Refimprove date June 2007 A legalcase is a dispute between opposing parties resolved by a court , or by some equivalent legal process. A legalcase may be either Civil law common law civil or criminal law criminal . There is a defendant and an accuser. A civil case A civil case, more commonly known as a lawsuit or Controversy law controversy , begins when a plaintiff file legal files a document called ... that the plaintiff filed with the court. At any point during the case, the parties can agree to a settlement law settlement , which will end the case, although in some circumstances, such as in class action s, a settlement requires court approval in order to be binding. A criminal case A criminal case , in common law legal system common law jurisdictions, begins when a person suspected of a crime ..., see the wikt Transwiki Glossary of legal terms glossary of legal terms . See also Case law Lists of case law Early case assessment References references External links wikiquote Legalcase DEFAULTSORT LegalCase Category Law cs Procesn pr vo eo Procedura juro fr Proc dure droit he lt Teismo byla pl Post powanie s dowe ru simple Legalcase fi Oikeustapaus sv R ttsfall ... because of the defendant , and requesting a judicial remedy remedy . A civil case can also be arbitrated ... that the plaintiff has certain legal rights. Whoever wins gets either released from custody or gets nothing Accuser . The plaintiff must also make a genuine effort to inform the defendant of the case ... called a prosecutor or district attorney . Like a civil case, a criminal case may also be settled ... to trial, he she may endure even bigger penalties. Common elements Legal cases, whether criminal or civil, are premised on the idea that a dispute will be fairly resolved when a legal procedure exists by which the dispute can be brought to a factfinder not otherwise involved in the case, who can evaluate ..., or lack of fault. Details of the procedure may depend on both the kind of case and the kind of system ... more details
About the legal term other uses Case management disambiguation Case management Inappropriate tone date July 2008 primarysources date August 2008 The terms Legalcase management LCM or matter management ..., storage, and archive accessibility. Case management software Legalcase or matter management software ... legal research platforms. Case management software is marketed to specific segments of the legal ... matter mv vl 091201 01 DEFAULTSORT LegalCase Management Category Cognitive science Category Business ... by law firms and courts to leverage knowledge and methodologies for managing the life cycle of a case or matter more effectively. ref In the U.S., the term case is customarily applied to a matter in which ... is more broad and encompasses instances in which a legal matter may not have a conflict at its center ... information management and workflow practices that are tailored to meet the legal field s specific ... management processes and technologies include case and matter management, time and billing, litigation ... increase a firm s business advantage. Case or matter management systems having the capacity to push ... integrated products. Case management in the U.S. federal courts As electronic court systems continue to increase their online presence, many now require case filings to be accomplished electronically. ref See, e.g., News Release, Electronic Case Filing in Federal Courts Reaches Milestone , November 21, 2005. http www.uscourts.gov Press Releases cmecfat10.html ref ref U.S. Courts, About Case Management Electronic Case Files CM ECF , July 2009. http www.uscourts.gov cmecf cmecf about.html ref Many legal software vendors products include the ability to take advantage of such electronic filing by pulling data from the case management product and pushing it into court filing systems. e Discovery ... a new subset of case management systems that incorporated those changes, often dubbed electronic ... Since the new rules took effect, e Discovery firms as outside service vendors have flourished. Case ... more details
Cleanup date May 2010 The Jiggetts case established New York City s Jiggetts housing assistance program , which was ultimately replaced by the Family Eviction Prevention Supplement in 2005. The procedures in the case went under the titles Jiggetts v. Grinker and Jiggetts v. Dowling . Jiggetts v. Grinker 1988 The case started as a class action brought in the New York State courts by recipients of AFDC Aid to Families with Dependent Children . ref name Schill http books.google.com books?id 060AZajVUT0C&lpg PA192&dq 22jiggetts 20v. 22 20schill&pg PA192 v onepage&q 22jiggetts 20v. 22 20schill&f false Housing and community development in New York City facing the future By Michael H. Schill ref Plaintiffs filed an action challenging the adequacy of the shelter allowance schedule for families with children in New York City. They argued that they were entitled to grant levels adequate to pay the rents actually charged and that the New York State Department of Social Services had violated this entitlement by failing to increase the shelter allowance to keep pace with shelter costs. They asserted their claims under 350 1 a of the New York Social Services Law and Article XVII of the New York State Constitution . Defendants filed a motion to dismiss, the trial court denied that motion, and the defendants appealed to the New York Court of Appeals . Jiggetts v. Grinker 1990 In the landmark decision Jiggetts v. Grinker, 75 N.Y.2d 411, 554 N.Y.S.2d 92 1990 , the New York Court of Appeals held ... bear reasonable relation to the actual cost of housing. ref http scholar.google.com scholar case?case ... 1990 ref Jiggetts v. Dowling 1997 The case was remanded for a trial on the adequacy of the shelter grant. While the case was pending, an administrative procedure was implemented pursuant to Jiggetts ... Information at Legal Aid See also Family Eviction Prevention Supplement References references Category New York state case law Category Judgment law Category Poverty in the United States ... more details
Infobox television show name Is It Legal? image caption The cast of Is It Legal? From left to right Kate Isitt, Matthew Ashforde, Richard Lumsden, Patrick Barlow, Imelda Staunton, and Jeremy Clyde format Comedy runtime 25 minutes creator Simon Nye starring Patrick Barlow br Imelda Staunton br Richard Lumsden br Kate Isitt br Jeremy Clyde br Matthew Ashforde country United Kingdom network ITV Series 1 & 2 br Channel 4 Series 3 first aired start date df yes 1995 9 12 last aired end date df yes 1998 12 9 num series 3 num episodes 21 list episodes List of Is It Legal? episodes official website http www.hartswoodfilms.co.uk programmes com legal.html Is It Legal? is a Television in the United Kingdom British television sitcom set in a solicitors office in Hounslow , west London , which ran from 1995 to 1998. It was produced by Hartswood Films and was shown on ITV for Series 1 2 and Channel 4 for Series 3. It was written by Simon Nye , who also wrote other ITV sitcoms such as Men Behaving Badly and Hardware TV series Hardware . Cast Richard Lumsden Colin Lotus Jeremy Clyde Dick Spackman Series 1 2 Imelda Staunton Stella Phelps Patrick Barlow Bob Birch Kate Isitt Alison Matthew Ashforde Darren ... retirement and therefore Stella became the sole senior partner of the firm. In reality the case may ... and the legal profession. Bob Birch Bob is the office manager of Lotus, Spackman & Phelps, and is, aside ... and Colin despite Stella s obvious dislike of him. Episodes Main List of Is It Legal? episodes Filming ... ITV Sitcom in 1996. DVD releases All three series of Is It Legal? have been released by Network ... 3 21 March 2011 The Complete Series 1 to 3 Box Set TBA External links IMDb title 0112019 Is It Legal? BBC Online comedy guide articles i isitlegal 7773830.shtml Is It Legal? http www.hartswoodfilms.co.uk programmes com legal.html Is It Legal? on the Hartswood Films website Category 1995 British television ... television series Category British legal television series Category Channel 4 sitcoms Category ITV sitcoms ... more details
Wiktionary caseCase may refer to TOCright Academia and education Campaign for Science and Engineering CaSE , a non profit organization which promotes science and engineering research in the UK Case analysis , division of a problem into separate cases Case study , examination of a single instance or event Case Western Reserve University , independent research university in Cleveland, Ohio Center for Advanced ... of Education , nonprofit association of educational institutions, United States Case Middle School, part of Punahou School Case Middle School Punahou School in Oahu, Hawaii Computing and software engineering Computer aided software engineering CASE , use of computers to assist in the software ... the keyword case . Use case in software engineering and systems engineering a description of a system ... Science and Engineering C2A2S2E of German Aerospace Center DLR Containers and packaging Case goods , package of related merchandise, including Case binding Attach case Bookcase Briefcase Computer case , enclosure that contains the main components of a computer Flightcase Keep case , DVD or CD storage case Packing case PDA Case Road case Suitcase Vehicles Case Corporation , defunct manufacturer of agricultural equipment, tractors and cars Case CE , a manufacturer of construction equipment a decedent of the company above Case IH , a manufacturer of agricultural equipment a decedent of the company above Law and business Business case , captures the reasoning for initiating a project or task W. R. Case & Sons Cutlery Co. , American manufacturer of knives Cairo & Alexandria Stock Exchange Case policy debate , part of a policy debate in a debate competition Legalcase , dispute between opposing parties, being resolved by a court of law Linguistics Grammatical case , type of linguistic inflection Letter case , typography, distinction between majuscule capital or upper case and minuscule lower case letters Sentence case , style of capitalization Conceptually Accurate Signed English , form ... more details
The term principal case refers to a legalcase that is deemed basic to understanding a legal principle. As a result, it may also refer to the case in a casebook that introduces a discussion of that principle. Category Legal terms Law stub ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Legal periodicals are trade publication s for the Practice of law legal profession targeted at lawyer s, paralegal s, judge s, and government civil servant s. They contain commentary on current and proposed legislation as well as on recent case law court decisions and administrative law administrative rulings . They can also contain scholarly research articles, book reviews, surveys, and industry news. Legal periodicals may be published by law school s and their affiliated law review student organizations , bar association s or commercial publishers. Scholarly journal s in this field are known as law review s. DEFAULTSORT Legal Periodical Category Legal magazines Category Legal research Category Legal newspapers Category Law journals Trade mag stub Law mag stub ... more details
opinions of courts are also collectively referred to as case law , which is one of the major sources of law in common law legal system s. Memorandum opinion worldview date April 2011 Not every case decided ... is usually only published when the law is being interpreted in a novel way, or the case is a high ... issue what is called a memorandum decision that indicates how state or federal law applies to the case ... legal precedent or re interpret the law, and cannot be invoked in subsequent cases to justify a ruling. Opinions, on the other hand, always establish a particular legal interpretation. Legal opinions of counsel or government law officers In the United Kingdom and other common law countries, a legal opinion also refers to written legal advice on a point of law issued by either a barrister or advocate ... legal opinions of counsel. The Legal Aid scheme in the United Kingdom requires a legal opinion showing reasonable prospects for success before the Legal Aid board will fund any claim. Insurance policies ... of Queen s counsel leading counsel . Legal opinion in commercial transactions In commercial transactions .... See also Appellate court Case law Law report Law reports or reporters Memorandum opinion ... opinions in the European Court of Human Rights DEFAULTSORT Legal Opinion Category Legal terms ar nl Legal opinion ro Opinie juridic zh ... more details
case Jury Trials The Court assesses Legal Aid. England and Wales Legal aid in England and Wales ... covered. Depending on the type of case, legal aid may or may not be means tested. In July 2004 ... under the Legal Aid Act 1988 , which was the applicable Act at the time of the McLibel case ...Legal aid is the provision of assistance to people otherwise unable to afford legal representation and access to the court system. Legal aid is regarded as central in providing access to justice by ensuring ... models for legal aid have emerged, including duty lawyers, community legal clinics and the payment of lawyers to deal with cases for individuals who are entitled to legal aid. History Legal aid has a close relationship with the welfare state and the provision of legal aid by a state is influenced by attitudes towards welfare. Legal aid is a welfare provision by the state to people who could otherwise not afford access to the legal system. Legal aid also helps to ensure that welfare provisions ... to legal advice and the courts. Historically legal aid has played a strong role in ensuring respect ... argue that legal aid is essential in providing individuals with access to justice, by allowing the individual legal enforcement of economic, social and cultural rights . His views developed in the second ... last Regan first Francis title The transformation of legal aid comparative and historical studies ...&dq legal aid isbn 9780198265894 ref Prior to the mid 20th Century literature on legal aid emphasised ..., through policies rather than individual legal action. Laws were enacted to support welfare provisions, though these were regarded as laws for planners, not lawyers. Legal aid schemes were established as it was assumed that the state had a responsible to assist those engaged in legal disputes ... Francis title The transformation of legal aid comparative and historical studies publisher Oxford University Press year 1999 pages 90 url http books.google.com books?id khG 4Dk96J4C&dq legal aid isbn ... more details
A legal treatise is a scholarly legal publication containing all the law relating to a particular area, such as criminal law or trusts and estates . There is no fixed usage on what books qualify as a legal treatise, with the term being used broadly to define books written for practicing Lawyer attorneys and judge s, textbooks for law students, and explanatory texts for laypersons. ref name Walker Citation last Walker first David author link last2 first2 author2 link title Oxford Companion to Law place publisher Oxford University Press year 1980 volume edition page 1234 url http books.google.com ?id 4GgYAAAAIAAJ doi id isbn 019866110X ref Legal treatises are secondary authority , and can serve as a useful starting point for legal research , particularly when the researcher lacks familiarity with a particular area of law. Lawyers commonly use legal treatises in order to review the law and update their knowledge of pertinent primary authority namely, case law , statute s, and Regulation administrative regulations . In law school s, treatises are sometimes used as additional study materials, as treatises often cover legal subjects at a higher level of detail than most casebook s do. Certain treatises, called hornbook s, are used by American law students as supplements to casebooks. Hornbooks are usually one volume sometimes a briefer version of a longer, multi volume treatise written by a recognized legal scholar. See also Treatise Law hornbook References reflist DEFAULTSORT Legal Treatise Category Legal literature Category Legal research Category Legal treatises Law stub ... more details
dablink Principle of law redirects here. For other uses, see law principle . A legal doctrine is a framework, set of rules, procedural steps, or test, often established through precedent in the common law , through which judgments can be determined in a given legalcase. A doctrine comes about when a judge makes a ruling where a process is outlined and applied, and allows for it to be equally applied to like cases. When enough judges make use of the process soon enough it becomes established as the de facto method of deciding like situations. See also Constitutionalism Constitutional economics Rule according to higher law External links Emerson H. Tiller and Frank B. Cross, http www.law.northwestern.edu lawreview v100 n1 517 LR100n1Tiller Cross.pdf What is Legal Doctrine? , Northwestern University Law Review , Vol. 100 1, 2006. DEFAULTSORT Legal Doctrine Category Legal doctrines and principles Law stub bg it Dottrina ru ... more details
Legal research is the process of identifying and retrieving information necessary to support legal decision making. In its broadest sense, legal research includes each step of a course of action that begins ... of the results of the investigation. ref J. Myron Jacobstein and Roy M. Mersky, Fundamentals of Legal Research, 8th ed. Foundation Press, 2002 p. 1. ref The processes of legal research vary according to the country and the legal system involved. However, legal research generally involves tasks such as 1 finding primary sources of law , or primary authority , in a given jurisdiction Case law cases ... legal dictionaries , legal treatise s, and legal encyclopedias such as American Jurisprudence and Corpus Juris Secundum , for background information about a legal topic and 3 searching non legal sources for investigative or supporting information. Legal research is performed by anyone with a need for legal information, including lawyers , law librarians , and paralegals . Sources of legal information range from printed books, to free legal research websites like Legal Information Institute Cornell Law School s Legal Information Institute , Findlaw Findlaw.com , LexisNexis Martindale Hubbell ... research services to help their patrons find the legal information they need in law school s, law ... to legal information on the web, either individually or via collective action , such as with the Free ... Legal Research Providers Legal research is known to take much time and effort, and access to online legal research databases such as LexisNexis and Westlaw can be costly. Consequently, law firms and other practitioners may turn to third party legal research providers to outsource their legal research ... Legal and Nonlegal Support Services. ref http legalresearchexperts.com outsourcing.html fn1text http ... legal services by lawyers who do not otherwise maintain the needed human resources on an ongoing basis. A small firm might not regularly employ the lawyers and legal assistants required to handle ... more details
selfref For Wikipedia s template for case citation, see Template Cite court . Legal citation is the practice ... justices names in a parenthetical following the date of the case. Of course, legal citation in general and case citation in particular can become much more complicated. Citation by country Some ..., and scholarly writing. Overview Typically, a proper legal citation will inform the reader about a source .... This is an example citation to a United States Supreme Court court case Griswold v. Connecticut ... appears second. Thus, the case is Griswold v. Connecticut . The case is reported in volume 381 of the United States Reports abbreviated U.S. . The case begins on page 479 of that volume of the reporter ... to page 480 is referred to as a pin cite or pinpoint . The Supreme Court decided the case. Because the U.S. Reports publish only cases that the Supreme Court decides, the court deciding the case ..., the author should have preceded the cite with a Legal citation signals qualifying signal such as see .... Australia Australian legal citation usually follows the Australian Guide to Legal Citation commonly known as AGLC Canada Canadian legal citation usually follows the Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation commonly called the McGill Guide Germany German legal citation Netherlands Dutch legal citation ... as Leidraad United Kingdom Oxford Standard for Citation Of Legal Authorities is the modern authority ... and 25 28 s. 2.11 accessdate 2009 10 17 year 2006 month November ref USA U. S. legal citation follows ... title Universal Citation. work accessdate 2008 08 07 date ref See also Case citation Citation analysis Legal citation signals Oxford Standard for Citation Of Legal Authorities or OSCOLA Sub nomine References reflist External links http www.cit r us.com Citrus automatic Bluebook legal citation software ... Credibilty Cite Check Bluebook automatic case citation checking software for U.S. sources http citations.duhaime.org Duhaime s Legal Citations & Abbreviations http www.jadelegalsoftware.com ... more details
Legal custody is a legal term in England and Wales . Prisoners See http www.legislation.gov.uk ukpga Geo6and1Eliz2 15 16 52 section 13 section 13 of the Prison Act 1952 . In section 4 of the Official Secrets Act 1989 , the expression legal custody includes detention in pursuance of any enactment or any instrument made under an enactment. ref The Official Secrets Act 1989 , http www.legislation.gov.uk ukpga 1989 6 section 4 section 4 6 ref Children Main Child custody See http www.legislation.gov.uk ukpga 1975 72 section 86 section 86 of the Children Act 1975 . Mental patients Any person required or authorised by or by virtue of the Mental Health Act 1983 to be conveyed to any place or to be kept in custody or detained in a place of safety or at any place to which he is taken under section 42 6 of that Act is, while being so conveyed, detained or kept, as the case may be, deemed to be in legal custody. ref The Mental Health Act 1983 , http www.legislation.gov.uk ukpga 1983 20 section 137 section 137 1 ref For this purpose convey includes any other expression denoting removal from one place to another. ref The Mental Health Act 1983, section 137 3 ref References Reflist Category Legal terms ca Cust dia legal es Custodia legal ... more details
The term legal technicality is a casual or colloquial phrase referring to a technical aspect of law. The phrase is not a term of art in the law it has no exact meaning, nor does it have a legal definition. It implies that that strict adherence to the letter of the law has prevented the spirit of the law from being enforced. However, as a vague term, the definition of a technicality varies from person ... ought to suffer the penalty of the law as speedily as possible. If by legal technicality the case is prolonged and the culprit finally escapes, there will be no use to plead with a mob here ... the country. U.S. v. SHIPP, 1909 The newspaper plainly was using the phrase legal technicality to refer ... preferred outcome. ref Some legal technicalities govern legal procedure, enable or restrict access to courts ... of procedural law . Other legal technicalities deal with aspects of substantive law , that is, aspects ... In the U.S., for example, the Supreme Court has used the informal phrase legal technicality in its decisions 13 times in the last century. Citation needed date November 2008 In every case the use ... 1 The function of counsel as a guide through complex legal technicalities long has been recognized ... his awareness of legal technicalities. used in a footnote, Davis v. North Carolina, 1966 3 If recovery were denied in this case, the railroads, by the simple expedient of doing each other s work, could tie their employees up in legal technicalities... Shenker v. Baltimore and Ohio R.Co., 1963 ref ... based on them, even though they are foundations of the American legal system rather than obscure ... obtained evidence would not be allowed to be the basis of the prosecution s case called the fruit ... civil law. Some examples of technical aspects of legal procedure are Time constraints , including Statute ... immunity , Diplomatic immunity Rules of appellate procedure Notes reflist DEFAULTSORT Legal Technicality Category Informal legal terms Category Legal procedure bg de Rechtsf rmlichkeit ... more details
A legal drama is a work of dramatic fiction about crime and civil litigation. Subtypes of legal dramas include courtroom dramas and legal thrillers , and come in all forms, including novel s, television show s, and film s. Legal drama sometimes overlap with crime drama, most notably in the case of Law & Order . Most crime drama focus on crime investigation and does not feature the court room. It is widely believed by most practicing lawyer s that legal dramas result in the general public having misconceptions about the legal process. Many of these misconceptions result from the desire to create an interesting story. For example, conflict between parties make for an interesting story, which is why legal dramas emphasize the trial law trial and ignore the fact that the vast majority of Civil law common law civil and criminal law criminal cases in the United States are settled out of court. Legal ... occur far more often in legal drama than in real life. Finally, legal dramas often focus on areas of the legal process which can be portrayed dramatically, such as oral argument s, and ignore areas which are less easily portrayed, such as researching a written legal brief. cn date April 2012 ... Trial movies Whodunit Judge show Television legal dramas There have been successful legal dramas both serious and comedic. Notable examples of serious legal dramas that deal with the difficulties ... in the wrong situation at the wrong time. While there are comedic legal dramas that usually deal less ... portrayed in a comedic fashion. Notable examples of this type of legal drama are Ally McBeal and Boston Legal . cn date April 2012 There are rarely any legal dramas on television that don t focus ... Category Courtroom dramas Films that fall into this category Category Legal television series Television .... DEFAULTSORT Legal Drama Category Courtroom dramas Category Legal films Category Film genres Category Drama genres Category Legal genre of fiction Drama Category Television genres tv prog stub lit ... more details
of parliament and subordinate legislation , case reports legal correspondence Legal English has ...Not to be confused with English legal terms, see English law . Refimprove date July 2011 No footnotes date October 2011 Legal English is the style of English language English used by lawyers and other Lawyer legal professionals in the course of their work. It has particular relevance when applied to legal writing and the Draft document drafting of written material , including legal documents contracts ... of English as the predominant language of international business , as well as its role as a legal language within the European Union , legal English is now a global phenomenon . It is also referred to casually as lawspeak redirect or legalese . Historical development Modern legal English ... in the History of the English language history of the development of English as a legal language ... see Celtic law . The legal language and legal tradition changed with waves of conquerors over the following ... followed Roman legal tradition, and its legal language was Latin. Following the End of Roman rule ... Anglo Norman French became the official language of legal proceedings in England for a period of nearly ... Language and dialect Anglo Saxon law Language and dialect for details. In legal pleadings, Anglo Norman developed into Law French , from which many words in modern legal English are derived. These include ... has an enduring influence on the general Register linguistics linguistic register of modern legal English. It also accounts for some of the complex linguistic structures employed in legal writing. In 1363 , the Statute of Pleading was enacted, which stated that all legal proceedings be conducted in English but recorded in Latin . This marked the beginning of formal Legal English Law French continued ... became the language of legal pleading or debate. The influence of Latin can be seen in a number of words ... in current use in legal writing see Legal Latin . Common law further Common law Note further that the system ... more details
the money . Accordingly, to qualify for funding with a legal financing company, a litigant s case ... rates depending on the characteristics of the case at hand. Similar to legal defense fund s, legal .... Prior to legal financing, many litigants had to settle their legalcase early or for a lesser amount ... the case is not simply won because one side has more money. In essence, legal funding relieves financial ...Globalize US article date January 2012 Legal financing , also known as litigation financing , professional ... legal costs through a third party funding company. These third party funding companies provide cash ... . However, if the case proceeds to trial and the litigant loses, the third party funding company receives nothing and loses the money they have invested in the case. ref name NYT cite news title ... January 2012 The amount of money that plaintiffs receive through legal financing varies widely, but often ... resources. Legal financing companies also provide the cash advance in a lump sum fashion and generally no specific account is provided for the litigant. Furthermore, legal financing is more likely to be used by plaintiffs, whereas legal defense funds are more likely to be used by defendants. Money obtained from legal financing companies can be used for any purpose, whether for litigation or for personal matters. On the other hand, money obtained through legal defense funds are solely used to fund litigation and legal costs. People often confuse legal funding with loans . On the surface, legal ..., litigants generally do not have to pay monthly fees in obtaining legal financing. Instead, there are no payments of any kind until the case settles or judgment is obtained, which could be months or years away. Because such legal funding advances are not debt and not reported to the credit bureaus, the litigant s credit ratings cannot be adversely affected if a litigant obtains a legal funding advance. History In the past, plaintiffs who were not aware of legal funding often turned to credit ... more details
predominately consists of oral arguments where legal representors steer the case in search of justice ... Albert H. Y. Chen Socio legal Thought and Legal Modernization in Contemporary China A Case ...Legal cultures are described as being temporary outcomes of interactions and occur pursuant to a challenge and response paradigm . Analyses of core legal paradigms shape the characteristics of individual and distinctive legal cultures. Comparative legal cultures are examined by a field of scholarship ... ed 1992 Comparative Legal Cultures Dartmouth England p. xix. ref Legal cultures can be examined by reference to fundamentally different legal systems. However, such cultures can also be differentiated ... that encourage cultural change. Western legal culture v non Western legal culture Western legal culture is unified in the systematic reliance on legal constructs. Such constructs include corporations ... in primitive or traditional legal systems but they can also be predominately incapable of expression in those language systems which form the basis of such legal cultures. ref name J.C. Smith ... 46 2 pp. 191 225 in Csaba Varga ed 1992 Comparative Legal Cultures Dartmouth England . ref As a general proposition, the concept of legal culture depends on language and symbols and any attempt to analyze non western legal systems in terms of categories of modern western law can result in distortion attributable to differences in language. ref name J.C. Smith 1968 pp. 191 225 So while legal constructs are unique to classical Roman, modern civil and common law cultures, legal concepts or primitive ... or abstract. Legal culture therefore in the former group is influenced by academics, learned members ... Comparative Legal Cultures Dartmouth England . ref The doctrines of traditional African law are based ... 44 The Islamic legal system exemplifies law as part of a larger culture where the concepts of knowledge, right and human nature play a central role. A case study by Lawrence Rosen anthropologist Lawrence ... more details
globalize date May 2011 A legal hold is a process which an organization uses to preserve all forms of relevant information when litigation is reasonably anticipated. The legal hold is initiated by a notice or communication from legal counsel to an organization that suspends the normal disposition or processing ... of documents and information. A legal hold will be issued as a result of current or anticipated litigation, audit, government investigation or other such matter to avoid evidence spoliation. Legal holds ... tape recycling. ref The legal hold is initiated by a notice or communication from legal counsel to an organization ..., archived media and other storage and management of documents and information. A legal hold ... such matter to avoid evidence spoliation. Legal holds can encompass business procedures affecting ... stored information ESI aka Electronic discovery e discovery , expanding the use of a legal hold beyond preservation of paper documents. The amendments were written in anticipation of legal arguments ... wasn t the case. These changes took effect December 1, 2006 and require organizations to hold all electronic records until each legal matter is formally settled, even if an organization only reasonably anticipates litigation. Process There are three main requirements that comprise a legal hold ... of all related audit trail information related to the legal hold notification process is also highly ... documents is culling . The relevant documents for the case are identified and preserved in a physical repository publishing repository of relevant or potentially relevant documents subject to the legal ... electronic communication is also subject to the legal hold. See also Electronic discovery Electronically ... applieddiscovery lawlibrary whitePapers ADI WP LegalHolds.pdf, Applying the Legal Hold http advisor.com doc 18524 E Discovery Advisor Article, Understand Legal Hold Notification Changes ... http www.abanet.org lpm lpt articles tch04081.shtml ABA Article on Legal Hold, Are you Litigation ... more details
large counter protests and it was alleged that the police sided with the BUF. Another case of legal observing was that carried out by the Black Panthers in the United States. Legal observers were used ...Refimprove date February 2007 Legal observers are individuals, usually representatives of civilian human rights agencies, who attend Demonstration people public demonstrations , protest s and other activities where there is a potential for conflict between the public or activists and the police , security guard s or other law enforcement personnel. The purpose of legal observers is to monitor, record and report on any unlawful or improper behaviour. Legal or human rights observers act as an independent third party within a conflictual civil protest context, observing police behaviour in order to keep police accountable for their actions. Legal observers can write incident reports describing police violence and misbehaviour and compile reports after the event. The use of video and still cameras, incident reports and audio recorders is common. ref http www.activistrights.org.au cb pages organising legal support.php ref It is thought that the concept of using legal observers first emerged during protests in the 1930s in the East End of London , where police agents provocateurs were used ... unions against the industrial relations policies of media magnate, Rupert Murdoch . Legal observers ... both USA , Liberty UK , the G8 Legal Collective Scotland , and others. In Australia in the 1970s, priests acted as legal observers during the large Moratorium Marches against the Vietnam War. In September 2000, Pt chang Nonviolent Community Safety Group organised a large Legal Observer Team for the S11 ... downloads s11 legal observer report.pdf ref In Sydney, the Legal Observers Project, formally based at the Community ... ptchang downloads s11 legal observer report.pdf ref See also Copwatch Election monitoring ... Legal Observer Category Civil rights and liberties Category Law enforcement terminology Category Protests ... more details
ref improve date September 2011 File Books on legal writing.jpg thumb right A few books on legal writing at a law library . Legal writing is a type of technical writing used by lawyer s, judge s, legislator s, and others in law to express legal analysis and legal rights and duties. Distinguishing features Authority Legal writing places heavy reliance on authority. In most legal writing, the writer ... for American legal citation are defined by two competing rulebooks the ALWD Citation Manual A Professional ... be used in other countries. Precedent Legal writing values precedent, as distinct from authority. Precedent ... for the new occasion. Or a lawyer who has filed a successful Motion legal motion to dismiss a lawsuit may use the same or a very similar form of motion again in another case, and so on. Many lawyers ... commonly, forms. Vocabulary Legal writing extensively uses technical terminology that can be categorised ... vocabulary legal writing employs many old words and phrases that were formerly quotidian language ... , prima facie , inter alia , mens rea , sub judice and are not italicised as English legal language ... legal writing formal. This formality can take the form of long sentences, complex constructions, archaic ... in legal writing is necessary and desirable, given the importance of some legal documents and the seriousness of the circumstances in which some legal documents are used. Yet not all formality in legal writing is justified. To the extent that formality produces opacity and imprecision .... In particular, when legal content must be conveyed to nonlawyers, formality should give way to clear communication. What is crucial in setting the level of formality in any legal document is assessing ... jurisdiction calls for a formal style this shows proper respect for the court and for the legal matter at issue. An interoffice legal memorandum to a supervisor can probably be less formal though ... message to a friend and client, updating the status of a legal matter, is appropriately informal. Transaction ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 The parquet is the office of the prosecution , in some countries, responsible for presenting legal case s at criminal trial s against individuals or parties suspected of breaking the law. The word literally means wood en floor this is because, as opposed to the judge s, who sit on an elevated platform during trials, the prosecution pleads standing on the floor. This also explains why the judges are sometimes referred to as sitting magistrates magistrature assise or magistrates of the bench magistrats du si ge while the prosecutors are sometimes referred to as standing magistrates magistrature debout . In France , the parquet g n ral is the public prosecutor s office of the appellate court cour d appel or the Supreme Court Court of Cassation France Cour de Cassation . In Brazil , the prosecutor s office, the Public Ministry Public Ministry Brazil Minist rio P blico , is metonymically referred to as the parquet . In Romania , the prosecutor s office is also called the parchet IPA ro par ket pron . In Dutch language Dutch , the word parquet is translated as parket . DEFAULTSORT Parquet Legal Category French legal terms Law term stub ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Legal channeling is the act of legally making one entity responsible for an event, and thereby dismissing other parties from liability for an event. For example the third part liability for nuclear power plants is often channelled to the operator of the nuclear power plant. Therefore, contractors, who work at a nuclear power plant, do not have to have insurance in case one of their employees causes an accident with third party damages as a consequence. See also Strict liability Joint and several liability Vicarious liability DEFAULTSORT Legal Channeling Category Tort law Category Nuclear liability ... more details
the general principle of legal uncertainty, is Giuffrida v Commission 1976 ECR 1395 Case 105 75. ref ...Legal certainty is a principle in national and international law which holds that the law must provide those subject to it with the ability to regulate their conduct. Legal certainty is internationally recognised as a central requirement for the rule of law . Definition As such the legal system needs ... to the law from arbitrary use of state power. As such legal certainty entails a requirement for decisions to be made according to legal rules, i.e. be lawful. The concept of legal certainty may ... of legal certainty is incorporated into law varies depending on national jurisprudence. However, legal certainty frequently serves as the central principle for the development of legal methods by which law is made, interpreted and applied. ref name Maxeiner Legal certainty is an established legal concept both in the Civil law legal system civil law legal systems and common law legal systems . In the civil law tradition, legal certainty is defined in terms of maximum predictability of officials behaviour. In the common law tradition, legal certainty is often explained in terms of citizens ability to organise their affairs in such a way that does not break the law. In both legal traditions, legal certainty is regarded as grounding value for the legality of legislative and administrative ... 22&source gbs navlinks s isbn 9783540798552 ref Rule of law The legal philosopher Gustav Radbruch regarded legal certainty, justice and policy as the three fundamental pillars of law . ref name Maxeiner Today legal certainty is internationally recognised as a central requirement for the rule of law ... a rule based society in the interest of legal certainty and predictability. At the G8 Foreign Ministers ... to the principle of legal certainty. ref name Maxeiner Europe European nations regard legal certainty as a fundamental quality of the legal system and a guiding requirement for the rule of law ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
