Unreferenced date June 2007 Working in layers is a system for creating artistic paintings that involve the use of more than one layer of paint. Oil Painting Working in layers is used extensively in oil painting for paintings that require more than one session. For a painting that develops over several days, allowing for the oil paint to dry for a given layer, it is helpful to work with explicit painting layers. The first layer may be a ground, usually applied all over the surface. Then an underdrawing in outline may follow. Then comes underpainting , overpainting , and finally semi transparent Glaze painting technique glaze s and varnish . All of these layers will affect the appearance of the final painting. To understand the role of underpainting, one can use metaphor and think of the underpainting as a base rhythm in music, and the overpainting as a solo played over this. Areas not underpainted, outlining the space for a figure for example, are said to be reserved . History Working in layers has been utilized by many schools of art over many centuries, although the overall trend in Western art since the Middle Ages has been towards a simplified and quicker technique. For example, in the early 15th century Cennino D Andrea Cennini describes how to paint in layers in the egg tempera medium. In contrast, his directions for painting in fresco , done in one session on damp plaster, offer a different system although even here, there is some layering employed. The important distinction is that in fresco , a second layer of paint will physically blend with the first, whereas in egg tempera , which dries rapidly, a second layer will cover and optically blend with the first layers. When a new layer is added to a still wet earlier layer, this is called wet in wet painting. A significant change in the history of western painting occurred in the course of the Renaissance when the white ... techniques such as X ray s and infra red reflectograms often enable lower layers of paint and underdrawing ... more details
Shearing layers is a concept coined by architect Frank Duffy architect Frank Duffy which was later elaborated by Stewart Brand in his book How Buildings Learn How Buildings Learn What Happens After They re Built Brand, 1994 , and refers to buildings as composed of several layers of change. Description The Shearing layers concept views buildings as a set of components that evolve in different timescales Frank Duffy summarized this view in his phrase Our basic argument is that there isn t any such thing as a building. A building properly conceived is several layers of longevity of built components quoted in Brand, 1994 . The layers are quoted from Brand, 1994 Site This is the geographical setting, the urban location, and the legally defined lot, whose boundaries and context outlast generations of ephemeral buildings. Site is eternal. Duffy agrees. Structure The foundation and load bearing elements are perilous and expensive to change, so people don t. These are the building. Structural life ranges from thirty to three hundred years but few buildings make it past sixty for other reasons . Skin Exterior surfaces now change every twenty years or so, to keep up with fashion or technology, or for wholesale repair. Recent focus on energy costs has led to re engineered skins that are air tight and better Building insulation insulated . Services These are the working guts of a building communications wiring, electrical wiring, plumbing , fire sprinkler system s, HVAC heating, ventilating ... buildings were able to adapt because they allowed slippage of layers i.e. faster layers services were not obstructed by slower ones structure . The concept of Shearing Layers leads to an architectural design principle, known as Pace Layering , which arranges the layers to allow for maximum adaptability. Areas of Application The Shearing Layers concept has been applied to other man made artifacts such as software ... Ing Shearing Layers Info Sys Dev.html A Shearing Layers Approach to Information Systems Development ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Layers of Lies Type studio Artist Darkane Cover Darkane LayersOfLies.jpg Released Recorded October 2004 March 2005 br Not Quite Studio, Helsingborg ref Darkane http darkane.com darkane.com. Retrieved on 2010 11 30. ref Genre Melodic death metal br Thrash metal Length 42 50 Label Nuclear Blast Producer Last album Expanding Senses br 2002 This album Layers of Lies br 2005 Next album Demonic Art br 2008 Album ratings rev1 Allmusic rev1score Rating 3.5 5 ref Allmusic class album id r781320 pure url yes Allmusic review ref Automatically generated by DASHBot Layers of Lies is the fourth album from Swedish melodic death metal band Darkane , issued in 27 June 2005 in music 2005 . The release of this album took sometime since the last album because Peter Wildoer suffered a severe hand injury in 2003 which left him uncertain whether he would drum again but miraculously a year later recovered. Along with that Wildoer became busy with Christofer Malmstr m new project at the time, Non Human Level. This was the last album to feature vocalist Andreas Sydow who left in 2007. Track listing Amnesia of the Wildoerian Apocalypse 1 42 Secondary Effects 3 55 Organic Canvas 4 30 Fading Dimensions 4 19 Layers of Lies 4 17 Godforsaken Universe 4 05 Klastrophobic Hibernation 0 36 Vision of Degradation 4 37 Contaminated 3 38 Maelstrom Crisis 2 40 Decadent Messiah 3 54 The Creation Insane 4 37 Subliminal Seduction Bonus Track Credits Andreas Sydow vocals Christofer Malmstr m lead guitar Klas Ideberg rhythm guitar J rgen L fberg bass guitar Peter Wildoer drum kit drums References reflist Category Darkane albums Category 2005 albums Category Nuclear Blast Records albums sv Layers of Lies ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Cleanup rewrite date May 2009 What are Render Passes? When creating computer generated imagery or 3D computer graphics , final scenes appearing in movies and television productions are usually produced by Rendering computer graphics more than one layer or pass, which are multiple images designed to be put together through digital compositing to form a completed frame. Rendering in passes is based on a traditions in Motion control photography which pre date CGI. As an example, in motion control photography for a visual effects shot, a camera could be programmed to move past a physical model of a spaceship in one pass to film the fully lit beauty pass of the ship, and then to repeat exactly the same camera move passing the ship again to photograph additional elements such as the illuminated windows in the ship or its thrusters. Once all of the passes were filmed, they could then be optically printed together to form a completed shot. The terms Render Layers and Render Passes are sometimes used interchangeably. However, rendering in layers refers specifically to separating different objects into separate images, such as a foreground characters layer, a sets layer, a distant landscape layer, and a sky layer. Rendering in passes, on the other hand, refers to separating out different aspects of the scene, such as shadows, highlights, or reflections, each into a separate image. DEFAULTSORT Render Layers Category Computer graphics ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Systems Layers Type Album Artist Rachel s Cover Rachels systems.jpg Released October 7, 2003 United States U.S. Recorded July 2001 June 2003 Genre instrumental , post rock Length 1 02 21 Label Quarterstick Records Quarterstick 75 Last album Selenography album Selenography br 1999 This album Systems Layers br 2003 Album ratings rev1 Allmusic rev1score Rating 4 5 ref Allmusic class album id r653255 pure url yes Allmusic review ref Automatically generated by DASHBot Systems Layers is the fifth release of the instrumental group Rachel s . It was released October 7, 2003 on the Quarterstick Records . The album is a collaborative dance theater piece with the New York ensemble SITI Company . ref cite web last Monger first James title Systems Layers review publisher allmusic url Allmusic class album id r653255 pure url yes accessdate 2009 02 24 ref Track listing Moscow Is in the Telephone 3 59 Water from the Same Source 6 18 Systems Layers 3 11 Expect Delays 3 57 Arterial 1 45 Even Odd 3 14 Wouldn t Live Anywhere Else 2 47 Esperanza 5 32 Packet Switching 1 09 Where Have All My Files Gone? 2 49 Reflective Surfaces 2 00 Unclear Channel 2 47 Last Things Last 3 33 Anytime Soon 2 18 Air Conditioning A Closed Feeling 3 39 Singing Bridge 2 13 And Keep Smiling 2 38 4 or 5 Trees 6 04 NY Snow Globe 2 28 Personnel Kyle Crabtree drums Christian Frederickson viola, keyboards Edward Grimes drums, keyboards Rachel Grimes piano , keyboards Greg King films Eve Miller cello Jason Noble bass, guitar, drums, toolbelt, keyboards Matthew Annin french horn Wendy Doyle cello Doug Elmore stand up bass Jane Halliday violin Sarah Hill violin Shannon Wright vocals on Last Things Last Footnotes reflist Category Rachel s albums Category 2003 albums Category Quarterstick Records albums ... more details
The key implementation technique of GenVoca is due to Smaragdakis called mixin layers . ref name ECOOP98 cite web title Implementing Layered Designs with Mixin Layers url ftp ftp.cs.utexas.edu pub predator ecoop98.pdf ref ref name frameworks cite web title Object Oriented Frameworks and Product Lines url ftp ftp.cs.utexas.edu pub predator frameworks.pdf ref ref name TOSEM02 cite web title Mixin Layers An Object Oriented Implementation Technique for Refinements and Collaboration Based Designs url ftp ftp.cs.utexas.edu pub predator layers.pdf ref Aspectual mixin layers and aspectual feature modules are recent extensions that incorporate aspect oriented programming . ref name icse06 cite web title Aspectual Mixin Layers Aspects and Features in Concert url http www.infosun.fim.uni passau.de cl publications docs ICSE2006.pdf ref ref name tse08 cite web title Aspectual Feature Modules url http csdl2.computer.org persagen DLAbsToc.jsp?resourcePath dl trans ts &toc comp trans ts 2008 02 tts200802toc.xml&DOI 10.1109 TSE.2007.70770 ref See also Feature Oriented Programming References references Category Software design software eng stub ... more details
Mergeto Service layer date April 2010 One source date April 2010 Service Layers is a Design pattern computer science design pattern , applied within the service orientation design paradigm , which aims to organize the services ref name services http www.whatissoa.com p11.php services ref , within a service inventory ref name serviceinventory http www.whatissoa.com p13.php service inventory ref , into a set of logical layers. Services that are categorized into a particular layer share functionality. This helps to reduce the conceptual overhead related to managing the service inventory, as the services belonging to the same layer address a smaller set of activities. Rationale Grouping services into functional layers reduces the impact of change. Most changes affect only the layer in which they re made, with few side effects that impact other layers. This fundamentally simplifies service maintenance. The Service Reusability Principle Service Reusability principle dictates that services should be designed to maximize reuse. Similarly, the Service Composability Principle Service Composability ... the design of the service. ref name WK Usage Image Service Layers Image A.JPG thumb alt Diagram A Diagram A br In the absence of any layers, services contain a mixture of different types of logic. This makes it difficult to manage these services. Image Service Layers Image B.JPG thumb alt Diagram B Diagram B br A service inventory divided into layers where each layer contains the same type ... with associated functionality. Next, group the services into layers according to function. Adopting ... name utility http www.soamethodology.com p8.php Utility Service ref layers. ref name ProcessAbstraction ... http www.informit.com articles article.aspx?p 1583177 Service Layers Online .Date accessed 21 April ... 5, 9780131870024 ref , involves five layers, namely Enterprise, Process, Service, Component and Object. The Service Layers pattern invokes a specific Service Oriented Architecture Types service architecture ... more details
Layers are used in digital image editing to separate different elements of an image. A layer can be compared to a Transparency projection transparency on which imaging effects or images are applied and placed over or under an image. Today they are an integral feature of image editors. Layers were first commercially available in Fauve Matisse later Macromedia xRes , ref http pages.swcp.com rtoads vivisect software matisse.html Macromedia Matisse , http pages.swcp.com rtoads Reign of Toads ref and then available in Adobe Photoshop 3.0, in 1994, but today a wide range of other programs, such as Photo Paint , Paint Shop Pro , the GIMP , Paint.NET , StylePix , and even batch processing tools also include this feature. Layer types There are different kinds of layers, and not all of them exist in all programs. They represent a part of a picture, either as pixels or as modification instructions. They are stacked on top of each other, and depending on the order, determine the appearance of the final picture. Layer basic The standard kind of layer is called simply Layer in most programs. It contains just a picture which can be superimposed on another one. The picture can cover the same area as the resulting picture, just a part of it, or, in some cases, a bigger part than the final picture. Image LayersLeft.jpg thumb 250px left The top layer the bird is moved to the left. Image LayersRight.jpg thumb 250px left The top layer is moved to the right. br style clear both A Layer can have a certain transparency opacity and a number of other properties. In a high end program like Adobe Photoshop, a basic layer may have more than a hundred different possible settings. Even though some of them .... Two Layers can blend using one of several Blend modes modes which result in different light and color ... to other layers. However, as the effect is stored in a separate layer, it is easy to try ... graphics Image processing References reflist DEFAULTSORT Layers Digital Image Editing Category Digital ... more details
Infobox album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name The 5000 Spirits or the Layers of the Onion Type studio Artist The Incredible String Band Cover ISB LayersofOnion cover.jpg Released Start date 1967 7 Recorded 1967 Genre Psychedelic folk Length 50 10 Label Elektra Records Elektra WEA Producer Joe Boyd Chronology Incredible String Band Last album The Incredible String Band album The Incredible String Band br 1966 This album The 5000 Spirits or the Layers of the Onion br 1967 Next album The Hangman s Beautiful Daughter br 1968 The 5000 Spirits or the Layers of the Onion is the second vinyl record LP by The Incredible String Band , released in July 1967. Since recording their debut album the previous year, the original trio had been reduced to two, Mike Heron and Robin Williamson . They recorded The 5000 Spirits... in London in early 1967. The album also featured Pentangle band Pentangle s Danny Thompson on double bass, Williamson s girlfriend Licorice McKechnie on vocals and percussion, master sitar player Nazir Jairazbhoy credited as Soma , and, on piano, counter culture activist John Hopkins political activist John Hoppy Hopkins , who had just set up London s UFO Club with the album s producer, Joe Boyd . ref name beglad Adrian Whittaker ed. , Be Glad The Incredible String Band Compendium , 2003, ISBN 1 900924 64 1 ref The album demonstrated considerable musical development and a more unified ISB sound. It displayed their abilities as multi instrumentalists and singer songwriters, and gained them wide acclaim. As well as winning favourable reviews in the music press, it was received ... The Incredible String Band DEFAULTSORT 5000 Spirits or the Layers of the Onion Category 1967 albums 5000 Spirits or the Layers of the Onion Category The Incredible String Band albums 5000 Spirits or the Layers of the Onion Category Elektra Records albums 5000 Spirits or the Layers of the Onion Category Albums produced by Joe Boyd Category English language albums it The 5000 Spirits or the Layers ... more details
The following four layers are the most common Layer object oriented design layers in a logical multilayered architecture for an information system with an object oriented design User Interface Layer aka View Layer, UI layer or Presentation layer Application Layer aka Service Layer ref http martinfowler.com eaaCatalog serviceLayer.html Martin Fowler s Service Layer ref ref http martinfowler.com bliki AnemicDomainModel.html Martin Fowler s explains that Service Layer is the same as Application Layer ref or GRASP Object Oriented Design GRASP Controller Layer ref http tech.groups.yahoo.com group domaindrivendesign message 7582 Comparison discussion of the GRASP Controller Layer vs. Application Service Layer ref Domain layer Domain Layer aka Business Layer, Business logic Layer or Model Layer Infrastructure Layer data access or other persistence, logging, network I O e.g. sending emails, and other kind of technical services Some common purposes of the above four layers are for example described in the book about domain driven design ref http www.domaindrivendesign.org books DDD Domain Driven Design, the Book ref at page 68 74, which is a book that otherwise is focused on describing the Domain layer Sometimes there is no explicit distinction between the Domain Layer and the Application Layer, e.g. the Application Layer is considered as being a part of the Domain Layer. On the other hand, it is also possible to even further divide the Application Domain Layers into more layers. For example, if the Model View Presenter pattern is used, then you can consider the Presenter Layer as being a layer between the User Interface Layer and the Application Layer. The Domain Layer can also use a Business Infrastructure Layer aka low level business services layer between the Domain Layer and the Infrastructure Layer s . That layer BI is very general and can be used in many different application domains, e.g. a CurrencyConverter. ref name craiglarman.com http www.craiglarman.com wiki index.php ... more details
The Global Administrative Unit Layers GAUL is a spatial database of the country subdivision administrative units for all the country countries in the world. It is a project of the Food and Agriculture Organization FAO of the United Nations . Mission The GAUL aims at compiling and disseminating the most reliable geographic information on country subdivision administrative units for all the country countries in the world, thereby contributing to the standardization of the spatial dataset representing administrative units. In this framework, its purposes are to overcome the fragmentation of the global dataset occurring when administrative units layers are digitized on a country by country basis to keep historical track of changes occurring on the shapes and extent of the administrative units to promote a unified georeference coding system that reduces maintenance efforts. Characteristics The GAUL always maintains global geographic layers in shapefile format with a unified coding system at the levels of country, first administrative e.g. regions , and second administrative e.g. districts . In addition, when data is available, it provides layers on a country by country basis down to third, fourth and lower levels. The target beneficiary of the GAUL data is the UN community, the Universities and other authorized international and national institutions agencies. Data might not be officially validated by authoritative national sources and can not be distributed to the general public. A disclaimer should always accompany any use of the GAUL data. Because the GAUL works at global level, controversial border boundaries can not be ignored. The approach of the GAUL is to maintain territorial dispute disputed areas in such a way to preserve national integrity for all disputing countries ... in the GAUL on different layers. For this reason the GAUL product is not a single layer but a group of layers, named GAUL Set . The GAUL project does not implement changes dated before 1990. GAUL ... more details
In telecommunication , a layered system is a system in which components are grouped, i.e. , layered, in a hierarchical arrangement, such that lower layers provide functions and services that support the functions and services of higher layers. Note Systems of ever increasing complexity and capability can be built by adding or changing the layers to improve overall system capability while using the components that are still in place. FS1037C telecomm term stub Category Telecommunications terms Category Holism ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 Centifugually formed film growth is a process used to form thin layers of materials by using a centrifuge . It is used commercially to make thin layers of silicon for use in solar cell s. When used for forming thin layers of silicon , the centrifuge runs at a temperature of approximately 1,400 C. DEFAULTSORT Centifugually Formed Film Growth Category Industrial processes Industry stub ... more details
MarsGeo name Elysium Fossae image Image Elysium map.JPG 200px caption Map of Elysium quadrangle . Elysium Mons and Albor Tholus are large volcanoes. Elysium Fossae is in the upper left northwest . location latitude 24.8 N or S N longitude 213.7 E or W W type dimensions discoverer naming Elysium Fossae is a large trough in the Elysium quadrangle of Mars at 24.8 north latitude and 213.7 west longitude. It is about 1,175 km long and is named after a classical albedo feature name. ref http planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov ref Layers Elysium Fossae contains layers, also called strata. Many places on Mars show rocks arranged in layers. Sometimes the layers are of different colors. Light toned rocks on Mars have been associated with hydraded minerals like sulfates. The Mars Rover Opportunity examined such layers close up with several instruments. Some layers are probably made up of fine particles because they seem to break up into find dust. Other layers break up into large boulders so they are probably much harder. Basalt, a volcanic rock, is thought to in the layers that form boulders. Basalt has been identified on Mars in many places. Instruments on orbiting spacecraft have detected clay also called phyllosilicates in some layers. Scientists are excited about finding hydrated minerals such as sulfates and clays on Mars because they are usually formed in the presence of water. ref http themis.asu.edu features nilosyrtis ref Places that contain clays and or other hydrated minerals would be good places to look for evidence of life. ref http hirise.lpl.arizona.edu PSP 004046 2080 ref Rock can form layers in a variety of ways. Volcanoes, wind, or water can produce layers. ref http hirise.lpl.arizona.edu?PSP 008437 1750 ref gallery Image Elysium Fossae.JPG Elysium Fossae, as seen by HiRISE . Click on image to see layers. gallery References reflist Category Elysium quadrangle Category Valleys and canyons on Mars Mars stub pt Elysium Fossae ... more details
Unreferenced date August 2008 In telecommunication, a high speed link is a way to carry a number of voice channels over an Synchronous optical networking SDH like link. Transfer protocol layers for SS7 network access Image Transfer Protocol Layers for SS7 Network Access.PNG Category Telecommunications terms telecomm term stub fr High Speed Link ... more details
Dermopathy can refer to Diabetic dermopathy Graves dermopathy , or Infiltrative dermopathy Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy NFD Restrictive dermopathy Disambig special type of diseases accouting with skin and its underlying layers ... more details
Sandwich Glass may refer to Laminated glass a safety glass formed by sandwiching layers of glass with other material Glass products of the Boston and Sandwich Glass Company disambig ... more details
Double stack may refer to Double stack rail transport trains with two layers of containers. A Guitar amplifier Amplifier configuration guitar amplifier configuration disambig ... more details
Orphan date October 2011 Schiller layer , also known as iridescent layer , is one of a series of layers formed by Sedimentation sedimenting particle s form layers separated by approximately equal distances of the order of the wavelength of light. ref cite web url http www.answers.com topic schiller layer title schiller layer publisher Answers Corporation ref This gives rise to strong colors when observed in Reflection physics reflected light and the system is said to form iridescent layers or schiller layers . References Reflist Category Sedimentology Chemistry stub Physics stub ... more details
they absorb, found evidence of layers of both clay and sulfates in Columbus crater. This is exactly what would appear if a large lake had slowly evaporated. Moreover, because some layers contained gypsum ... can form layers in a variety of ways. Layers may be formed by volcanoes, wind, or water. ref http hirise.lpl.arizona.edu?PSP 008437 1750 ref gallery Image Columbus Crater Layers.JPG Columbus Crater Layers, as seen by HiRISE . This false color image is about 800 feet across. Some of the layers contain ... more details
in the thickness of the exposed sedimentary layers, possibly indicating cyclic variations in environmental conditions while the sediment was being laid down. Most of the layers are parallel to each other ... that the layers were deposited the sediment was transported along the ground surface by wind or water. ref http clipmarks.com clipmark F346D425 79CD 4DEE A365 A50AEF9EC9D0 Layers in Becquerel Crater ... title ref wide image Becquerel Martian crater .jpg 1500px Layers in the Martian crater Becquerel gallery Image Becquerel Crater layers.JPG Becquerel Crater layers with a fault geology fault , as seen ... in craters showing layers are formed by the erosion of layers that were deposited after the impact. Image Layers in Monument Valley.jpg Layers in Monument Valley on Earth, for comparison. Image Oxia Palus ... more details
In object oriented design , a layer is a group of class computer science class es that have the same set of link time Module programming module dependency computer science dependencies to other modules. In other words, a layer is a group of reusable software componentry component s that are reusability reusable in similar circumstances. In programming languages, the layer distinction is often expressed as import dependencies between software modules. Layers are often arranged in a tree data structure tree form hierarchy , with dependency relationships as links between the layers. Dependency relationships between layers are often either inheritance computer science inheritance , Object composition composition or Object composition Aggregation aggregation relationships, but other kinds of dependencies can also be used. Layers is an Architectural pattern computer science architectural pattern described in many books, for example Pattern Oriented Software Architecture ref http hillside.net patterns books Siemens abstracts.html Pattern Oriented Software Architecture A System of Patterns ref Notes references References John Lakos, Large scale C software design . Addison Wesley, 1997. See also Architectural layer Common layers in an information system logical architecture Shearing layers Category Object oriented programming Category Software design compsci stub ... more details
Chinese box may refer to different topics Chinese boxes , may refer to nested ornamental boxes this usage is frequently as a metaphor for many layers of encapsulation, similar to Matryoshka doll s or the layers of an onion Chinese box is a common name for the plant Murraya paniculata syn. Murraya exotica Chinese Box , a 1997 Trimark film by Wayne Wang Chinese Box , an episode of the TV series Numb3rs See also Chinese room disambig ... more details
unsourced date March 2009 Perpend stone or bond stone is a structural element building term used by stonemason s. Usually stone wall s are built with two layers of stone, an inner and an outer layer, with the space between them sometimes filled with rubble . A perpend stone was a longer stone that extended through the entire wall s width, from the outer wall to inner wall, which serves to lock the two wall layers structurally together. Category Stonemasonry Category Building stone Category Walls Architecture stub ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
