Levelmeasurement refers to instrumentation techniques designed to measure the height of a fluid or solid within a containing vessel. Liquid fluid measurement techniques Radar Guided radar Electromechanical Ultrasound Ultrasonic Capacitance Hydrostatic pressure Differential pressure Weight Radiation RF Transmission line methods 3D Level Scanner 3D Level Scanner The device employs an array of low frequency transducers to measure and map the entire surface area, and a patented algorithm that processes the information and generates a 3d dimensional map. The 3DLlevelScanner can measure the level, volume and mass of bulk solids in any type of container. The device was first introduced in 2007 by http www.apm solutions.com APM Automation Solutions , an Israeli manufacturer. Solids measurement techniques Radar Guided radar Weight Differential pressure fluidized RF Transmission line methods References http www.sensorsmag.com articles 1000 55 main.shtml Sensor Magazine article on level http www.omega.com prodinfo levelmeasurement.html Omega levelmeasurement article Category Measurement ... more details
that we have an even lower level of measurement an ordinal level. This means that the numbers we assign ... asked questions Interwikies DEFAULTSORT Level Of Measurement Categories Category Articles with inconsistent ...The levels of measurement , or scales of measure are expressions that typically refer to the theory of scale ... Science journal Science article titled On the theory of scales of measurement . ref cite journal last Stevens first S. S. authorlink Stanley Smith Stevens title On the Theory of Scales of Measurement ..., Stevens claimed that all measurement in science was conducted using four different types ... he invoked his theory of measurement to justify nominal scales as measurement cquote the use of numerals ... cannot be defined. In 1946, Stevens observed that psychological measurement usually operates on ordinal ... isbn 1 56000 360 X year 1998 pages 24 25 quote Ideally, a scale of measurement should have a true zero ... X pages 30 31 quote In the jargon of psychological measurement theory, IQ is an ordinal scale, where ... measurement is temperature with the degree Celsius Celsius scale . In this particular scale, the unit of measurement is 1 100 of the temperature difference between the freezing and boiling points ... . Variables measured at the interval level are called interval variables or sometimes scaled variables as they have units of measurement. Ratios between numbers on the scale are not meaningful, so operations ... measured at the interval level can be represented by its mode, its median, or its arithmetic mean ... moment. Ratio scale Most measurement in the physical sciences and engineering is done on ratio scales ... scales. The scale type takes its name from the fact that measurement is the estimation ... scale measurement in the behavioral sciences are all but non existent. Luce 2000 argues that an example of ratio scale measurement in psychology can be found in rank and sign dependent expected utility theory. All statistical measures can be used for a variable measured at the ratio level, as all ... more details
For bust waist hip measurement BWH File Measuring Tape Inch CM.jpg 300px thumb right A typical tape measure ... pennies for comparison Measurement is the process or the result of determining the ratio of a physical quantity , such as a length, time, temperature etc., to a unit of measurement , such as the meter, second or degree Celsius. The science of measurement is called metrology . The English word measurement ... fundamental quantum constants, units of measurement are essentially arbitrary in other words ... of human history, however, first for convenience and then for necessity, standards of measurement evolved so that communities would have certain common benchmarks. Law s regulating measurement were originally developed to prevent fraud in commerce. Today, units of measurement are generally ... the National Physical Laboratory of India . Units and systems Main Units of measurement Systems of measurement Image MetricImperialUSCustomaryUnits.jpg thumb 200px A baby bottle that measures in all three Units of measurementmeasurement systems , Imperial unit Imperial U.K. , United States customary ... Caribbean countries. These various systems of measurement have at times been called foot pound second ... of measurement based on its units for length, the metre and for mass, the kilogram . It exists in several variations, with different choices of Units of measurement Base and derived units base units ... system in 1966 and the units used for measurement of length are metres m and millimetres mm . Centimetres ... of measurement devised by Edmund Gunter in 1620. The base unit is Gunter s chain of convert 66 ft m ... is an abstract measurement we have invented in order to keep track of elemental changes over a non ... to function and would not work in free fall. Economics Main Measurement in economics The measures ... variables from measurement makes it possible to better focus the measurement on a given variable, yet, this means a narrower approach. Difficulties Since accurate measurement is essential in many ... more details
organisation , classrooms, churches, hospitals among others Levelmeasurement , instrumentation techniques to measure height within a vessel Level set , a set where a function takes on a given constant value Level algebra , the least number of squares that sum to math 1 math in a field Energy level s, discrete amounts of energy that can be held by a quantum mechanical system or confined ...wiktionary levelLevel leveled levelled levels wiktionary microlevel Level or levels or levelling may refer to tocright Places Lev l , Gy r Moson Sopron, Hungary Level, Ohio , United States Level Valley ... level or bubble level Water level , a device that finds the horizontal across larger distances Laser level , illuminates a horizontal plane Laser line level , displays an accurately illuminated line Dumpy level , an optical instrument Reed level , an Arabic invention Regrading , the process of raising and or lowering the levels of land Science and mathematics Level, in Design of experiments applied ... leveling , the generalization of an inflection across a paradigm or between words Gaming Level video gaming , a stage of the game Level role playing games , a measurement of character development Music Level album Level Eli Young Band album , the second album from Eli Young Band Level song Level The Raconteurs song , the fourth single from the their debut album Broken Boy Soldiers Gal Level , award ... Bilal song Levels Bilal song , a song by Bilal from his album Airtight s Revenge People Maurice Level 1875 1926 , French writer Annick Level born 1942 , French fencer Level Pi born 1965 , German musician Uwe Cremer L on Level 1910 1949 , French professional road bicycle racer Tobias Levels born 1986 , German Dutch footballer Calvin Levels born 1954 , American film actor Other uses Level music , similar to but more general and basic than a chord LeveL , a games magazine in the Czech Republic, Romania and Turkey Level magazine Level , a games magazine in Sweden Overlapping hierarchy Level , in a hierarchy ... more details
wiktionary AS level AS level is an abbreviation that can stand for Advanced Subsidiary level , the first part of the current Advanced Level in the United Kingdom A Level qualification Advanced Supplementary level, an old qualification which was part of the Advanced Level UK UK Advanced level system prior to 2000. A Hong Kong Advanced Supplementary Level Examination AS level graph an internet graph resembling the relationships of Autonomous system Internet Autonomous Systems disambig ... more details
Other uses Level disambiguation LevelLEVEL is a computer and video games magazine originating in the Czech ... content. In addition to publishing the magazine, LeveL also organizes many yearly gaming competitions ... Cyber Games WCG . LeveL was founded by Jan Beast Tomanek in 1995 in Czech Republic. Its first issue was released on 24.01.1995. The current LeveL editor in chief is Michal K ivsk replacing Sleepless Petr Pol ek . LEVEL in Czech republic LEVEL was the third magazine, after Excalibur in 1991 and SCORE ... Ludvik , LEVEL began its history in January, 1995. For a year and a half, the editor in chief was Jan ... for seven years. His former assistant Ond ej Pr a , one of the few people who had been with LEVEL for its ... Bach . LEVEL is considered the best selling magazine about computer games in the Czech republic with nearly ... members. LEVEL in Turkey The Turkish edition was founded and initially written by M. Berker G ng r ... when he attended to a contest and became the heart of LEVEL today it is the leading computer games magazine ... branches closed due to financial difficulty when? , leaving LEVEL without competitors &mdash and with extra ... to LEVEL after the split. Also many writers from GamePro has joined LEVEL . LEVEL in Romania In September 1997 Vogel Publishing Romania launches the first Romanian gaming magazine called LEVEL INTERNATIONAL ... per issue and 79.000 readers per issue. LEVEL Romania saw its ups and downs in its over a decade ... lasting author of LEVEL Romania is Marius Ghinea, who joined the team back in 1998 and raised ... Sfrijan, Sebastian Locke Bularca, Vladimir Ciolan Ciolan. LEVEL Romania was in direct competition ... so far. In 2007 LEVEL Romania organized an event called Level fest aka Viva la Level ution , which ... Fire . In 2008 LEVEL Romania held the contest Tu faci jocurile You make the games in which they awarded ... LEVEL has sometimes given 2 full games with certain issues and is also heavily promoting interesting Indie Games . Currently Level is the only Romanian printed games magazine left on the market. External ... more details
Infobox album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name On the Level Type Album Artist Status Quo band Status Quo Cover OnTheLevel StatusQuo.jpg Released 21 February 1975 ref name rym cite web url http rateyourmusic.com release album status quo on the level f3 title On the Level author date work publisher Rate Your Music accessdate 24 April 2011 ref Recorded Winter 1974 small at IBC Studios and Phonogram Studios, London Genre Blues rock Length 37 55 Label Vertigo Records Vertigo small UK small br Capitol Records small USA small Producer Status Quo band Status Quo Last album Quo Status Quo album Quo br 1974 This album On The Level br 1975 Next album Blue for You br 1976 Misc Singles Name On the Level Type studio Single 1 Down Down Single 1 date 1974 Album ratings rev1 Allmusic rev1score Rating 4 5 ref Allmusic class album id r50104 pure url yes Allmusic review ref Automatically generated by DASHBot On The Level is the eighth Status Quo band Status Quo studio album. It features Francis Rossi, Richard Parfitt, Alan Lancaster and John Coghlan. The album s cover art features band members in an Ames room , and on the original vinyl release, the inner gatefold sleeve consisted of informal photos members of the group had taken of each other. In November 1974 the band released the only single from the album, an edited version of a Rossi Young song entitled Down Down . The single gave the band their only 1 hit to date. Its b side was the Parfitt Young album track Nightride . When the album was released in February 1975, the group were more or less at the peak of their career, record sales wise. The album entered the chart at 1. All tracks were written or co written by the group themselves, apart from Bye Bye Johnny , which was originally a Chuck Berry song. Track listing Little Lady Rick ... Category Status Quo albums Category Vertigo Records albums cs On the Level fr On the Level it On the Level nl On the Level pl On the Level pt On the Level sv On the Level ... more details
orphan date November 2011 Work measurement is the application of techniques designed to establish the time for an average worker to carry out a specified manufacturing task at a defined level of performance ref Groover, M. P. 2007 . Work Systems The Methods, Measurement & Management of Work , Prentice Hall, ISBN 9780131406506 ref . It is concerned with the length of time it takes to complete a work task assigned to a specific job. Usage Work measurement helps to uncover non standardization that exist in the workplace and non value adding activities and waste. A work has to be measured for the following reasons To discover and eliminate lost or ineffective time. To establish standard times for performance measurement. To measure performance against realistic expectations. To set operating goals and objectives. Techniques of Work Measurement time study Predetermined motion time system Predetermined motion time systems Standard Data Work sampling Uses of Work Measurement To compare the efficiency of alternative methods. Other conditions being equal, the method which takes the least time will be the best method. To balance the work of members of teams, in association with the multiple activity charts, so that, as far as possible, each member has tasks taking an equal time. To determine, in association with man and machine multiple activity charts, the number of machines a worker can run. References Reflist Category Industrial engineering ... more details
unreferenced date September 2011 Noise measurement is carried out in various fields. In acoustics , it can be for the purpose of measuring environmental noise , or part of a test procedure using white noise , or some other specialised form of test signal . In electronics it relates to the sensitivity of communications systems, the purity of signals, or the quality of audio systems . The concept is to define the noise level below which signals cannot reliably be detected. It can be thought of as uncertainty of the information being carried over a communications channel . In audio systems and broadcasting specific methods are used to obtain subjectively valid results in order that different devices and signal paths may be compared regardless of the differing spectral distribution and temporal properties of the noise that they generate. In particular, the ITU R 468 noise weighting was devised specifically for this purpose, and is widely used for professional audio and broadcast measurements. Standards There are a number of standards for noise measurement, each with a different goal or focus, including Standard ITU R BS 468 widely used in Broadcasting and professional Audio. Standard IEC A weighting is widely used in Environmental Noise measurement. Standard CCIR recommendation 468 4 is now maintained as ITU R BS 468 Standard CCITT 0.41 refers to Psophometric weighting used on telephone circuits. Standard CCITT P53 is now continued as CCITT0.41 Standard BS 6402 1983 specifies Personal sound exposure meters. Standard BS 3539 1968 specifies Sound level meter s for motor vehicle noise. Standard BSEN 60651 supersedes BS 5969 1981 Sound level meter s See also Audio quality measurement Rumble measurement Noise dosimeter Noise environmental Noise economic Noise music Noise pollution ITU R 468 noise weighting A weighting Weighting filter Equal loudness contour Cosmic microwave background radiation External links http noboomers.home.insightbb.com default.htm Noboomers Noise Category ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Land measurement is the general concept describing the application and theory of measurement of landform land . Land measurement is an integral quantitative element of Surveying . DEFAULTSORT Land Measurement Category Measurement Cartography stub Measurement stub id Pengukuran tanah ... more details
File Measurement categories.svg thumb 250px Schematic representation of measurement categories Measurement category a method of classification of Live wire electricity live electric circuits used in measurement and testing of installations and equipment, usually in the relation within a building residential or industrial . The categories take into account the total continuous energy available at the given point of circuit, and the occurrence of overvoltage impulse voltages . The energy can be limited by circuit breaker s or Fuse electrical fuses , and the impulse voltages by the nominal level of voltage. Measurement categories The definitions for each measurement category are as follows. ref name IEC61010 IEC 61010 20 030, Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control, and laboratory use Part 30 Special requirements for testing and measuring circuits ref There are four categories, which are always stated with the designated voltage, for instance CAT III, 150 V or CAT IV, 1000 V . This has important safety implications for impulse voltages and insulation Insulator electrical clearances . CAT I CAT I is applicable to instruments and equipment, which are not intended to be connected to the mains supply. Because the available energy is very limited, this category is normally not marked on the equipment instead simply rated voltages and currents are stated e.g. in multimeter s . Examples low voltage electronic circuits, load circuits of bench power supply power supplies , etc. CAT II CAT II defines circuits which are intended for direct connection into mains sockets or similar points. The energy in such installations should be limited to below 100 A continuously or below 500 A for voltages not exceeding 150 V . The maximum available continuous power must be limited for instance by a circuit breaker to not more than 22 ... varies from 500 V CAT II, 50 V , to 12 000 V CAT IV, 1000 V . References reflist Category Measurement ... more details
measurement is taken to the next level through its sophistication and high tech distribution. This allows several audiences measurement companies to refer to the Internet as the most measurable media ... 2010 Audience measurement measures how many people are in an audience , usually in relation to radio ... and forgetting forgetfulness , as well as subjectivity . Data is also collected down to the level ... Opinion and Statistics IBOPE was the first realtime service for audience measurement of the world, it started in S o Paulo in 1988. countries. Electronic The audience measurement of U.S. television ... factor of audience measurement for national network television. ref cite book last Lotz first Amanda .... The LPM marked the shift from active, diary based local measurement to more passive, meter monitored measurement of local markets. Technologically, the LPM is very similar to the original Nielsen ... New digital technologies have complicated in home measurement systems, such as the DVR and are incompatible ... has brought about concern within the industry, new ways of measurement are becoming readily ... by Amanda D. Lotz, one of the most challenging aspects of audience measurement during the multi channel ... needed to establish measurement matrices to prove its economic viability, but the lack of shared ... of these leading providers in automated audience measurement solutions is to deliver results to inquiries ... in the audience measurement practice provides a multitude of technological advancements such as the DVR ... of TAM television advertising measurement Universe Universe is the total or actual number of people ... of the media plan s trust CPRP Measurement used in planning a television media buy based on the cost ... per GRP would be 1000 divided by 10 , or 100. The CPGRP measurement is a way of measuring ... lack of flexibility. Listeners complain that modern radio lacks variety and depth but the measurement ... rather than are exposed to new music. Data obtained by some audience measurement methods is detailed ... more details
Multiple issues POV March 2008 refimprove January 2007 Loudspeaker measurement is one of the most difficult aspects of audio quality measurement , Citation needed date March 2008 and also probably the most ... audio system components. Anechoic measurement The standard way to test a loudspeaker requires an anechoic ... measurement is not representative of performance in a room, especially a small room. For valid results ... sides. Most anechoic chambers are not designed for accurate measurement down to 20 Hz. Outdoor measurement Measurements made outside will usually show ripples in the mid range caused by ground reflection ... 50 ft m in their measurements. Half space measurement An alternative is to simply lay the speaker ... allows far more accurate half space measurement, creating the loudspeaker equivalent of the boundary ..., and so no measurement, or combination of measurements, can assure successful perceptions ... or two. and in fact a speaker that has been designed to give a flat measurement at 1 m will not be quite so flat at 2 m, a better distance for measurement, but seldom used in increases errors caused ... measurement and its caveats. Nearfield measurements Room acoustics have much lower effect on nearfield ... directional information. For a multiple sound source speaker system the measurement should be carried ... Frequency Loudspeaker Assessment by Nearfield Sound Pressure Measurement, 1974 04 AES Published ref ... both the initial radiation and the steady state level to have a flat response, and there is no easy ... to the mode as a way of controlling the steady state level, but at the expense of the initial wavefront ... are typically swamped by room modes. Frequency response measurement Frequency response measurements ... . A weakness of most quoted figures is failure to state the maximum Sound pressure level SPL available ... excursion to lower levels. A power bandwidth measurement is therefore most useful, in addition to frequency ... at 4 Hz. Distortion measurement Distortion measurement s on loudspeakers can only go as low ... more details
date October 2010 Performance measurement is a process for collecting and reporting information ... an organization determines its capability to prevail. Performance measurement estimates the parameters ... 2005. ref All process of measurement measuring performance requires the use of statistical modeling ... do not control their workforce mechanically measurement of time and motion for control as during Taylor .... Robert Kaplan & David Norton Business has control bias. Because traditional measurement system sprung from finance function, the system has a control bias. Organisations create measurement systems .... The measurement of compliance with these requirements is the mechanism of control. 3. To Budget ... understand the situation. At the macro level, elected officials deciding which purpose of government ... , determine allocations at the micro level by using measures of efficiency of various activities ... accomplishment and selfworth Locke & Latham 1984 . Links from measurement to celebration ... personally care. National Academy of Public Administration NAPA in its study of early performance measurement ... performance evaluation results to higher level officials, but did not show clear recognition that the form and level of data for these needs would be different than that for operating managers ... of performance measurement which facilitates learning by providing assessment of organisational performance ... for managers to consider analysis of performance in measurement s related areas by revealing ... box . Principles of performance measurement All significant work activity must be measured. Work that is not measured .... The best that can be accomplished with this type of activity is to supervise a level of effort ... than just requiring a level of effort. Desired outcomes are necessary for work evaluation and meaningful ... problems with measurement systems that limit their usefulness Heavy reliance on summary data ... added measures. Performance Measurement topics Most of us have heard some version of the standard performance ... more details
primarysources date January 2009 Established in 2003, and based in Penticton, British Columbia, Terasen Measurement is a business unit of Terasen Gas , a subsidiary of Fortis Inc. , the largest investor owned utility in gas and electric distribution in Canada. Terasen Measurement provides North American consumers with a range of gas and electric measurement services including electric and gas measurement, flow meter testing, meter fleet management and automated meter reading services. Terasen Measurement has a full accreditation as a Meter Service Organization under both Measurement Canada and ISO 9001 2000 . They test, repair and verify more than 80,000 meters a year, and manage a fleet of more than 1 million meters across North America External links http www.terasenmeasurement.com Terasen Measurement website http www.terasengas.com Terasen Gas website http www.fortisinc.com Fortis Inc. http www.ic.gc.ca Measurement Canada http www.iso.org International Organization for Standardization References reflist Category Companies based in British Columbia Category Fortis Inc. ... more details
Software measurement is a quantified attribute see also measurement of a characteristic of a software product or the software process. It is a discipline within software engineering . The content of software measurement is defined and governed by ISO Standard ISO 15939 software measurement process . Further reading Norman Fenton, Shari L Pfleeger http portal.acm.org citation.cfm?id 241680 Software metrics a rigorous and practical approach PWS Publishing Co. Boston, MA, USA 1997, ISBN 0 534 95600 9 Christof Ebert and Reiner Dumke http www.springer.com dal home generic search results?SGWID 1 40109 22 173740676 0 Software Measurement Springer, New York 2007, ISBN 978 3 540 71648 8 Category Software metrics soft eng stub ... more details
with Optics ref Open channel flow measurementLevel to flow The level of the water is measured ...Flow measurement is the quantification of bulk fluid movement. Flow can be measured in a variety of ways ... of times the volume is filled to measure flow. Other flow measurement methods rely on forces produced ... be measured by measuring the velocity of fluid over a known area. Units of measurement Both gas and liquid ... the flow. The bucket and stopwatch method is an off line method, meaning that the measurement cannot ... Rotary piston p Because they are used for domestic water measurement, piston meters, also known as rotary piston or semi positive displacement meters, are the most common flow measurement devices in the UK ... gear on side A is protruding into the measurement chamber, while on the other side of the meter B , a cavity holds a fixed volume of fluid in a measurement chamber. As the fluid pushes the gears, it rotates them, allowing the fluid in the measurement chamber on side B to be released into the outlet port. Meanwhile, fluid entering the inlet port will be driven into the measurement chamber of side ... continues as the gears rotate and fluid is metered through alternating measurement chambers ... transducer for flow measurement. Helical Gear Helical gear flow meters get their name from the shape ... commonly used measurement system for measuring water supply. The fluid, most commonly water ... to fluid velocity. Turbine flow meters are used for the measurement of natural gas and liquid flow ... of aluminum to be light weight, and are usually 3 capacity. Water utilities often require them for measurement ... 20meter 20eccentric 20plate&pg PA85 Flow Measurement , p. 85 ref ref American Gas Association ... measurement of the three dimensional velocity vector. Also see Annubar . Optical flow meters Optical .... Optical flow meters are very stable with no moving parts and deliver a highly repeatable measurement ... for the measurement of flare gases from oil wells and refineries, a contributor to atmospheric ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Advert date March 2009 Infobox Software name Measurement Studio logo Image MStudio.JPG right 300px Mstudio logo. screenshot caption developer National Instruments latest release version 8.5 latest release date May 2008 operating system http digital.natinst.com public.nsf CXIV ATTACH AEEE 7EWM9W FILE ReadmeVS2008.html Vista XP genre Data acquisition Data Acquisition , Instrument control Instrument Control , Test automation Test Automation , Signal processing Analysis and Signal Processing , Industrial Control Systems Industrial Control , Embedded Embedded Design license Proprietary software Proprietary website http www.ni.com mstudio History Measurement Studio was introduced in February 2000 by National Instruments in order to combine its text based programming tools, specifically LabWindows CVI , Component Works , Component Works. Measurement studio 7.0 adopted support ... into Visual Studio . As of Measurement Studio 8.0.1, support for Visual Studio 2005 and .NET ... Measurement Studio provides support for multiple versions of Visual studio including 2008, 2005, .NET 2003 and 6.0. ref http cnx.org content m14741 latest What is Measurement Studio? ref Benefits Advert date March 2009 Measurement Studio is a set of test and measurement class libraries, tools ... save program development time. Measurement Studio includes a variety of examples, to illustrate ... applications can be accessed. Measurement Studio ties the creation of user interfaces based on UI in visual ... controls, and obtain data through indicators. Measurement Studio includes a suite of analysis ... cda tut p id 4807 NI.com What is Measurement Studio? ref Using the power of Visual Studio users can build an installer that allows their code to run on computers that do not have Measurement Studio installed ... labview Labview ref which offers many of the test, measurement and control capabilities of Measurement ... Reflist Category Computer networking es Measurement Studio fr Measurement Studio ... more details
File IBA Crosstalk weighting curve.svg 400px right Crosstalk measurement is made on audio systems to determine the amount of signal leaking across from one channel to another. Interchannel crosstalk applies between the two channels of a stereo system, and is usually not very important on modern systems, though it was hard to keep below the desired figure of 30dB or so on vinyl record ings and FM radio . Crosstalk between channels in mixing consoles, and between studio feeds is much more of a problem, as these are likely to be carrying very different programmes or material. The IBA drew up a weighting curve for use in crosstalk measurement that gives due emphasis to the subjective audibility of different frequencies, as shown here. This is still in use, despite the demise of the IBA, and in the absence of any international standards is worth adopting. See also Audio quality measurement Noise measurement Rumble measurement Headroom audio signal processing Headroom Wow & flutter measurement ITU R 468 noise weighting A weighting Weighting filter Equal loudness contour Fletcher Munson curves Sound tech stub DEFAULTSORT Crosstalk Measurement Category Audio engineering Category Broadcast engineering Category Noise Category Sound measurements ... more details
Citations missing date August 2010 Expert subject measurement date August 2010 Image Clinical thermometer 38.7.JPG thumb right A medical clinical thermometer showing the temperature of 38.7 C Attempts of standardized temperature measurement have been reported as early as 170 AD by Galen Claudius Galenus . ref name quinn cite book author T. J. Quinn year 1983 title Temperature publisher Academic Press location London ref The modern scientific field has its origins in the works by Florentine scientists in the 17th century. Early devices to measure temperature were called thermoscope s. The first sealed thermometer was constructed in 1641 by the Grand Duke of Toscani, Ferdinand II. ref name quinn The development of today s thermometer s and temperature scales began in the early 18th century, when Gabriel Fahrenheit adapted a thermometer using mercury element mercury and a scale both developed by Ole R mer Ole Christensen R mer . Fahrenheit s scale is still in use, alongside the Celsius scale and the Kelvin scale. Technologies Many methods have been developed for measuring temperature. Most of these rely on measuring some physical property of a working material that varies with temperature. One of the most common devices for measuring temperature is the mercury in glass thermometer glass thermometer . This consists of a glass tube filled with mercury element mercury or some other liquid, which acts as the working fluid. Temperature increase causes the fluid to expand, so the temperature can be determined by measuring the volume of the fluid. Such thermometers are usually calibrated so that one can read the temperature simply by observing the level of the fluid in the thermometer. Another type of thermometer that is not really used much in practice, but is important from a theoretical ... scales See also Timeline of temperature and pressure measurement technology temperature conversion ... links DEFAULTSORT Temperature Measurement Category Atmospheric thermodynamics Category Thermodynamics ... more details
Measurement Canada is a Canadian government government agency agency of Industry Canada whose mission is to ensure equity and accuracy where goods and services are bought and sold on the basis of measurement , in order to contribute to a fair and competitive marketplace for Canadians. The agency is headed by a President and was established on August 6, 1996 as a Special Operating Agency Legislation enforcement Electricity and Gas Inspection Act Weights and Measures Act R.S. 1985 See also Custody transfer External links http www.ic.gc.ca epic site mc mc.nsf en Home Measurement Canada website Category Industry Canada Category Standards organizations Canada gov stub ... more details
multiple issues one source June 2010 refimprove June 2010 wikify January 2011 Measurement and Verification M&V is the term given to the process for quantifying savings delivered by an Energy conservation measure Energy Conservation Measure ECM , as well as the sub sector of the energy industry involved with this practice. Measurement and Verification demonstrates how much energy the ECM has avoided using, rather than the total cost saved. The latter can be affected by many factors, such as energy prices. The Measurement and Verification process enables the energy savings delivered by the ECM to be isolated and fairly evaluated. Various protocols for good practice in Measurement and Verification exist, including the IPMVP International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol IPMVP ref cite web url http www.evo world.org title Efficiency Valuation Organization ref , which defines common terminology and the key steps in implementing a robust M&V process. A key part of the M&V process is the development of an M&V Plan , which defines how the savings analysis will be conducted before the ECM is implemented. This provides a degree of objectivity that is absent if the savings are simply evaluated after implementation. References reflist Category Energy conservation 2. http www1.eere.energy.gov femp pdfs mv guidelines.pdf FEMP M&V Guidelines 3.0 energy stub ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Grade measurement is the geodesy geodetic determination of the local radius of curvature of the figure of the Earth by determining the difference in astronomical latitude between two locations on the same meridian geography meridian , the metric distance between which is known. The first known grade measurement was performed by Eratosthenes 240 BC between Alexandria and Syene in what is now Egypt, determining the radius of the Earth with remarkable correctness. The Dutch geodesist Snellius 1620 repeated the experiment between Alkmaar and Bergen op Zoom using more modern geodetic instrumentation. Later grade measurements aimed at determining the flattening of the Earth ellipsoid by measuring at different geographic latitude s. The first of these was the one commissioned by the French Geodesic Mission French Academy of Sciences in 1735 1738, involving measurement expeditions to Lapland Pierre Louis Maupertuis Maupertuis et al. and Peru Pierre Bouguer et al. . Later, Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve Struve measured a geodetic triangle chain between the Arctic Sea and the Black Sea , and Friedrich Bessel Bessel compiled several meridian arc s to compute the famous Bessel ellipsoid 1841 . Nowadays, the method is replaced by worldwide geodetic network s and by satellite geodesy . Also the imaginary grade measurement described by Jules Verne in his book Adventures of 3 Russians and 3 Englishmen in South Africa of 1872 may be mentioned. See also Erdmessung Earth ellipsoid Meridian arc Astrogeodesy Struve Geodetic Arc DEFAULTSORT Grade Measurement Category Geodesy Cartography stub Measurement stub de Gradmessung ... more details
ecology unique to each of the ecosystems . Gamma diversity is a measurement of the overall ... SystBio4 149. Zootaxa1407 3. Reflist 2 DEFAULTSORT Measurement Of Biodiversity Category Biodiversity Category Environmental science Category Measurement of biodiversity af Biodiversiteit ar ... more details
. Using a physical measure provides that the quality of the measurement object has been specified and the quality remains homogeneous. If the presumed unchanged quality is not realized, the measurement ... are by no means related to the physical measures, hence, changes in prices do not affect the measurement ... price measures are suited for wide ranging measurement because it is possible to combine different commodities based on their value. In a fixed price measurement, a change in quality means that the relative ... describe the profitability of business process. Variables in the nominal price measurement are quality ... suited for estimates of fixed price values. See also Productivity Measurement References cite conference first S. last Saari authorlink coauthors title Productivity. Theory and Measurement in Business ... more details
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