Unreferenced date October 2008 A Layer2MPLSVPN is a term in computer networking . It is a method that Internet service providers use to segregate their network for their customers, to allow them to transmit data over an IP network . This is often sold as a service to businesses. Layer2 VPNs are a type of Virtual Private Network VPN that uses Multiprotocol Label Switching MPLS labels to transport data. The communication occurs between Router computing routers that are known as Provider Edge routers PEs , as they sit on the edge of the provider s network, next to the customer s network. Internet providers who have an existing Layer2 network such as Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM or Frame Relay may choose to use these VPNs instead of the other common MPLSVPN, Network LayerLayer 3 . There is no one IETF standard for Layer2MPLS VPNs. Instead, two methodologies may be used. Both methods use MPLS Headers to Encapsulation networking encapsulate data. However, they differ in the way they transport data. Types of Layer2MPLS VPNs BGP based The BGP based type is based on a draft specification by Kireeti Kompella , from Juniper Networks . It uses the Border Gateway Protocol BGP as the mechanism for PE routers to communicate with each other about their customer connections. Each router connects to a central cloud, using BGP. This means that when new customers are added usually to new routers , the existing routers will communicate with each other, via BGP, and automatically add the new customers to the service. LDP based The second type is based on a draft specification by Luca Martini from Cisco Systems . This method is also known as a Layer2 circuit . It uses the Label Distribution Protocol LDP to communicate between PE routers. In this case, every router will connect to every other router in the VPN, which differs from the BGP based methodology. The LDP based L2 VPN also ... based ZXCTN6000 9000 series, ZXR10 series Compu network stub Category MPLS networking ... more details
Multiple issues wikify February 2012 refimprove August 2008 pov check February 2009 MPLSVPN is a family of methods for harnessing the power of multiprotocol label switching MPLS to create virtual private network s VPNs . MPLS VPNs give network engineers the flexibility to transport and route several types of network traffic using the technologies of a MPLS backbone. There are three types of MPLS VPNs deployed in networks today ref name test http www.westmonroepartners.com media Files White 20Papers Smart 20Grid 20Network 20MPLS 20Design 20Approach West 20Monroe 20Partners.ashx MPLS Design Approach ref Point to point Pseudowire Layer2 VPLS Layer 3 VPRN Point to point pseudowire Point to point MPLS VPNs employ VLLs virtual leased lines for providing Layer2 point to point connectivity between two sites. Ethernet, TDM, and ATM frames can be encapsulated within these VLLs. Some examples of how point to point VPNs might be used by utilities include encapsulating TDM T1 circuits attached to RTUs or forwarding non routed DNP3 traffic across the backbone network to the SCADA master controller. Layer2VPN VPLS Layer2 L2 , or VPLS virtual private LAN service , offers a switch in the cloud style VPLS service. VPLS provides the ability to span VLANs between sites. L2 VPNs are typically used to route voice, video, and AMI traffic between substation and data center locations. Layer 3 VPN VPRN Layer 3 L3, or VPRN virtual private routed network , utilizes layer 3 VRF VPN virtual routing and forwarding to segment routing tables for each customer utilizing the service. The customer peers with the service provider router and the two exchange routes, which are placed into a routing table specific to the customer. Multiprotocol BGP MP BGP is required in the cloud to utilize the service, which ... networks due to their complexity however, a L3 VPN could be used to route traffic between corporate ... 4364, BGP MPLS IP virtual private networks Category MPLS networking ... more details
. T MPLS is a low cost Layer2 technology that provides Quality of service QoS , end to end OA&M and protection switching. The following ITU T Recommendations exist for T MPLS . These Recommendations will be superseded i.e., replaced by new revisions that apply to MPLS TP and reference the joint work ...T MPLS or Transport MPLS is a transport network layer technology that uses extensions to a subset of the existing Multiprotocol Label Switching MPLS standards and is designed specifically for application in transport networks. Work to define T MPLS was started by the ITU T in February 2006. It was intended ... last first authorlink coauthors title Architecture of Transport MPLS T MPLSlayer network work publisher ... en format HTML doi accessdate ref Architecture of Transport MPLS T MPLSLayer Network G.8112 ref cite web last first authorlink coauthors title Interfaces for the Transport MPLS T MPLS hierarchy ... G.8114 draft Operation & Maintenance mechanisms for T MPLSlayer networks G.8132 draft Shared Protection ... by removing MPLS features that are not relevant to co ps applications and adding mechanisms that provide support of critical transport functionality. ITU T ceased work on T MPLS in December 2008, in favour of MPLS TP standardization. ref http www.itu.int ITU T newslog Clarifications On MPLS For Transport Network.aspx Clarifications on MPLS for transport network ITU T newslog, 10 March 2009 accessed 28 06 2009 ref T MPLS uses the same architectural principles of layered networking that are used ... for use in networks that use those other technologies. In this way T MPLS was intended ... G.8112 en format HTML doi accessdate ref Interfaces for the Transport MPLS T MPLS Hierarchy G.8121 ref cite web last first authorlink coauthors title Characteristics of Transport MPLS T MPLS equipment ... www.itu.int rec T REC G.8121 en format HTML doi accessdate ref Characteristics of Transport MPLS equipment ... switching for Transport MPLS T MPLS networks work publisher International Telecommunication Union ... more details
MPLS or Mpls can refer to Minneapolis, Minnesota , United States Multiprotocol Label Switching , a data carrying mechanism in computer networking From MoS DAB prefer ONE LINK per entry, short descriptions, avoid piping and external links disambig ... more details
L2F , or Layer2 Forwarding , is a tunneling protocol developed by Cisco Systems, Inc. to establish virtual private network connections over the Internet. L2F does not provide encryption or confidentiality by itself It relies on the protocol being tunneled to provide privacy . L2F was specifically designed to tunnel Point to Point Protocol PPP traffic. ref http tools.ietf.org html rfc2341 RFC2341 on IETF.org ref Use Virtual dial up allows many separate and autonomous protocol domains to share common access infrastructure including modems, Access Servers, and ISDN routers. Request for Comments RFCs prior to 2341 have specified protocols for supporting IP dial up via Serial Line Internet Protocol SLIP and multiprotocol dial up via Point to Point Protocol PPP . L2F packet structure class wikitable style text align center colspan 13 Bits 0 12 colspan 3 13 15 colspan 8 16 23 colspan 8 24 31 colspan 1 F colspan 1 K colspan 1 P colspan 1 S colspan 1 0 colspan 1 0 colspan 1 0 colspan 1 0 colspan 1 0 colspan 1 0 colspan 1 0 colspan 1 0 colspan 1 C colspan 3 Ver colspan 8 Protocol colspan 8 Sequence opt colspan 16 Multiplex ID colspan 16 Client ID colspan 16 Length colspan 16 Payload offset opt colspan 32 Packet key optional colspan 32 br Payload br colspan 16 style border top style hidden colspan 16 L2F Checksum opt Other VPN Protocols IPsec L2TP Layer2 Tunneling Protocol OpenVPN PPTP Point to Point Tunneling Protocol References reflist External links http www.cisco.com warp public 732 L2F L2F on Cisco.com http www.cisco.com en US tech tk801 tk703 tsd technology support protocol home.html VPDN on Cisco.com http www.cisco.com en US tech tk827 tk369 tk388 tsd technology support sub protocol home.html L2TP on Cisco.com http tools.ietf.org html rfc2341 RFC2341 on IETF.org http www.rfc archive.org getrfc.php?rfc 2341 RFC2341 on RFC Archive VPN Category Cisco protocols de Layer2 Forwarding es L2F fr Transfert de couche 2 ja L2F pl L2F ru Layer2 Forwarding Protocol ... more details
In computer network ing, Layer2 Tunneling Protocol L2TP is a tunneling protocol used to support virtual ... tunneling protocols for Point to Point Protocol PPP Cisco Systems, Inc. Cisco s Layer2 Forwarding ... http www.kitz.co.uk adsl equip2.htm example of reseller ISPs using L2TP . See also IPsec Layer2 Forwarding ... RFC 3573 Signaling of Modem On Hold status in Layer2 Tunneling Protocol L2TP RFC 3817 Layer2 Tunneling ... in Layer2 Tunneling Protocol L2TP RFC 4951 Fail Over Extensions for Layer2 Tunneling Protocol L2TP ... networks de Layer2 Tunneling Protocol es L2TP eu L2TP fa fr Layer2 Tunneling Protocol id Layer2 tunneling protocol it L2TP lv L2TP nl L2TP ja Layer2 Tunneling Protocol pl Layer2 Tunneling Protocol ru L2TP fi L2TP tr Layer2 Tunneling Protocol uk L2TP zh ... to provide privacy. ref IETF 1999 , RFC 2661, Layer Two Tunneling Protocol L2TP ref IPstack ... Tunnel ID Session ID Ns opt Nr opt Offset Size opt Offset Pad opt ...... colspan 2 Payload data Field ... message, beginning at zero and incrementing by one modulo 2 sup 16 sup for each message sent. Present ... is set to the Ns of the last in order message received plus one modulo 2 sup 16 sup . In data messages ... up an L2TP IPsec VPN is as follows Negotiation of IPsec security association SA , typically ... Microsoft L2TP IPsec VPN Client for Windows 98 Windows Me Windows NT 4.0 Apple built in client included with Mac OS X 10.3 and higher. Internet standards and extensions RFC 2341 Cisco Layer Two ... to L2TP RFC 2661 Layer Two Tunneling Protocol L2TP RFC 2809 Implementation of L2TP Compulsory Tunneling via RADIUS RFC 2888 Secure Remote Access with L2TP RFC 3070 Layer Two Tunneling Protocol ... RFC 3301 Layer Two Tunnelling Protocol L2TP ATM access network RFC 3308 Layer Two Tunneling Protocol L2TP Differentiated Services RFC 3355 Layer Two Tunnelling Protocol L2TP Over ATM Adaptation Layer 5 AAL5 RFC 3371 Layer Two Tunneling Protocol L2TP Management Information Base RFC 3437 Layer Two ... more details
Cleanup date October 2009 Refimprove date October 2009 ATM Adaptation Layer2 AAL2 is an ATM adaptation layer for Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM , used primarily in telecommunications for example, it is used for the Iu interfaces in the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System , and is also used for transporting digital voice. The standard specifications related to AAL2 are ITU standards I.363.2 and I366.1. What is AAL2? AAL2 is a variable bitrate , connection oriented , low latency service originally intended to adapt voice for transmission over ATM. Like other ATM adaptation layer s, AAL2 defines segmentation and reassembly of higher layer packets into ATM cells, in this case packets of data containing voice and control information. AAL2 is further separated into two sub layers that help with the mapping from upper layer services to ATM cells. These are named Service Specific Convergence Sub layer SSCS and Common Part Sub layer CPS . The AAL2 protocol improves on other ATM Adaptation Layer s, by packing lots of small packets efficiently into one standard sized ATM cell of 53 bytes. A one byte packet thus no longer has an overhead ratio of 52 unused bytes out of 53 i.e. 98 . Potentially ... October 2009 AAL2 is one example of a useful benefit of ATM, as a general standard for Data link layerLayer2 protocols. ATM AAL2 s efficient handling of small packets contrasts with Ethernet s minimum payload of 48 bytes vs the 1 byte minimum size for an AAL2 CPS packet. AAL2 is the standard layer2 protocol used in all Iu interfaces, i.e. the interfaces between UMTS base stations and UMTS Radio ... stripping this layer away makes it easier to interwork between the ATM interface and the rest of the network ... of AAL type 2 Cell AAL2 and the CPS Packet A CPS packet has a 3 byte header and a payload of between ... 2 1 math ATM AAL2 CPS Packet Diagram The following is a diagram of the CPS packet Image CPS packet.jpg Format of AAL type 2 CPS Packet References See Wikipedia Footnotes on how to create references using ... more details
context date March 2011 MPLS TP or MPLS Transport Profile is a profile of Multiprotocol Label Switching MPLS whose definition has been commenced by the IETF . It will be designed for use as a network layer ... network experts of the ITU T , specifically SG15, as T MPLS . Since 2008 the work is progressed in a cooperation between ITU T and IETF . The required protocol extensions to MPLS being designed ... packet switched CO PS application. It will offer a dedicated MPLS implementation by removing features ... transport functionality. MPLS TP is to be based on the same architectural principles of layered networking ... have already developed management processes and work procedures based on these principles. MPLS TP will provide ... scale work procedures similar to other packet transport technologies. MPLS TP is expected to be a low ... flash 035 may08.html 003 format HTML doi accessdate ref on the design of MPLS TP . Based on this agreement ... the existing T MPLS standards ref http www.itu.int oth T0906000001 en ref based on the MPLS TP related RFC s listed below. RFC or drafts The following IETF RFC s or drafts exist for MPLS TP class wikitable RFC Title Draft RFC 5317 Joint Working Team JWT Report on MPLS Architectural Considerations for a Transport Profile draft bryant mpls tp jwt report RFC 5586 MPLS Generic Associated Channel draft ietf mpls tp gach gal RFC 5654 MPLS TP Requirements draft ietf mpls tp requirements RFC 5718 An In Band Data Communication Network For the MPLS Transport Profile draft ietf mpls tp gach dcn RFC 5860 Requirements for Operations, Administration, and Maintenance OAM in MPLS Transport Networks draft ietf mpls tp oam requirements RFC 5921 A Framework for MPLS in Transport Networks draft ietf mpls tp framework RFC 5950 Network Management Framework for MPLS based Transport Networks draft ietf mpls tp nm framework RFC 5951 Network Management Requirements for MPLS based Transport Networks draft ietf mpls tp nm req RFC 5960 MPLS Transport Profile Data Plane Architecture draft ietf mpls tp ... more details
primary sources date September 2011 Infobox Software name UT VPN logo screenshot caption Universitu of Tsukuba ... 2010 6 28 ref http utvpn.tsukuba.ac.jp ja download UT VPN Download ref frequently updated operating system All UNIX Operating systems and Windows UT VPN Server , Windows and Linux UT VPN Client platform Cross platform language Japanese genre virtual private network VPN license GNU General Public License GNU General Public License, version 2 website http utvpn.tsukuba.ac.jp University of Tsukuba Virtual Private Network , UT VPN is a free and open source software application that implements virtual private network VPN techniques for creating secure point to point or site to site connections in routed or bridged configurations and remote access facilities. It uses Transport Layer Security ... under the GNU General Public License GPL by University of Tsukuba . UT VPN has compatible as PacketiX VPN product ref PacketiX VPN 2.0 Build 5280 or later ref of SoftEther Corporation. UT VPN developed based on PacketiX VPN, but some functions was deleted. For example, the RADIUS client is supported by PacketiX VPN Server, but it is not supported by UT VPN Server. Architecture Encryption UT VPN uses the OpenSSL library to provide encryption to packets. Authentication UT VPN offers username password based authentication. Networking UT VPN is software to consist of UT VPN Server and UT VPN Client. UT VPN functions as L2 VPN over SSL TLS . UT VPN Client Virtual NIC virtual network interface card is installed in OS how UT VPN Client was installed in. Virtual NIC is recognized as physical NIC by OS. UT VPN does encapsulation to TCP or SSL TLS packets from L2 frames by Virtual NIC. UT VPN Client connects with UT VPN Server. If authorization with UT VPN Server succeeded, UT VPN Client establishes connection with Virtual HUB. UT VPN Server UT VPN Server have some Virtual HUB , and they function as virtual L2 switch. Virtual HUB does handle frames which received from UT VPN Client ... more details
VPN may refer to VPN, IATA code for Vopnafj r ur Airport , Iceland Vietnam People s Navy Virtual private network Public Against Violence Slovak Verejnos proti n siliu Disambiguation ca VPN cs VPN de VPN et VPN es VPN desambiguaci n fr VPN is VPN it VPN sk VPN sv VPN ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2006 Orphan date October 2008 A mediated VPN is a virtual private network ing topology whereby participants connect to a central switchboard server managed typically by a third party in order to create a virtual private network between them, as distinct from a typical VPN arrangement whereby clients of an organisation connect to a VPN concentrator managed by the same organization. Typically a switchboard server referred to as a mediator will manage several VPNs, identifying each individually by authentication credentials such as username, network name and passwords . The mediator s role is to assign IP address es to each participant in a VPN, and to encrypt data through the switchboard server in order to keep it secure from other participants in other VPNs. DEFAULTSORT Mediated Vpn Category Network architecture Telecomm stub ... more details
12 15 . Retrieved on 2008 09 23. ref Hamachi is a related zero configuration VPN, which uses a different ... securityarchitecture.asp LogMeIn Hamachi Security Architecture . ref The leafnetworks VPN also supports ... Website VPN DEFAULTSORT Social Vpn Category Free network related software ... more details
unreferenced date May 2010 A VoIP VPN combines voice over IP and virtual private network technologies to offer a method for delivering secure voice . Because VoIP transmits digitized voice as a stream of data, the VoIP VPN solution accomplishes voice encryption quite simply, applying standard data encryption mechanisms inherently available in the collection of protocols used to implement a Virtual private network VPN . The VoIP gateway router first converts the analog voice signal to digital form, encapsulates the digitized voice within Internet Protocol IP packets, then encrypts the digitized voice using IPsec , and finally routes the encrypted voice packets securely through a VPN tunnel. At the remote site, another VoIP router decodes the voice and converts the digital voice to an analog signal for delivery to the phone. A VoIP VPN can also run within an IP in IP tunnel or using SSL based OpenVPN . There is no encryption in former case, but traffic overhead is significantly lower in comparison with IPsec tunnel. The advantage of OpenVPN tunneling is that it can run on a dynamic IP and may provide up to 512 bits SSL encryption. Advantages Security is not the only reason to pass Voice over IP through a virtual private network , however. Session Initiation Protocol , a commonly used ... random port numbers to establish connections. A VPN is also a workaround to avoid a firewall issue ... for VoIP calls, thus making the VoIP over VPN protocols too fat to be used over a mobile data connections like GPRS, EDGE or UMTS. Although VoIP over VPN is not as usable in mobile environments ... VoIP PBX interconnections over a VPN connection. New solutions The recent publication of new VoIP ... SRTP , allow the VoIP client to run without the VPN overhead, integrating with standard features of VoIP PBX without having to manage both the VPN gateway and the PBX. That s right, no VPN overhead. Free implementation VoIP VPN solution may be accomplished with free open source software by using ... more details
An S layer surface layer is a part of the cell envelope commonly found in bacteria , as well as among archaea . ref http www.sciencedirect.com science? ob ArticleURL& udi B6T9N 44M1F9J 4& user 10& origUdi B7CTD 4SH7GMN 7& fmt high& coverDate 01 2F31 2F2002& rdoc 1& orig article& acct C000050221& version ... Micron Volume 33, Issue 3, January 2002, Pages 257 277 doi 10.1016 S0968 4328 01 00031 2 ref It consists of a monomolecular layer composed of identical proteins or glycoproteins . This two dimensional structure is built via self assembly and encloses the whole cell surface. Thus, the S layer ... name ref2 cite journal author Pum D, Messner P, Sleytr U title Role of the S layer in morphogenesis ... S layer proteins are poorly conserved or not conserved at all, and can differ markedly even between ... identical pores with 2 8 nm in diameter. ref name ref4 cite journal doi 10.1016 S0168 6445 97 00044 2 author Sleytr U, Bayley H, S ra M, Breitwieser A, K pc S, Mader C, Weigert S, Unger F ... Microbiol. Rev. volume 20 issue 1 2 pages 151 75 year 1997 pmid 9276930 ref S layers exhibit either ..., the S layer is composed of one P1 , two P2 , three P3 , four P4 , or six P6 identical protein ... contain surface layer homology SLH domains, the binding occurs to the peptidoglycan and to a secondary ... electrostatic interactions between the positively charged N terminus of the S layer protein and a negatively charged secondary cell wall polymer. In Gram negative archaea , S layer proteins possess a hydrophobic ... , the S layer proteins bind to pseudomurein or to methanochondroitin. Biological functions of the S layer For many bacteria, the S layer represents the outermost interaction zone with their respective environment. Its functions are very diverse and vary from species to species. In Archaea the S layer ... and the cytoplasmic membranes References reflist DEFAULTSORT S Layer Category Cell anatomy Category Membrane biology cs S vrstva de S Layer es Capa S fr Couche S it S Layer ja S tr ... more details
Layer may refer to wiktionary layer layers A layer of archaeological deposits in an Excavation archaeology Excavation A layer hen , a hen raised to produce eggs Stratum , a layer of rock or soil with internally consistent characteristics Thermocline , a layer within a body of water where the temperature changes rapidly with depth Layering , a technique for plant propagation Layered hair , a popular hair styling technique Layering clothing , the wearing of multiple layers of clothing for practical or fashion purposes Layering may also refer to the money laundering crimes, that usually occur in 3 stages placement when the dirty money is separated from the former criminal activity , layering the act of giving an appearance of legal to the values and integration when the money is formally incorporated to the economic system tocright Places Layer de la Haye is a village in Essex, England Fiction Mega Man X8 Maverick Hunters Layer , a female Maverick Hunter in the Mega Man X series Science Layer electronics , a single thickness of some material covering a surface F region Appleton Layer , or F Layer telecommunications Computing and technology Abstraction layer , a way of hiding the implementation details of a particular set of functionality OSI model layers Internet protocol suite layers 2D computer graphics Layers , layers in 2D computer graphics Layers digital image editing , used in digital image editing to separate different elements of an image map layer a set of graphical information, especially in geographic information system s layer object oriented design , a group of classes that have the same set of link time module dependencies to other modules DVD layer, such as in DVD Dual layer recording Layer HTML tag a deprecated < iframe> like tag, unique to Netscape 4 browsers A layer of objects in CAD standards CAD disambiguation de Layer es Capa desambiguaci n eo Tavolo fr Couche ko he ja ru sk Vrstva uk ... more details
Cleanup date January 2008 Refimprove date November 2008 Layer by Layer LbL deposition is a thin film fabrication technique. The films are formed by depositing alternating layers of oppositely charged materials with wash steps in between. A simple representation can be made by defining two oppositely charged polyions as and , and defining the wash step as W. To make an LbL film with 5 bilayers one would deposit W W W W W W W W W W W, which would lead to a film with 5 bilayers, specifically . The bilayers and wash steps can be performed in many different ways including dip coating , spin coating , spray coating and flow based techniques. Characterisation of LbL film deposition is typically done by optical techniques such as dual polarisation interferometry or ellipsometry or mechanical techniques such as QCM or QCMD. LbL offers several advantages over other thin film deposition methods. LbL is extremely simple and cheap. There are a wide variety of materials that can be deposited by LbL including polyions, metals, ceramics, nanoparticles, and biological molecules. Another important quality of LbL is the high degree of control over thickness, which arises due to the linear growth of the films with the number of bilayers. By the fact that each bilayer can be as thin as 1 nm, this method offers easy control over the thickness with 1 nm resolution. LbL has found applications in corrosion control, biomedical applications, and many more. Citation needed date January 2009 See also Atomic layer deposition External links http www.azonano.com news.asp?newsID 2524 Literatur Autor G. Decher Titel Fuzzy Nanoassemblies Toward Layered Polymeric Multicomposites Sammelwerk Science Band 277 Nummer 29 Jahr 1997 Seiten 1232 1237 DOI 10.1126 science.277.5330.1232 Category Thin films de Layer by layer ... more details
class infobox style width 25em font size 95 colspan 2 bgcolor 0E48AF align center colspan 2 style font size larger font color white VPN Routers font align center colspan 2 Image VPN Routers.JPG 300px center VPN Routers colspan 2 bgcolor 0E48AF font color white VPN Router 5000 font style vertical align top Rack Space 3 Rack Unit Height 5.25 in. 13.3 cm Width 17.25 in. 43.8 cm Depth 23.0 in. 58.4 cm Weight 43 lb 19.5 kg Rack mountable Yes, 19 inch standard rack Avaya VPN Router or VPN Router is a device in computer networking made by Nortel now Avaya formally called the Contivity VPN Router. The Virtual private network VPN Router is capable of providing security and connectivity at several levels. The systems can be deployed to provide dedicated encrypted VPN gateways, stateful firewall protection, or perform as IP access routers connection. VPN Router Scaling VPN Router 200 5 concurrent tunnels for remote office connections VPN Router 600 50 concurrent tunnels VPN Router 1000 30 concurrent Tunnels VPN Router 1750 500 concurrent tunnels VPN Router 2700 2000 concurrent tunnels VPN Router 5000 5000 concurrent tunnels See also Avaya Nortel References reflist External links Avaya Category Avaya Category Nortel products V Category Computer network security Category Nortel Compu network stub ... more details
MPLS Fast Reroute also called MPLS local restoration or MPLS local protection is a local restoration network resilience network resiliency mechanism. It is actually a feature of Resource reservation protocol RSVP Teletraffic engineering Traffic Engineering RSVP TE . In MPLS local protection each Label Switched Path LSP passing through a facility ref The term facility is usually referred to a link or node. ref is protected by a backup path which originates at the node immediately upstream to that facility. ref name aslam cite paper author Aslam et al. title NPP A Facility Based Computation Framework for Restoration Routing Using Aggregate Link Usage Information url http cat.inist.fr ?aModele afficheN&cpsidt 16546516 version QoS IP 2005 quality of service in multiservice IP network date 2005 02 02 accessdate 2006 10 27 ref ref name raza cite paper author Raza et al. title Online routing of bandwidth guaranteed paths with local restoration using optimized aggregate usage information url http ieeexplore.ieee.org iel5 9996 32109 01494347.pdf version IEEE ICC 2005 accessdate 2006 10 27 ref ref name LiLi cite journal author Li Li et al. title Routing bandwidth guaranteed paths with local restoration in label switched networks url http ieeexplore.ieee.org iel5 49 30289 01391048.pdf?tp &arnumber 1391048&isnumber 30289 version IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications accessdate 2006 10 27 ref ref name rfc4090 cite paper author Pan et al. title Fast Reroute Extensions to RSVP TE ... IP layer, restoration may take several seconds which is unacceptable for real time applications such as VoIP . In contrast, MPLS local protection meets the requirements of real time applications ... to local protection 1 one to one local protection detour 2 many to one local protection facility backup ... down. Local protection fault models Image Localprotection.JPG thumb 400px An illustration of MPLS ... MPLS networking ... more details
IP VPN Lite is a product from Nortel now acquired by Avaya that provides the ability to run Internet Protocol IP Virtual private network s using Border Gateway Protocol Multiprotocol BGP MP BGP extensions based on RFC 4364 across a normal IP backbone infrastructure. Unlike Multiprotocol Label Switching MPLS based VPNs, IP VPN Lite is purely based on an end to end IP transport. While still leveraging the RFC 4364 framework at the control plane level, IP VPN Lite delivers the same IP VPN capabilities over a IP routed backbone using simple IP in IP encapsulation. IP VPN Lite differs from RFC 4364 MP IBGP control plane by using a service IP address instead of a MPLS service label. The service IP address identifies a VRF Disambiguation needed date June 2011 on a per node basis and is used to carry the VPN traffic across the backbone as part of the outer IP header of the IP in IP encapsulation. ref cite web url http www.avaya.com usa resource assets factsheet ers8800 dn4504.pdf title Avaya Ethernet Routing Switch 8800 ref page 5,6 publisher Avaya accessdate 1 April 2011 ref ref cite web url http www.commprod.com avaya products data ethernet routing switches virtual services platform 9000 title Avaya Virtual Services Platform 9000 publisher Communications Products, Inc. accessdate 1 April 2011 ref For end to end transport, the service IP addresses are used to identify the source and destination VRFs which form the VPN. Overall, IP VPN Lite provides support for the following Filtering support UNI side MP BGP extensions BGP route refresh BGP Route reflector route reflection Peering to multiple route reflectors Route reflection server NNI side Full mesh and hub and spoke designs Extended ..., IP, VRF, and VPN VRF UNI routing protocols Routing Information Protocol RIP , Open Shortest Path First OSPF , EBGP See also VPN References reflist External links Commons category Avaya http support.avaya.com ... dates date June 2011 DEFAULTSORT Ip Vpn Lite Category Virtual private networks Category Avaya ... more details
Infobox software name Cisco Systems VPN Client logo screenshot Image vpngui.png 290px caption Cisco VPN Client on Windows 7 . developer Cisco Systems released frequently updated programming language latest release version Windows 5.0.07.0440 ref name r5 http www.cisco.com web software 282364316 47352 5.0.07.0440 rel notes.txt VPN Client release notes ref release date 2011 3 15 Mac OS X 4.9.01.0180 ...&os Mac 20OS Cisco VPN Client v4.x Mac OS ref release date 2009 02 05 latest release date For the sake ... products sw secursw ps2308 title VPN Client Homepage ref language English genre Virtual private network VPN software license Proprietary software Proprietary size x86 7.63 MB x64 4.78 MB website http ... VPN Client enables computers to connect to a virtual private network . The client makes remote ... file s , which contain all the necessary information to easily connect to a network. Cisco VPN .... Compatibility VPN Client 4.9.01.0230 Beta added support for Mac OS X 10.6. ref http www.cisco.com web software 282364316 35919 4.9.1.0230 beta rel notes.txt Release Notes for VPN Client, Release ... US docs security vpn client cisco vpn client vpn client49 release notes 49client.pdf Release Notes for VPN Client, Release 4.9.00.0050 for Mac OS X, Revised May 21, 2010, OL 11179 04 ref VPN Client 5.0.07.0290 ... en US docs security vpn client cisco vpn client vpn client5007 release notes vpnclient5007.html wp84047 Release Notes for Cisco VPN Client, Release 5.0.07.0290 ref Security The client uses profile files .pcf that store VPN passwords either Cryptographic hash function hashed with type 7 , or stored as cleartext ... public 707 cisco sn 20040415 grppass.shtml title Cisco Security Notice Cisco IPsec VPN Implementation ... Systems VPN Client Group Password Decoder ref To work around these issues, network administrators are advised ... to other important network passwords . ref name cSec References Reflist VPN Category Computer network security Category Tunneling protocols fr Cisco VPN Client ... more details
The Knudsen layer , also known as evaporation layer, is the thin layer between liquid and vapour. It is named after Denmark Danish physicist Martin Knudsen 1871 1949 . Definition On molecular level, the state of matter can be hard to define. From kinetic theory , it can be derived that if liquid is in contact with vapour, there is a small layer where the phase is between liquid and vapour. This region, several mean free path lengths thick, is called the Knudsen layer. ref Cite doi 10.1023 A 1023876025363 ref Knudsen layer thickness The knudsen layer thickness can be approximated by math l c math , given by ref Cite doi 10.1063 1.1516211 ref math l c frac k T s pi d 2 p s math , where math k math is Boltzmann s constant , math T s math is the temperature, math d math is the molecular diameter and math p s math is the pressure. Applications One of the applications of Knudsen layer is in the coma of comets. It has been used specially in the coma chemistry model ComChem model ref Cite doi 10.1126 science.237.4815.628 ref . References reflist Category Fluid dynamics fluiddynamics stub ar ... more details
, A. Lazar, and S. Cravatte, Control of salinity on the mixed layer depth in the world ocean 2 ...The oceanic or limnological mixed layer is a layer in which active turbulence has homogenized some range of depths. The surface mixed layer is a layer where this turbulence is generated by winds, cooling ... mixed layer is a zone having nearly constant potential temperature and specific humidity with height. The depth of the atmospheric mixed layer is known as the mixing height . Turbulence typically plays a role in the formation of fluid mixed layers. Ocean mixed layer Importance of the mixed layer The mixed layer plays an important role in the physical climate. Because the specific heat ... atmosphere above it. Thus the heat required to change a mixed layer of 25 m by 1 C would be sufficient to raise the temperature of the atmosphere by 10 C. The depth of the mixed layer is thus ..., the heat stored within the oceanic mixed layer provides a source for heat that drives global variability such as El nino El Nino . The mixed layer is also important as its depth determines the average ... of plankton. Oceanic mixed layer formation There are three primary sources of energy for driving turbulent mixing within the open ocean mixed layer. The first is breaking of surface waves, which injects ... Taylor instability . Early models of the mixed layer such as those of Mellor and Durbin included the final ... in establishing the mixed layer. The mixed layer is characterized by being nearly uniform in properties such as temperature and salinity throughout the layer. Velocities, however, may exhibit significant shears within the mixed layer. The bottom of the mixed layer is characterized by a gradient , where ... to use as the mixed layer depth at any given time, based on making measurements of physical properties ... of the mixed layer sometimes there may be an abrupt salinity change called a halocline that occurs ... in chlorophyll concentration are often co located with the base of the seasonal mixed layer ... more details
layer with Hartree s velocity profiles journal Jour. Aero. Sci. volume 20 issue 2 pages 146 147 ...for the anatomy anatomical structure Boundary layer of uterus Image Boundarylayer.png 320px thumb right Boundary layer visualization, showing transition from laminar to turbulent condition In physics and fluid mechanics , a boundary layer is the layer of fluid in the immediate vicinity of a bounding ... layer is the air layer near the ground affected by diurnal heat, moisture or momentum transfer to or from the surface. On an aircraft wing the boundary layer is the part of the flow close to the wing ... under which they are created. The thin shear layer which develops on an oscillating body is an example of a Stokes boundary layer , while the Blasius boundary layer refers to the well known Similitude ... inertia , an Ekman layer forms. In the theory of heat transfer, a thermal boundary layer occurs. A surface can have multiple types of boundary layer simultaneously. Aerodynamics File Laminar boundary layer scheme.svg thumb 320px Laminar boundary layer velocity profile The Aerodynamics aerodynamic boundary layer was first defined by Ludwig Prandtl in a paper presented on August 12, 1904 at the third ... flow by dividing the flow field into two areas one inside the boundary layer, dominated by viscosity ... the boundary layer, where viscosity can be neglected without significant effects on the solution. This allows ... within the boundary layer, again allowing the equations to be simplified in the flow field outside the boundary layer. The pressure distribution throughout the boundary layer in the direction normal to the surface such as an airfoil remains constant throughout the boundary layer, and is the same as on the surface itself. The thickness of the velocity boundary layer is normally defined as the distance ... that the boundary layer represents a deficit in mass flow compared to inviscid flow with slip at the wall .... The flow velocity will then increase rapidly within the boundary layer, governed by the boundary ... more details
showed the presence of a thin layer of debris that was 2 to 5 micrometre s thick. ref Br nnstr m M ... between the groups after 2 days but removal of the smear layer caused significantly ...verylong date April 2010 expert date April 2010 The smear layer is a layer of microcrystalline and organic ... first described the smear layer. They observed an amorphous layer of debris, with an irregular and granular ... layer was composed of dentin , Pulp tooth pulp and bacteria l remnants. The authors stated that most ... procedures. J Endod 1975 7 238 242. ref In 1984 Pashely described the smear layer as being ... content is composed of two distinct superposed layers. The first layer covers the canal wall and is loosely adherent and easy to remove. The second layer however occludes the dentinal tubule s and strongly adheres to the canal walls. ref Pashely DH. Smear layer Physiological considerations. Operative ... characteristics of the smear layer in teeth that were endodontically instrumented with k type files and irrigated with 5.25 NaOCl. The smear layer was examined from two aspects the first downonto the smear layer and the second from the side or profile view. Photomicrograph s obtained by SEM showed that the smear layer consists of two confluent components. A thin superficial layer 1 2 micrometres thick overlying a densely packed layer that penetrated into the dentinal tubules for distances ... from the canal wall. There is still controversy over whether the smear layer should be removed ... JC, Peters DD. Scanning electron microscopic investigation of the smeared layer on root canal walls ... pressure mechanically hindered bacterial growth and that the debris and smear layer produced ... that acid produced by microorganism s may dissolve the smear layer allowing bacteria to pass into dentinal ... removing successive layers of the smear layer they came to a different conclusion. Twenty dentin ... smear layer in successive layers according to etching time finally exposing the dentinal tubules ... more details
refimprove date October 2009 OSIModel The physical layer or layer 1 is the first and lowest layer in the seven layer OSI model of computer network ing. ref name Data and Computer Network Communications ... network 2B guide to networks&src bmrr v onepage&q&f false ref The implementation of this layer is often termed PHY . The physical layer consists of the basic networking hardware transmission technologies ... 2B guide to networks&src bmrr v onepage&q&f false ref It is a fundamental layer underlying the logical ... hardware technologies with widely varying characteristics, this is perhaps the most complex layer in the OSI architecture. The physical layer defines the means of transmitting raw bits rather than ... that is transmitted over a hardware transmission medium . The physical layer provides an electrical ..., the physical layer translates logical communications requests from the data link layer into hardware ... OSI architecture, the physical signaling sublayer is the portion of the physical layer ... interfaces with the data link layer s medium access control sublayer medium access control MAC sublayer ... of services The major functions and services performed by the physical layer are Bit by bit or symbol ... connections Carrier sense and CSMA CD collision detection utilized by some level 2 multiple access ... for example bitwise convolutional coding Bit interleaving and other channel coding The physical layer ... of protocols Telephone network modems V.92 Infrared Data Association IRDA physical layer USB physical layer Electronic Industries Alliance EIA RS 232 , EIA 422 , RS 423 EIA 423 , RS 449 , RS 485 Ethernet physical layer Including 10BASE T , 10BASE2 , 10BASE5 , 100BASE TX , 100BASE FX , 100BASE T , 1000BASE ... physical layer Bluetooth physical layer International Telecommunication Union ITU Recommendations see ITU T IEEE 1394 interface TransferJet physical layer Etherloop ARINC 818 Avionics Digital Video Bus G.hn G.9960 physical layer CAN bus controller area network physical layer Hardware equipment ... more details
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