Major relay stations usually transmit messages bearing collective routing indicators to tributary, minor, and other major relay stations. References FS1037C Category Routing telecomm stub ... more details
Multiple issues COI June 2007 refimprove June 2008 orphan February 2009 The Burst Collective is an American company primarily engaged in the Music industry music business . Based in Milwaukee Milwaukee, WI , the company s core businesses evolved from placement of music in popular U.S. television shows, films, and commercials. Daniel Holter serves as president and creative director. History Foundation Founded in 1996 as Sprocket Media, LLC, the company released material under the auspices of a Doing business as DBA until 2004 when the name change became official http www.gmtoday.com content LSW 2004 October 76.asp . Expansion The first few years in business the company provided music for a variety of clients, such as GE , Johnson Controls , Ilio, OneMusic, Network Music, Videohelper, WhoDidThatMusic?, Megatrax, and others. Their first available product was the Gravity Music Library, released in 1997 in cooperation with Groove Addicts, a commercial music company based in Los Angeles, CA . Production on Gravity continues to this day. In 2001, the Velocity Music Library debuted as a member of the FirstCom Music http www.firstcom.com family of music libraries. As of 2007, the company no longer provides updates to the Velocity. http blog.burstlabs.com 2007 brakes put on velocity music library The summer of 2002 saw the company launch an independent record label, http www.burstrecords.com Burst Records . September 2005 brought the release of I Wanna Be , the first single on Emma Roberts Emma Roberts Columbia Records debut Unfabulous and More Emma Roberts , written by Burst composers ... www.burstlabs.com BurstLabs.com . As of June 2007, The Burst Collective consists of 3 in house producer ... Live, The Tonight Show , Saturday Night Live , Law & Order Advertising Nike, Inc. Nike , Gatorade , Mazda ... links http www.burstcollective.com The Burst Collective homepage http www.youtube.com watch ... episode.jhtml?episodeId 112025 DEFAULTSORT Burst Collective, The Category Music publishing companies ... more details
Collective wisdom , also called group wisdom and co intelligence is shared knowledge arrived at by individuals and groups. Collective intelligence , which is sometimes used synonymously with collective wisdom, is more of a shared decision process than collective wisdom. Unlike collective wisdom, collective intelligence it is not uniquely human, and has been associated with animal and plant life. Collective intelligence is basically consensus driven decision making, whereas collective wisdom is not necessarily focused on the decision process. Collective wisdom is a more amorphous phenomenon which can be characterized by collective learning over time. History Collective wisdom, which may be said to have a more distinctly human quality than collective intelligence, is contained in such early works ... truth, the point of collective wisdom is to make life easier more enjoyable through understanding human behavior, whereas the point of collective intelligence is to make life easier more enjoyable through the application of acquired knowledge. While collective intelligence may be said to have more mathematical and scientific bases, collective wisdom also accounts for the spiritual realm of human behaviors and consciousness. Thomas Jefferson referred to the concept of collective wisdom ... Thomas Hobbes uses his Leviathan to illustrate how mankind s collective consciousness grows to create collective wisdom. mile Durkheim argues in The Elementary Forms of Religious Life 1912 that society ..., thereby achieving collective wisdom. 19th century Prussian physicist Gustav Fechner argued for a collective consciousness of mankind, and cited Durkheim as the most credible scholar in the field of collective consciousness. Fechner also referred to the work of Jesuit Priest Pierre Teilhard de Chardin , whose concept of the noosphere was a precursor to the term collective intelligence. H.G. ... directs evolutionary change through collective information processing. Alexander Flor related ... more details
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