Layer may refer to wiktionary layer layers A layer of archaeological deposits in an Excavation archaeology Excavation A layer hen , a hen raised to produce eggs Stratum , a layer of rock or soil with internally consistent characteristics Thermocline , a layer within a body of water where the temperature changes rapidly with depth Layering , a technique for plant propagation Layered hair , a popular hair styling technique Layering clothing , the wearing of multiple layers of clothing for practical or fashion purposes Layering may also refer to the money laundering crimes, that usually occur in 3 stages placement when the dirty money is separated from the former criminal activity , layering the act of giving an appearance of legal to the values and integration when the money is formally incorporated to the economic system tocright Places Layer de la Haye is a village in Essex, England Fiction Mega Man X8 Maverick Hunters Layer , a female Maverick Hunter in the Mega Man X series Science Layer electronics , a single thickness of some material covering a surface F region Appleton Layer , or F Layer telecommunications Computing and technology Abstraction layer , a way of hiding the implementation details of a particular set of functionality OSI model layers Internet protocol suite layers 2D computer graphics Layers , layers in 2D computer graphics Layers digital image editing , used in digital image editing to separate different elements of an image map layer a set of graphical information, especially in geographic information system s layer object oriented design , a group of classes that have the same set of link time module dependencies to other modules DVD layer, such as in DVD Dual layer recording Layer HTML tag a deprecated < iframe> like tag, unique to Netscape 4 browsers A layer of objects in CAD standards CAD disambiguation de Layer es Capa desambiguaci n eo Tavolo fr Couche ko he ja ru sk Vrstva uk ... more details
An S layer surface layer is a part of the cell envelope commonly found in bacteria , as well as among archaea . ref http www.sciencedirect.com science? ob ArticleURL& udi B6T9N 44M1F9J 4& user 10& origUdi B7CTD 4SH7GMN 7& fmt high& coverDate 01 2F31 2F2002& rdoc 1& orig article& acct C000050221& version 1& urlVersion 0& userid 10&md5 cddfffd5c87e8cc6c0c119e71873cd77 S layers on cell walls of cyanobacteria Micron Volume 33, Issue 3, January 2002, Pages 257 277 doi 10.1016 S0968 4328 01 00031 2 ref It consists of a monomolecular layer composed of identical proteins or glycoproteins . This two dimensional structure is built via self assembly and encloses the whole cell surface. Thus, the S layer protein can represent up to 10 15 of the whole protein content of a cell ref name ref1 cite journal author Messner P, Sleytr U title Crystalline bacterial cell surface layers journal Adv. Microb. Physiol ... name ref2 cite journal author Pum D, Messner P, Sleytr U title Role of the S layer in morphogenesis ... S layer proteins are poorly conserved or not conserved at all, and can differ markedly even between ..., the S layer is composed of one P1 , two P2 , three P3 , four P4 , or six P6 identical protein ... contain surface layer homology SLH domains, the binding occurs to the peptidoglycan and to a secondary ... electrostatic interactions between the positively charged N terminus of the S layer protein and a negatively charged secondary cell wall polymer. In Gram negative archaea , S layer proteins possess a hydrophobic ... , the S layer proteins bind to pseudomurein or to methanochondroitin. Biological functions of the S layer For many bacteria, the S layer represents the outermost interaction zone with their respective environment. Its functions are very diverse and vary from species to species. In Archaea the S layer ... and the cytoplasmic membranes References reflist DEFAULTSORT S Layer Category Cell anatomy Category Membrane biology cs S vrstva de S Layer es Capa S fr Couche S it S Layer ja S tr ... more details
Cleanup date January 2008 Refimprove date November 2008 Layer by Layer LbL deposition is a thin film fabrication technique. The films are formed by depositing alternating layers of oppositely charged materials with wash steps in between. A simple representation can be made by defining two oppositely charged polyions as and , and defining the wash step as W. To make an LbL film with 5 bilayers one would deposit W W W W W W W W W W W, which would lead to a film with 5 bilayers, specifically . The bilayers and wash steps can be performed in many different ways including dip coating , spin coating , spray coating and flow based techniques. Characterisation of LbL film deposition is typically done by optical techniques such as dual polarisation interferometry or ellipsometry or mechanical techniques such as QCM or QCMD. LbL offers several advantages over other thin film deposition methods. LbL is extremely simple and cheap. There are a wide variety of materials that can be deposited by LbL including polyions, metals, ceramics, nanoparticles, and biological molecules. Another important quality of LbL is the high degree of control over thickness, which arises due to the linear growth of the films with the number of bilayers. By the fact that each bilayer can be as thin as 1 nm, this method offers easy control over the thickness with 1 nm resolution. LbL has found applications in corrosion control, biomedical applications, and many more. Citation needed date January 2009 See also Atomic layer deposition External links http www.azonano.com news.asp?newsID 2524 Literatur Autor G. Decher Titel Fuzzy Nanoassemblies Toward Layered Polymeric Multicomposites Sammelwerk Science Band 277 Nummer 29 Jahr 1997 Seiten 1232 1237 DOI 10.1126 science.277.5330.1232 Category Thin films de Layer by layer ... more details
Double layer may refer to Double layer plasma , a structure in a plasma and consists of two parallel layers with opposite electrical charge Double layer interfacial , a structure that appears on the surface of an object when it is placed into a liquid Double layer biospecific , the surface where two different phases of matter are in contact DVD R DL or Double layer, a DVD format disambig ... more details
The term granular layer may refer to the granular layer of Tomes, seen in dentin of the teeth. When dry section of the root dentin of teeth are visualized under transmitted light, a granular layer is seen adjacent to cementum.It is believed to be caused by coalescing & looping of terminal portion of dentinal tubules. The Granular layer cerebellum of the cortex of the human cerebellum The Granular layer cerebral cortex of the cerebral cortex The Granular layer of skin disambig ... more details
Inversion layer may refer to one of the following Inversion meteorology , a layer within which an atmospheric property is inverted, i.e., its change is deviated from the normal pattern Inversion layer semiconductors , a layer in a semiconductor material where the type of the majority carriers changes to its opposite under certain conditions disambig ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Infobox Anatomy Name Sattler& 39 s layer Latin lamina vasculosa GraySubject GrayPage Image Caption Image2 Caption2 System Precursor MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre l 05 DorlandsSuf 12481039 Sattler s layer is layer of medium diameter blood vessel s of the choroid , a layer of the eye . Eye anatomy DEFAULTSORT Sattler s Layer Category Eye anatomy Circulatory stub Eye stub ... more details
Layer Breton is a village and a civil parish in the Colchester borough Colchester borough , in the county of Essex , England . Layer Breton has a church dedicated to St Mary the Virgin, rebuilt in brick in 1923 on a new site nearly a mile to the north of the old one. ref http www.achurchnearyou.com layer breton st mary the virgin ref The village was among those which suffered damage from the 1884 Colchester earthquake . References Reflist External links http www.british history.ac.uk report.aspx?compid 51098 http www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk england essex layer breton coord 51.830 0.821 type city region GB display title Category Villages in Essex Category Colchester Category Civil parishes in Essex Essex geo stub nl Layer Breton pl Layer Breton sv Layer Breton ... more details
File St Mary the Virgin Church, Layer Marney geograph.org.uk 1142974.jpg thumb 220px St Mary the Virgin Church Layer Marney is a village and civil parish near to Tiptree , in the Colchester borough Colchester borough , in the county of Essex , England. Layer Marney has a Tudor palace called Layer Marney Tower ref http www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk en 419935 layer marney tower layer marney ref and a church called Church of St Mary the Virgin. ref http www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk en 419934 church of st mary the virgin layer marne ref In 2001 the population of the civil parish of Layer Marney was 206. ref http www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk dissemination LeadTableView.do?a 3&b 794541&c Layer Marney&d 16&e 15&g 444964&i 1001x1003x1004&m 0&r 1&s 1308749697712&enc 1&dsFamilyId 779 ref References Reflist External links Commonscat http www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk england essex layer marney coord 51 49 N 0 48 E display title region GB type city source GNS enwiki Category Villages in Essex Essex geo stub nl Layer Marney pl Layer Marney sv Layer Marney ... more details
Layer 8 is humorous Internet jargon used to refer to a nonexistent user or political layer on top of the OSI model of computer networking. ref Citation last Gregg first Michael title OSI Securing the Stack, Layer 8 Social engineering and security policy journal TechTarget date 2007 05 01 year 2007 url ... it cmptplans layer8 NCSU Layer 8 Initiative ref The OSI model is a 7 layer abstract model that describes ... other, allowing for abstraction of specific functions in each one. The top 7th layer is the Application Layer describing methods and protocols of software applications. It is then held that the user is the 8th layer. According to Bruce Schneier and RSA Layer 8 The individual person. Layer 9 The organisation. Layer 10 Government or legal compliance http blogs.rsa.com curry engineering security solutions at layer 8 and above Since the OSI layer numbers are commonly used to discuss networking topics, a troubleshooter may describe an issue caused by a user to be a layer 8 issue, similar to the PEBKAC ... 180 News article on the eighth layer ref Political economic theory ref Citation last Mosco first Vincent ..., Inc year 1996 isbn 0803985606 . ref holds that the 8th layer is important to understanding the OSI ... all shape the technologies comprising layers 1 7 of the OSI Model. An 8th layer has also been referenced ... shows Layer 8 as the financial layer, and Layer 9 as the political layer. ref https www.isc.org store logoware clothing isc 9 layer osi model cotton t shirt ISC 9 layer t shirt ref Similar pseudo layers in the TCP IP model In the TCP IP model , the 4 layer model of the Internet , the 5th layer is analogously sometimes described as the political layer and the 6th as the religious layer . This appears ... Fools Day RFC published in 1998. Other uses Linux Gazette carries a regular column called Layer 8 Linux Security ref http www.linuxgazette.net 164 kachold.html Layer 8 Linux Security ref . See also Real ... it Layer 8 ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 A slime layer in bacteria is an easily removed, diffuse, unorganized layer of extracellular material that surrounds bacteria cells. Specifically, this consists mostly of exopolysaccharide s, glycoprotein s, and glycolipid s. The slime layer is not to be confused with the S layer , a separate and highly organised glycoprotein layer surrounding many bacterial cells. The function of the slime layer is to protect the bacteria cells from environmental dangers such as antibiotic s and desiccation . The slime layer also allows bacteria to adhere to smooth surfaces such as prosthetic medical devices and catheter s. It may permit bacterial colonies to survive chemical sterilization microbiology sterilization with chlorine , iodine , and other chemicals, leaving autoclaving or flushing with boiling water as the only certain methods of decontamination . A bacterial capsule microbiology capsule is similar, but is a well ordered structure that is resistant to washing off. Bacteria DEFAULTSORT Slime Layer Category Bacteriology Category Microbiology cs Slizov vrstva ... more details
date April 2009 In intelligent network s IN and cellular networks, service layer is a conceptual layer within a network service provider architecture. It aims at providing middleware that serves third party value added service s and applications at a higher application layer . The service layer ... open and secure Application Programming Interface s APIs by application layer servers owned by third party content provider s. The service layer also provides an interface to core networks at a lower resource layer. ref http books.google.com books?id j2 6yEHS0jwC&pg PA16&dq 22service layer 22 telecommunications&lr .... ref The lower layers may also be named control layer and transport layer the transport layer is also referred to as the access layer in some architectures . Citation needed date February 2009 The concept of service layer is used in contexts such as Intelligent network s IN , Wireless Application Protocol ... Service oriented architecture , the concept of service layer has a different meaning. Service layer in IMS The service layer of an IP Multimedia Subsystem IMS architecture provides multimedia services to the overall IMS network. This layer contains network elements which connect to the Serving ... Protocol SIP signalling protocol. Elements of the IMS service layer The network elements contained within the service layer are generically referred to as service platforms however the 3GPP ... such as INAP and Customised Applications for Mobile networks Enhanced Logic CAMEL . Service layer in SOA In Service oriented architecture SOA , the service layer is the third layer in a five abstraction layer model. The model consists of Object layer, Component layer, Service layer, process layer and Enterprise layer. ref http books.google.com books?id NISyExeJ5mAC&pg PA88&dq 22service layer 22&lr .... Published by FT Press, 2005. ISBN 0131870025, 9780131870024 ref The service layer can be considered ... Category Application layer protocols Category Service oriented business computing Category Middleware ... more details
In the electrochemistry , the diffusion layer contains the material that is analyzed. According to IUPAC , the diffusion layer is defined as the region in the vicinity of an electrode where the concentrations are different from their value in the bulk solution. The definition of the thickness of the diffusion layer is arbitrary because the concentration approaches asymptotically the value in the bulk solution . ref GoldBookRef file D01725 title diffusion layer concentration boundary layer ref The diffusion layer thus depends on the diffusion coefficient D of the analyte and on the scan rate V sec . It is usually considered to be some multiple of Dt sup 1 2 sup where 1 t scan rate . At slow scan rates, the diffusion layer is large, on the order of microns, whereas at fast scan rates the diffusion layer is nanometers in thickness. The relationship is described in part by the Cottrell equation . ref Bard, A. J. Faulkner, L. R. Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications 2nd Ed. Wiley, New York. 2001. ISBN 0 471 04372 9 ref Relevant to cyclic voltammetry , the diffusion layer has negligible volume compared the volume of the bulk solution. For this reason, cyclic voltammetry experiments have an inexhaustible supply of fresh analyte. References references ru Category Diffusion ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name PAGENAME Latin GraySubject 234 GrayPage 1068 Image Gray945.png Caption Transverse section of hair follicle. Image2 Caption2 System Precursor MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre l 05 DorlandsSuf 12480571 Henle s layer is the third layer of the inner root sheath of the hair , consisting of a single layer of cubical cells with clear flattened nuclei. External links WhoNamedIt synd 649 Gray s Integumentary system Category Hair anatomy Category Article Feedback 5 anatomy stub it Strato di Henle ... more details
than the warmer air above it, and thus becomes trapped below it. The layer may thicken through turbulence generated within the developing marine layer itself. It may also thicken if the warmer air above it is lifted by an approaching area of low pressure. The layer will also gradually increase its ... needed date July 2010 Fog will form within a marine layer where the humidity is high enough ... at the top of a marine layer in the presence of the same conditions there. In the case of coastal California , the offshore marine layer is typically propelled inland by a pressure gradient which ... Union Tribune, June 8, 2004 ref An approaching frontal system or trough can also drive the marine layer onshore. With Southern California s high concentration of military bases, a marine layer propelled inland can be colloquially described as the Marine military marine s coming inland . A marine layer ... system or trough, or any upper air turbulence which reaches the surface. A marine layer can ... discuss the marine layer as synonymous with the fog or stratus it may contain, but this is erroneous. In fact, a marine layer can exist with virtually no cloudiness of any kind, although it usually does contain some. The marine layer is a medium within which clouds may form under the right conditions ... more details
The Knudsen layer , also known as evaporation layer, is the thin layer between liquid and vapour. It is named after Denmark Danish physicist Martin Knudsen 1871 1949 . Definition On molecular level, the state of matter can be hard to define. From kinetic theory , it can be derived that if liquid is in contact with vapour, there is a small layer where the phase is between liquid and vapour. This region, several mean free path lengths thick, is called the Knudsen layer. ref Cite doi 10.1023 A 1023876025363 ref Knudsen layer thickness The knudsen layer thickness can be approximated by math l c math , given by ref Cite doi 10.1063 1.1516211 ref math l c frac k T s pi d 2 p s math , where math k math is Boltzmann s constant , math T s math is the temperature, math d math is the molecular diameter and math p s math is the pressure. Applications One of the applications of Knudsen layer is in the coma of comets. It has been used specially in the coma chemistry model ComChem model ref Cite doi 10.1126 science.237.4815.628 ref . References reflist Category Fluid dynamics fluiddynamics stub ar ... more details
The oceanic or limnological mixed layer is a layer in which active turbulence has homogenized some range of depths. The surface mixed layer is a layer where this turbulence is generated by winds, cooling ... mixed layer is a zone having nearly constant potential temperature and specific humidity with height. The depth of the atmospheric mixed layer is known as the mixing height . Turbulence typically plays a role in the formation of fluid mixed layers. Ocean mixed layer Importance of the mixed layer The mixed layer plays an important role in the physical climate. Because the specific heat ... atmosphere above it. Thus the heat required to change a mixed layer of 25 m by 1 C would be sufficient to raise the temperature of the atmosphere by 10 C. The depth of the mixed layer is thus ..., the heat stored within the oceanic mixed layer provides a source for heat that drives global variability such as El nino El Nino . The mixed layer is also important as its depth determines the average ... of plankton. Oceanic mixed layer formation There are three primary sources of energy for driving turbulent mixing within the open ocean mixed layer. The first is breaking of surface waves, which injects ... Taylor instability . Early models of the mixed layer such as those of Mellor and Durbin included the final ... in establishing the mixed layer. The mixed layer is characterized by being nearly uniform in properties such as temperature and salinity throughout the layer. Velocities, however, may exhibit significant shears within the mixed layer. The bottom of the mixed layer is characterized by a gradient , where ... to use as the mixed layer depth at any given time, based on making measurements of physical properties ... of the mixed layer sometimes there may be an abrupt salinity change called a halocline that occurs ... in chlorophyll concentration are often co located with the base of the seasonal mixed layer. Oceanic mixed layer depth determination Image Mixed layer depth.png thumb Mixed layer depth climatology ... more details
Christopher Layer 1683 1723 was an English Jacobitism Jacobite conspirator, executed for high treason in 1723. Early life Born on 12 November 1683, he was the son of John Layer, a laceman, of Durham Yard, The Strand, London and Anne his wife. He was brought up by his uncle, Christopher Layer, a fox hunting ... Layer. Layer s uncle, finding himself in difficulties, offered to make over to his nephew the remains of his estate, in exchange for cash and an annuity. Layer made the deal but refused to pay any ..., but then entered the Middle Temple , and was called to the bar . Jacobite plotter Layer was reputed ..., and murder the commander in chief and ministers. Layer boasted of having a large and influential ... soldiers at Romford and Leytonstone , and succeeded in enlisting a handful of malcontents. Layer ... keeper, Elizabeth Mason. Arrest and trial In the end Layer was betrayed by two female friends ... was carried to the court of king s bench on 31 October 1722. Layer stumbled to the bar heavily fettered ... John Pratt judge John Pratt ordered Layer s chains to be taken off. Among papers found in Elizabeth Mason s possession was one entitled the Scheme , sworn to be in Layer s writing it gave instructions for the proposed insurrection. Proof was given that the Pretender and Layer were close, James ... and the Duchess of Ormonde godfather and godmother to Layer s daughter, at a ceremony privately performed at a china shop in Chelsea. Layer and his counsel argued in his defence but, after a trial of eighteen hours, the jury unanimously found a verdict of guilty. File Christopher Layer engraving.png thumb Christopher Layer, at the place of execution. Sentence was not pronounced until the 27th. Layer ... 1723. There is an anecdote that Layer s head fell from the top of Temple Bar , where it had been placed ... with it in his right hand. References cite DNB wstitle Layer, Christopher Attribution DNB wstitle Layer, Christopher DEFAULTSORT Layer, Christopher Category 1683 births Category 1723 deaths ... more details
A Redistribution Layer RDL is an extra metal layer on a chip that makes the IO pads of an integrated circuit available in other locations. Introduction When an integrated circuit is manufactured, it usually has a set of IO pads that are Wire bonding wirebonded to the pins of the package. A redistribution layer is an extra layer of wiring on the chip that enables you to bond out from different locations on the chip, making chip to chip bonding simpler. References reflist External links http www.flipchips.com tutorial72.html Redistribution tutorial http www.tlmicorp.com serv pad.htm Graphics illustrating redistribution Category Semiconductor device fabrication Category Packaging microfabrication electronics stub ... more details
Orphan date October 2011 Schiller layer , also known as iridescent layer , is one of a series of layers formed by Sedimentation sedimenting particle s form layers separated by approximately equal distances of the order of the wavelength of light. ref cite web url http www.answers.com topic schiller layer title schiller layer publisher Answers Corporation ref This gives rise to strong colors when observed in Reflection physics reflected light and the system is said to form iridescent layers or schiller layers . References Reflist Category Sedimentology Chemistry stub Physics stub ... more details
File Epidermal layers.png thumb Histologic image of the Epidermis zoology epidermis with its layers named in white text. The Malpighian layer of the skin is a term that is generally defined as both the stratum germinativum stratum basale and stratum spinosum as a unit, ref name Rooks McGrath, J.A. Eady, R.A. Pope, F.M. 2004 . Rook s Textbook of Dermatology Seventh Edition . Blackwell Publishing. Pages 3.1 3.6. ISBN 978 0 632 06429 8. ref ref http medical dictionary.thefreedictionary.com Malpighian layer TheFreeDictionary Malpighian layer Citing The American Heritage Medical Dictionary 2007 Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary, 3 ed. 2007 ref although it is occasionally defined as the stratum germinativum stratum basale specifically. ref http medical dictionary.thefreedictionary.com Malpighian layer TheFreeDictionary Malpighian layer Citing Dorland s Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers 2007 ref Also, the term is occasionally used synonymously as the prickle cell layer ref Page 7.36 in cite book author Burns, Tony Cox, Neil Rook, Arthur Christopher E. Griffiths title Rook s textbook of dermatology publisher Blackwell Science location Oxford year 2004 pages isbn 0 632 06429 3 oclc doi accessdate ref although prickle cell layer generally is defined as the stratum spinosum specifically ref http medical dictionary.thefreedictionary.com prickle cell layer TheFreeDictionary prickle cell layer Citing Dorland s Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers. 2007 The American Heritage Medical Dictionary 2007 Mosby s Medical Dictionary, 8th edition 2009 ref or to designate a part of the stratum corneum . ref Page 7.43 in cite book author Burns, Tony Cox, Neil Rook, Arthur Christopher E. Griffiths title Rook s textbook of dermatology publisher Blackwell Science location Oxford year 2004 pages isbn 0 632 06429 3 oclc doi accessdate ref It is named after Marcello Malpighi . See also Epidermis skin Epidermis References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Malpighian Layer Integumentary system ... more details
citations missing date November 2008 Nepheloid layer or nepheloid zone is a layer of water in the deep ocean basin, above the ocean floor , that contains significant amounts of suspended sediment. ref Glossary of Geology, 5th Edition American Geological Institute ref It is from 200 to 1000 m thick. The name comes from Greek language Greek nephos , cloud . The particles in the layer may come from the upper ocean layers and from stripping the sediments from the ocean floor by currents. Its thickness depends on bottom current velocity and is a result of balance between gravitational settling of particles and turbulence of the current. In a similar way, a surface nepheloid layer may be created, due to particle flotation, while intermediate nepheloid layers may be formed at the slopes of the ocean bed due to the dynamics of internal wave s. The existence of the nepheloid layer complicates bathymetry one has to take into account the reflections of lidar or ultrasonic pulses from the upper interface of this layer, as well as their absorption within the layer. Gulf of Mexico A prominent nepheloid layer exists in the Gulf of Mexico extending from the delta of the Brazos River to South Padre Island . The layer of turbid water can begin as shallow as 20 meters and is caused mostly by clay run off from multiple rivers. The silty bottom of the gulf also contributes to the high turbidity. Due to the blockage of light by this nepheloid layer, algae and coral are sparse, resulting in an animal dominated community. This community is largely composed of infauna and consists of a detrital based food chain. Many species of polychaete worms, amphipod s, and brittle star s inhabit the benthic surface and can also be accompanied by some secondary consumers such as flounders , shrimp , crab s, and starfish es. References reflist Category Oceanography Ocean stub ... more details
about the food item other uses of the term Layer cake disambiguation unreferenced date April 2008 File Meyer lemon chiffon cake, chocolate.jpg thumb A three layer cake with a candied lemon slice on top File Red velvet cake.jpg thumb Red velvet cake is often made as a layer cake. A layer cake is a cake consisting of multiple layers, usually held together by icing food frosting or another type of filling, such as jam or other preserves. Most cake recipes can be made into layer cakes butter cake s and sponge cake s are common choices. Frequently, the cake is cake decorating covered with icing , but sometimes, the sides are left undecorated, so that the filling and the number of layers are visible. Popular flavor combinations include the German chocolate cake , red velvet cake , Black Forest cake , and carrot cake with cream cheese icing. Many wedding cakes are decorated layer cakes. In the mid 19th century, modern cakes were first described in English. One of the first recipes for layer cakes was published in Cassell s New Universal Cookery Book , published in London in 1894. Older forms File Dobos cake Gerbeaud Confectionery Budapest Hungary .jpg thumb Dobos torte is an older form of layer cake. An older form of layer cake is common in southern and eastern Europe. In Ukraine and Russia, people still make these cakes in the old traditional way. The cake batter is baked in a frying ... layer of cream and or jam and stacked 7 or 8 layers high. This stack, which is the same height as the typical Western layer cake, is then frosted so that the structure is not visible. At first ... Layer cakes always serve multiple people, so they are larger than cupcake s, petit fours , or other individual pastries. A common layer cake size, which is baked in nine inch round cake pans, typically serves about 16 people. Unlike the Vietnamese B nh da l n or Swiss roll s, layer cake is assembled from several separate pieces of cake. A sheet cake can become a layer cake if it is cut ... more details
In experimental physics, a wetting layer is an initial layer of atom s that is epitaxially grown on a surface upon which self assembled quantum dot s or thin film s are created. The atoms composing a wetting layer can be semimetallic elements compounds usually Indium arsenide InAs in the case of self assembled quantum dots or metallic alloys for thin films . This article refers to the wetting layer used for quantum dot applications. By spraying a surface with layers of these atoms under high temperature, this wetting layer residue is produced on the surface. Wetting layers control the artificial atomic states of the quantum dot for uses in quantum information processing and quantum computation . Process The wetting layer is epitaxially grown onto a surface using a molecular beam epitaxy MBE chamber at high temperatures. The temperatures required for wetting layer growth usually range from 400 500 degrees Celsius . If a self assembled quantum dot is to form, an initial layer of atom s must first be placed on a surface. Due to the high elastic potential energy once a certain critical thickness is achieved, additional atoms group together to form the quantum dot to reduce this elastic energy ref Seungwon Lee, Olga L. Lazarenkova, Paul von Allmen, Fabiano Oyafuso, and Gerhard Klimeck , Effect of wetting layers on the strain and electronic structure of InAs self assembled quantum dots , 2008. ref . If further Annealing metallurgy annealing of the quantum dot wetting layer system is necessary, higher temperatures of up to 1100 degrees may be used. Properties The wetting layer serves ... determine the effect of the wetting layer on the quantum dot , however the thickness is usually roughly ... layer. Theoretically, due to the lattice mismatch, finite thickness wetting layers are not stable ... structure of the quantum dot can change significantly with the consideration of the wetting layer. Applications The wetting layer serves as another parameter which can interfere with the quantum ... more details
Friedemann Layer born 1941 is an Austrian conductor. He was assistant to Herbert von Karajan in Ulm and to Karl B hm . ref http www.choeurdelaradio.org Friedmann Layer Bio ref ref Born in Vienna, Friedemann Layer started to direct at the Ulm Opera, Salzburg where he was Herbert von Karajan s assistant and D sseldorf Opera. http www.imgartists.com ?id 239&page artist IMG Artists ref In 1989, he conducted a film version of Der Schauspieldirektor , with Zdzis awa Donat and Christian Boesch in the cast. Selected Discography Henze Symphony No 10 4 Poemi La Selva Incantata. Montpellier National Orchestra Mieczys aw Kar owicz Concerto for Violin and Orchestra. Montpellier Languedoc Roussillon National Orchestra Alfano Risurrezione Accord Jacques Offenbach Offenbach Die Rheinnixen Accord Respighi La campana sommersa Accord Lidarti Esther oratorio in Hebrew. Accord. Ponchielli Marion Delorme opera Marion Delorme Accord Zolt n Kod ly H ry J nos sung in Hungarian, with French narration by G rard Depardieu . Accord Cilea L arlesiana Accord Antoine Mariotte Salom Mariotte Salom Accord References reflist Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Layer, Friedemann ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1941 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Layer, Friedemann Category 1941 births Category Living people Category Austrian conductors music Austria conductor stub de Friedemann Layer ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
