Refimprove date August 2009 A linearcircuit is an electronic circuit in which, for a Sine wave sinusoidal input voltage of frequency f , any steady state output of the circuit the Electric current current ... f . Note that the output need not be Phase waves in phase with the input. ref citebook title Linearcircuit design handbook first Hank last Zumbahlen publisher Newnes year 2008 ISBN 0750687037 ref An equivalent definition of a linearcircuit is that it obeys the superposition principle . This means that the output of the circuit F x when a linear combination of signals ax sub 1 sub t bx sub 2 sub t is applied to it is equal to the linear combination of the outputs due to the signals x sub 1 sub t and x sub 2 sub t applied separately math F ax 1 bx 2 aF x 1 bF x 2 , math Informally, a linearcircuit ... , capacitance , inductance , gain , etc. don t change with the level of voltage or current in the circuit. Examples A linearcircuit is one that has no nonlinear electronic components in it. Examples of linear circuits are small signal amplifier s, differentiator s, and integrator s, or any circuit ... , and other linearcircuit element s. Some examples of nonlinear electronic components are diode ... , pole complex analysis pole s, and zero complex analysis zero s. The analysis of a linearcircuit ... of the circuit in general with different component values or inputs. The behavior of such Linear element linearcircuit element s as resistors, capacitors, and inductors can be specified by a single number ... of a nonlinear circuit requires more information than is needed for a linearcircuit ... of transistors and integrated circuit s divide their product lines into linear and digital lines, for example ... signal model , allowing linear analysis techniques to be used. Conversely, many linearcircuit elements ... the superposition principle , linear circuits can be analyzed with powerful mathematical frequency domain ... understanding of the qualitative behavior of the circuit, characterizing it using terms such as gain ... more details
Infobox Writing system name Linear A type Undeciphered typedesc likely Syllabic and Ideographic languages Eteocretan language Eteocretan unknown time Possibly from MM IB to LM IIIA differentiated to Linear B and Linear Cypriot iso15924 Lina Image Linear A tablets filt.jpg thumb 237px right Linear A incised on tablets found in Akrotiri, Santorini . Linear A is one of two scripts used in ancient Crete before Mycenaean Greek language Mycenaean Greek Linear B Cretan hieroglyphs is the second script. In Minoan Civilization Minoan times, before the Mycenaean Greek dominion, Linear A was the official ... scripts were discovered and named by Arthur Evans . In 1952, Michael Ventris discovered that Linear ... of Linear B, although many points remain to be clarified. By contrast, Linear A has not been deciphered since the language of Linear A has not been discovered. Though the two scripts Linear A and B share some of the same symbols, using the syllable s associated with Linear B in Linear A writings produces ... 1450 BC. Linear A seems to have been used as a complete syllabary around 1900 1800 BC, although several signs appear earlier as mason marks. It is possible that the Trojan script Trojan Linear A scripts ... Linear A vase filt.jpg thumb right 180px Linear A incised on a vase, also found in Akrotiri. As the Minoan ... is correct. The simplest approach to decipherment may be to presume that the values of Linear A match more or less the values given to the fully transliterated Linear B script, used for Mycenean ... has a comprehensive list of known texts written in Linear A. ref This point of view has been ... in both Linear A and B therefore, 12 signs have the same values in both syllabaries DA, I, JA, KI .... This ambiguity represents the current state of understanding of the language of Linear A the known ... A The decipherment of Cretan inscriptions in Linear A in 1957 stating that Linear A contains Greek ... languages of Cretan inscriptions in Linear A , suggesting that the language of the Hagia Triada tablets ... more details
The Circuit could refer to The Circuit TV series The Circuit TV series , an Australian drama television series The Circuit radio show The Circuit radio show , an internet radio show produced by Card Player magazine The Circuit 2008 film The Circuit 2008 film , a 2008 made for TV movie starring Bill Campbell and Michelle Trachtenberg The Circuit 2002 film The Circuit 2002 film and its sequels The Circuit 2 The Final Punch 2002 film The Circuit 2 2002 and The Circuit 3 film The Circuit 3 2006 , martial arts films directed by Jalal Merhi The Circuit Stories from the Life of a Migrant Child , a children s novel by Francisco Jim nez often called The Circuit The Circuit , a 1986 Japanese racing game known globally as World Grand Prix video game World Grand Prix The Circuit , a slang term for careers such as close protection, private military contractors intended for ex military personnel The Circuit , a book about ex SAS soldier Bob Shepherd, released in 2008 See also Circuit disambiguation disambig ... more details
Wiktionary Circuit may mean Circuit theory, the theory of accomplishing work by routing electrons, gas ... analogy Fluidics In electrical engineering Electrical circuit , an electrical network that has a closed loop giving a return path for the current Circuit analysis , the process of finding the voltages across, and the currents through, every component in an electrical circuit Electronic circuit , active electronic components connected in a circuit Analog circuit or Digital circuit Integrated circuit Mixed signal integrated circuit Asynchronous circuit or Synchronous circuit Printed circuit board PCB Series and parallel circuits Telecommunication circuitCircuit diagram Balanced circuit LC circuit In fluid power and fluid mechanics Hydraulic circuit Pneumatic circuit In physics Magnetic circuit , one or more closed loop paths containing a magnetic flux In mathematics and computer science Circuit computer theory , a theoretical structure simulating electrical and data paths Boolean circuit Integer circuit , a mathematical object of computational complexity Circuit complexity , a branch ... vertices than the starting and ending vertices Matroid circuit, in combinatorics In neuroscience Biological neural network , a neuronal circuit In economics Monetary circuit theory , a heterodox theory of monetary economics also called circuitism In government and law Circuit administrative division , an administrative country subdivision in East Asia Circuit court , the name of court systems in several common law jurisdictions In transportation and racing Circuit airfield , also called the pattern, a standard path followed by aircraft when taking off or landing Kart circuit Formula One circuits see List of Formula One circuits Race track Others Circuit , a character from the Munna Bhai film series Circuit LCMS , local grouping of congregations in the Lutheran Church Missouri Synod Circuit film Circuit film , a 2001 gay themed film set in the world of gay circuit parties Circuit party , a gay ... more details
Wiktionary linear The word linear comes from the Latin word i lang la linearis i , which means created by lines. Usage in mathematics Linearity Linear code Linear equation Linear function Linear programming , a type of optimization problem Linear system Linear transformation Linear map Usage in technology Particularly in electronics, a device whose characteristic or transfer function is linear, in the mathematical sense, is called linearLinear amplifier , a component of amateur radio equipment Linear Corporation , a radio frequency electronics company Linear cryptanalysis Linear element , part of an electric circuitLinear medium , related to information storage and retrieval Linear motor a type of electric motor Linear phase , a property of an electronic filter Linear Technology , an integrated circuit manufacturer Linearity computer and video games Other uses A leaf shape in botany LINEAR, the Lincoln Near Earth Asteroid Research project Linear A , one of two scripts used in ancient Crete Linear B , a script that was used for writing Mycenaean, an early form of Greek Linear narrative structure Linear group , a pop music group popular in the 1990s Linear album Linear album , their group s debut album Linear film Linear film , a film that was released with the U2 album No Line on the Horizon Linear molecular geometry in chemistry Linear motion , motion along a straight line Linearity writing , describing whether symbols in a writing system are composed of lines A kind of typeface in the VOX ATypI classification disambig cs Line rn ja pt Linear sk Line rnos ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 In an electric electrical network circuit , a linear element is an electrical element with a linear relationship between input electricity current and output voltage . Resistor s are the most common example of a linear element other examples include capacitor s, inductor s, and transformer s. Fundamentally nonlinear devices like transistors are often used to build approximately linear circuits. For example, an Operational amplifier op amp is designed to behave like a linear amplifier, as long as its input voltages remain within certain limits. See also Nonlinear element DEFAULTSORT Linear Element Category Electronics terms Electronics stub zh ... more details
Refimprove date November 2006 Ultra linear is a term used to describe a type of electronic circuit that is used to couple a tetrode or pentode vacuum tube also called electron valve to a load e.g. to a loudspeaker . The circuit was developed by Alan Blumlein and patented in 1937 Improvements in or relating to Thermionic Valve Amplifying Circuits , Patent No. 496,883 . In 1938 he applied for the US patent 2218902 Thermionic Valve Amplifying Circuits . It was popularised by David Hafler and Herbert Keroes in the early 1950s through articles in the magazine Audio Engineering from the USA. An Ultra Linear Amplifier , Audio Engineering, NOV 1951, pp. 15 17 Operation A pentode or tetrode vacuum tube valve configured as a common cathode amplifier where the output signal appears on the plate may be operated as a pentode or tetrode, in which the screen grid is connected to a stable DC voltage so there are no signal variations on the screen grid i.e. the screen grid has 0 of the plate s output signal impressed on it a triode, in which the screen grid is connected to the plate i.e. the screen grid has 100 of the plate s output signal voltage impressed on it a blend of triode and pentode, in which the screen grid has a percentage between 0 and 100 of the plate s output signal impressed on it. This is the basis of the ultra linearcircuit, and is usually achieved by incorporating a suitable tap on the primary winding of the output transformer that the vacuum tube valve is connected to. The impression of any portion of the output signal onto the screen grid can be seen as a form of feedback ... by a pentode The ultra linearcircuit may be applied to either push pull or single ended amplifier circuits. Related circuits The QUAD II amplifier from QUAD uses a circuit in which the cathode ... turns on the plate circuit , although a value of 20 was used for some Mullard circuits such as the Mullard 5 10 5 20 , while LEAK amplifiers used 50 . The characteristics of the circuit which make ... more details
Piecewise linear may refer to Piecewise linear function Piecewise linear manifold Piecewise linear continuation Collapse topology A polygonal chain or piecewise linear curve mathdab Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
Infobox company name Linear Technology Corporation logo File Linear Technology logo.png 220px Linear Technology caption type Integrated device manufacturer genre fate predecessor successor foundation 1981 ref name form10k founder Robert H. Swanson, Jr. br Robert C. Dobkin defunct location city Milpitas, California location country USA location locations 12 10 U.S. design centers, Munich and Singapore area served key people Lothar Maier CEO , Robert H. Swanson, Jr. Chairman , Robert C. Dobkin CTO ref name form10k industry products Over 7500 products ref name forbes10 services revenue increase US 1.17 billion 2010 ref name hoov net income increase US 361 million 2010 ref name form10k assets increase US 1.59 billion 2010 ref name form10k equity owner num employees 4,191 June 2010 ref name form10k divisions homepage http www.linear.com www.linear.com footnotes intl Linear Technology Corporation NASDAQ LLTC , NASDAQ 100 designs, manufactures and markets a broad line of standard high performance analog integrated circuit s. Applications for the company s products include telecommunications, cellular telephones, networking products, notebook and desktop computers, video multimedia ..., ref name forbes10 cite web url http www.forbes.com 2010 08 19 linear lothar maier intelligent ... www.linear.com products linear regulators ldo linear regulators , http www.linear.com products ... are in Milpitas, California . ref name hoov cite web url http www.hoovers.com company Linear Technology Corporation ryskyi 1 1njea5.html title Linear Technology Corporation publisher Hoover s accessdate ... title Home Company Careers Design Centers publisher Linear Technology accessdate 2010 08 25 ref The company ... url http www.linear.com company careers title Linear Technology Corporation CA Form 10 K date August ... links Portal Companies http www.linear.com Linear Technology official website , including http www.linear.com ... Category Companies established in 1981 Category Companies listed on NASDAQ de Linear Technology fr Linear ... more details
A linear amplifier is an electronics electronic circuit whose output is proportional to its input, but capable of delivering more power physics power into a Electrical load load . The term usually refers to a type of radio frequency RF power amplifier , some of which have output power measured in kilowatt s, and are used in amateur radio . Other types of linear amplifier are used in Sound audio and laboratory equipment . Explanation An RF linear amplifier can be based on either solid state electronics solid state or vacuum tube technology. For an amplifier to be considered linear, the amplified output must be a faithful reproduction of the input. The basic linear amplifier has limitations that are functions of its load impedance, supply voltage, input bias current, and limitations of power output capabilities. ref name Whitaker cite book last Whitaker first Jerry C. title The RF transmission systems handbook year 2002 publisher CRC Press isbn 9780849309731 url http books.google.com books?id G5UHVIqEWdQC&pg SA11 PA1&dq RF linear amplifier&hl en&ei 0uc2TtOSNoLn0QGR28CdDA&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 9&ved 0CF0Q6AEwCA v onepage&q RF 20linear 20amplifier&f false ref Amplifier classes There are a number of Electronic amplifier Power amplifier classes amplifier classes providing ... of the linear section of the curve of the anode current vs grid bias potential. Electronic amplifier .... Amateur radio Most commercially manufactured one to two kilowatt linear amplifiers used in amateur ... to the antenna. Solid state linear amplifiers are more commonly in the 500 watt range and can be driven ... vacuum tube linear amplifiers are based on old radio broadcast techniques and generally rely on a pair ... energy into radio frequency energy. Linear amplifiers need to operate with class A or class ... has far higher efficiency, a class C amplifier is not linear, and is only suitable for the amplification ... kW transmitter. Not a linear amplifier, it operated in class C with high level plate modulation. The amplifier ... more details
voltage adjustment, but degrades regulation. See also Capacitance multiplier Using a linear regulator Linear regulators can be constructed using discrete components but are usually encountered in integrated circuit forms. The most common linear regulators are three terminal integrated circuit s in the TO220 ...Refimprove date January 2008 tone date December 2011 In electronics, a linear regulator is a component ... kHz as set by the circuit. The regulating device is made to act like a variable resistor , continuously ... of a switching regulator over linear regulator ref http www.rason.org Projects swregdes swregdes.htm ... compensation compensation , the output voltage is kept reasonably constant. Linear regulators are often ... much more efficiently by a switched mode power supply , but a linear regulator may be preferred ..., the linear regulator may dissipate less power than a switcher. The linear regulator also has the advantage ... or bulky, being often of simpler design, and being electromagnetic interference quieter . Linear regulators ... for voltage reference circuits. All linear regulators require an input voltage at least some minimum ... the available input voltage, no linear regulator will work not even an Low dropout regulator LDO . In this situation ... of this circuit is also not very good because the Zener current and hence the Zener voltage ... improves the regulation of the circuit. Here, the load current I sub R2 sub is supplied ... DC current gain for the transistor. This circuit has much better regulation than the simple Zener ... be about 0.65V less than the Zener due to the transistor s V sub BE sub drop. Although this circuit ... regulator in more advanced series voltage regulator circuits. The circuit is readily made adjustable ... thumb 200px An assortment of 78xx series ICs Fixed three terminal linear regulators are commonly ... By adding an additional circuit element to a fixed voltage IC regulator, it is possible to adjust ... regulators Product Launch The adjustable linear regulator IC still in use today first debuted ... more details
Linear phase is a property of a filter signal processing filter , where the phase response of the filter is a linear function of frequency , excluding the possibility of wraps at math pm pi math . In a causal system , perfect linear phase can be achieved with a discrete time Finite Impulse Response FIR filter. Linear phase system has the property of the true time delay . Since a linear phase or Linear phase Generalized linear phase generalized linear phase filter has constant group delay , all frequency components have equal delay times. That is, there is no distortion due to the time delay of frequencies relative to one another in many applications, this constant group delay is advantageous. By contrast, a filter with non linear phase has a group delay that varies with frequency, resulting in phase distortion . Some examples of linear and non linear phase filters are given below. The plots below represent the phase response as a function of frequency in radians math w math . Image Phase Plots.svg Generalized linear phase Systems with generalized linear phase have an additional frequency independent constant added to the phase. Because of this constant, the phase of the system is not a strictly linear function of frequency, but it retains many of the useful properties of linear phase systems. ref Oppenheim & Schafer first edition, chapter 5 ref See also Minimum phase References reflist Category Electronics terms Category Digital signal processing signal processing stub nl Lineaire fase ... more details
File Optical Encoders.png 500px right thumb Typical linear optical encoders. File Visualisierung der ... structures of a linear encoder Recorded with MagView . A linear encoder is a sensor, transducer ... can be determined by change in position over time. Linear encoder technologies include optical ... and interferometric . Linear encoders are used in metrology instruments, motion systems and high ..., CNC Mills, manufacturing gantry tables and semiconductor steppers. Physical principle Linear encoders ... reference based Optical Optical linear encoders http www.microesys.com m2 index.html , http www.renishaw.com ... bulbs and laser diode s. Magnetic Magnetic linear encoders http www.rls.si default.asp?prod LMencoders ... in the order of a micrometer are the norm. Capacitive Capacitive linear encoders work by sensing ... unwound into a linear system. The Spherosyn encoder http www.newall.com LEDs operation.htm ... of an AC circuit that includes an inductive coil sensor. Maxon http www.maxonmotor.com downloads ... Applications There are two main areas of application for linear encoders Measurement Measurement ... . Motion systems Servo controlled motion systems employ linear encoder so as to provide accurate ... color default.aspx Output Signal Formats Incremental signals Linear encoders can have analog .... The industry standard, analog output for linear encoders is sine and cosine quadrature signals. These are usually ... mechanisms automatically. The overall accuracy of the linear encoder is a combination of the scale ... Diagram.svg 360px right thumb The A and B quadrature channels Many linear encoders interpolate ... signals As well as analog or digital incremental output signals, linear encoders can provide absolute reference or positioning signals. Reference mark Most incremental, linear encoders can produce an index ... tying users to a particular supplier. Limit switches Many linear encoders include built in limit ... to drive the axis. Physical arrangement and protection Linear encoders may be either enclosed ... more details
A linear polynomial may refer to A linear equation A linear function Polynomials Disambig Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it from being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Long comment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 A linear medium is any medium which is intended to be written to or accessed in a linear fashion, literally meaning in a line . This means that the information is written to or read from the medium in a given order, so for example a book containing a novel is intended to be read from front to back, beginning to end, and is therefore a linear medium. It may be written in the same way, but would not necessarily need to be, to be considered a linear medium. A book containing an encyclopedia however is a non linear medium, as it is not necessary for the articles to be accessed or written in any particular order. Even though both non linear and linear mediums have perimeters to which they are restricted, linear mediums have a set path of how to get from point A to point B, whereas non linear mediums do not. Examples in technology are a pre recorded videocassette which is usually accessed one item after another, compared with a pre recorded DVD which can be accessed in any order. Types of linear medium Scroll Magnetic tape data storage Paper tape Photographic film Novel story book s Compact cassette s See also Serial access Sequential access Random access DEFAULTSORT Linear Medium Category Data management ... more details
Context date October 2009 In computer science , a Formal grammar grammar is linear if it is context free grammar context free and all of its productions Left hand side and right hand side of an equation right hand sides have at most one nonterminal. A linear language is a language generated by some linear grammar. Example A simple linear grammar is G with N S , a, b , P with start symbol S and rules ... grammars Two special types of linear grammars are the following the left linear or Regular ... the right linear or right regular grammars, in which all nonterminals in right hand sides are at the right ends . Collectively, these two special types of linear grammars are known as the regular grammar s both can describe exactly the regular language s. Another special type of linear grammar is the following linear grammars in which all nonterminals in right hand sides are at the left or right ends, but not necessarily all at the same end. By inserting new nonterminals, every linear grammar ... above can be replaced with S &rarr aA A &rarr Sb S &rarr &epsilon Hence, linear grammars of this special form can generate all linear languages. Expressive power We have seen that all regular languages are linear the example gave a linear, non regular language. All linear languages are context free language context free by definition a simple example of a context free, non linear language is the Dyck language of well balanced bracket pairs. Hence, the regular languages are a proper subset of the linear ... is a linear language and M is a regular language, then the intersection math L cap M math is again a linear language in other words, the linear languages are closed under intersection with regular sets. Furthermore, the linear languages are closed under String operations String homomorphism homomorphism ... 1979 , Ex. 11.1, pp. 282f. ref . These three closure properties show that the linear languages form ..., Reading Massachusetts, 1979. ISBN 0 201 029880 X. DEFAULTSORT Linear Grammar Category Formal languages ... more details
Infobox Comet name 158P Kowal LINEAR image discoverer Charles T. Kowal br Lincoln Near Earth Asteroid Research LINEAR discovery date July 24, 1979 designations 1979 O1 2001 RG100 epoch March 6, 2006 semimajor 4.724 Astronomical Unit AU perihelion 4.592 AU aphelion 4.857 AU eccentricity 0.02799 period 10.27 Julian year astronomy a inclination 7.9066 last p July 8, 2002 next p September 27, 2012 ref name NK1776 cite web date 2009 04 23 title 158P Kowal LINEAR NK 1776 publisher OAA Computing and Minor Planet Sections author Syuichi Nakano url http www.oaa.gr.jp oaacs nk nk1776.htm accessdate 2012 02 18 ref 158P Kowal LINEAR is a List of periodic comets periodic comet in the solar system . References Reflist External links http ssd.jpl.nasa.gov sbdb.cgi?sstr 158P orb 1 Orbital simulation from JPL Java http ssd.jpl.nasa.gov horizons.cgi?find body 1&body group sb&sstr 158P Horizons Ephemeris http www.aerith.net comet catalog 0158P index.html 158P Kowal LINEAR Seiichi Yoshida aerith.net http cometography.com pcomets 158p.html 158P at Kronk s Cometography PeriodicComets Navigator 157P Tritton 159P LONEOS DEFAULTSORT Kowal Linear, P158 Category Comets Kowal LINEAR comet stub pl 158P Kowal LINEAR sk 158P Kowal LINEAR sl Komet Kowal LINEAR ... more details
A linear compressor is a gas compressor where the piston moves along a linear track to compress to minimize energy loss during conversion. History The first linear compressors were developed in 1973, the first market introduction of a linear compressor to compress refrigerant was in 2001 ref http www.lge.com about press release print 21163.jhtml Linear Compressor history ref ref http www.aceee.org conf mt04 wbprsnt Lee R3.pdf Linear DOS ref Valved linear compressor The single piston linear compressor uses dynamic counterbalancing, where an auxiliary movable mass is flexibly attached to a movable piston assembly and to the stationary compressor casing using auxiliary mechanical springs with zero vibration export at minimum electrical power and current consumed by the motor ref http www.eng.ox.ac.uk cryogenics linearcomp.html Valved linear compressor ref . It is used in cryogenic s ref http www.eng.ox.ac.uk cryogenics papers Preprint ValvedComp.pdf Development of a valved linear compressor for a satellite borne J T cryocooler ref . See also hydrogen compressor liquid hydrogen Timeline of low temperature technology Timeline of hydrogen technologies References references Category Compressors Category Cooling technology Category Hydrogen technologies nl Lineaire compressor ... more details
system that acts as a linear filter, such as a system of springs and masses, or an analog electronic circuit that includes capacitors and or inductors along with other linear components such as resistor ...More footnotes date March 2011 Linear filters in the time domain process time varying input signals to produce output signals, subject to the constraint of linearity . This results from systems composed solely of components or digital algorithms classified as having a linear response. Most filters implemented ... as causal , time invariant , and linear . However the general concept of linear filtering is broader ... methods, which are discussed elsewhere. A linear time invariant LTI system theory LTI filter can ... h of a linear time invariant causal filter specifies the output that the filter would produce if it were ... principle , applicable to all linear systems yields the output waveform. Mathematically ... characterizes any linear time invariant or shift invariant in the discrete time case filter. The input ... harmonic oscillator such as a pendulum, or a resonant L C tank circuit . If the pendulum has ... components in an analog circuit in a digital IIR filter the number of computations required ... linear filters.svg 500px center As is clear from the image, the elliptic filter is sharper than ... filter implemented with a Sallen&ndash Key topology Example implementations A popular circuit implementing ... derived from a more sophisticated design procedure. Mathematics of filter design Linear analog electronic filter LTI system theory describes linear time invariant LTI filters of all types. LTI filters ..., continuous time IIR LTI filters may be described in terms of linear differential equation s, and their impulse ... of damping coefficient, from lower to higher values Gaussian, Bessel, linear phase, Butterworth, Chebyshev ... by L. D. Paarmann refend Category Linear filters Category Filter theory cs Line rn filtr es Filtro lineal fr Filtre lin aire pt Filtro linear ru uk zh ... more details
Image with unknown copyright status removed Image line network.gif frame Image showing line network layout A linear bus topology is a network topology consisting of a main run of cable with a terminator at each end. All nodes file server, workstations, and peripherals are connected to the linear cable. Ethernet and LocalTalk networks use a linear bus topology. Advantages of a linear bus topology Easy to connect a computer or peripheral to a linear bus. Requires less cable length than a star topology . Disadvantages of a linear bus topology Entire network shuts down if there is a break in the main cable. Terminators are required at both ends of the backbone cable. Difficult to identify the problem if the entire network shuts down. Not meant to be used as a stand alone solution in a large building. External links http fcit.usf.edu network chap5 chap5.htm Category Network topology compu network stub id Topologi runtut ... more details
In the mathematics mathematical subfield of linear algebra or more generally functional analysis , the linear span also called the linear hull of a Set mathematics set of vector space vectors in a vector space is the intersection set theory intersection of all Linear subspace subspaces containing that set. The linear span of a set of vectors is therefore a vector space. Definition Given a vector space ... is defined to be the intersection W of all linear subspace subspaces of V which contain S . W is referred ... , lambda r in mathbf K . math The span of S may also be defined as the set of all linear combination ... a Basis linear algebra basis . If 2,0,0 were replaced by 1,0,0 , it would also form the standard basis ... , &minus 1,1 2,3 , 1,1,1 , but this set is not a basis, because it is Linear dependency linearly dependent ... spanned by a non empty subset S of a vector space V is the set of all linear combinations of vectors ... Linear independence linearly independent set of vectors from V . Theorem 3 Let V be a finite dimensional ... is a minimal spanning set when V is finite dimensional. Closed linear span In functional analysis , a closed linear span of a Set mathematics set of vector space vectors is the minimal closed set which contains the linear span of that set. Suppose that X is a normed vector space and let E be any non empty subset of X . The closed linear span of E , denoted by math overline operatorname Sp E math or math overline operatorname Span E math , is the intersection of all the closed linear subspaces ... u in X forall epsilon 0 , exists x in operatorname Sp E x u epsilon . math Notes The linear span of a set is dense in the closed linear span. Moreover, as stated in the below lemma, the closed linear span is indeed the closure mathematics closure of the linear span. Closed linear spans are important when dealing with closed linear subspaces which are themselves highly important, consider Riesz s lemma ... operatorname Sp E math is a closed linear subspace of X which contains E , b math overline operatorname ... more details
distinguish linear model of innovation In statistics , the term linear model is used in different ways according to the context. The most common occurrence is in connection with regression models and the term is often taken as synonymous with linear regression model. However the term is also used in time series analysis with a different meaning. In each case, the designation linear is used to identify ... theory is possible. Linear regression models For the regression case, the statistical model is as follows ... variables representing errors in the relationship. The linear part of the designation relates to the appearance of the regression coefficient s, sub j sub in a linear way in the above relationship ... hat Y i beta 0 beta 1 phi 1 X i1 cdots beta p phi p X ip qquad i 1, ldots, n , math are linear functions ... From this, it can readily be seen that the linear aspect of the model means the following the function ... simple problem the derivatives of the function are linear functions of the sub j sub making it easy to find the minimising values the minimising values sub j sub are linear functions of the observations Y sub i sub the minimising values sub j sub are linear functions of the random errors sub ... of sub j sub . Time series models An example of a linear time series model is an autoregressive ... times. In this instance the use of the term linear model refers to the structure of the above relationship in representing X sub t sub as a linear function of past values of the same time series and of current and past values of the innovations. ref Priestley, M.B. 1988 Non linear and Non stationary ... of the time series. Note that here the linear part of the term linear model is not referring to the coefficients ... model is used to contrast with a linearly structured model, although the term linear model is not usually applied. One example of this is nonlinear dimensionality reduction . See also Linear system ... Modell es Modelo lineal pt Modelo linear ... more details
Merge to Linear genetic programming discuss Talk Linear genetic programming Merger proposal date January 2012 Orphan date November 2006 att February 2012 In genetic programming GP a linear tree is a program composed of a variable number of unary functions and a single leaf node terminal . Note linear tree GP differs from bit string genetic algorithms since a population may contain programs of different lengths and there may be more than two types of functions or more than two types of terminals. References http www.cs.ucl.ac.uk staff W.Langdon FOGP Foundations of Genetic Programming . Category Genetic programming comp sci theory stub ... more details
unreferenced date March 2011 A linear octree is an octree that is represented by a linear Array data structure array instead of a tree data structure . To simplify implementation, a linear octree is usually complete that is, every internal node has exactly 8 child nodes and where the maximum permissible depth is fixed a priori making it sufficient to store the complete list of leaf node s . That is, all the nodes of the octree can be generated from the list of its leaf nodes. Space filling curves are often used to represent linear octrees. Category Trees data structures datastructure stub ... more details
More footnotes date March 2009 In cryptography , linear cryptanalysis is a general form of cryptanalysis ... have been developed for block cipher s and stream cipher s. Linear cryptanalysis is one of the two ..., 1992 . ref name FEAL linear cite conference author Matsui, M. and Yamagishi, A title A new method ... name DES linear cite conference author Matsui, M title Linear cryptanalysis method for DES cipher booktitle ... 2 sup 43 sup known plaintext attack known plaintexts . ref name DES linear A variety of refinements to the attack have been suggested, including using multiple linear approximations or incorporating non linear expressions, leading to a generalized partitioning cryptanalysis . Evidence of security against linear cryptanalysis is usually expected of new cipher designs. Overview There are two parts to linear cryptanalysis. The first is to construct linear equations relating plaintext, ciphertext ... values of their variables are as close as possible to 0 or 1. The second is to use these linear equations in conjunction with known plaintext ciphertext pairs to derive key bits. Constructing linear equations For the purposes of linear cryptanalysis, a linear equation expresses the equality of two ... bit of the key math P 1 oplus P 3 oplus C 1 K 2. math In an ideal cipher, any linear equation relating plaintext, ciphertext and key bits would hold with probability 1 2. Since the equations dealt with in linear cryptanalysis will vary in probability, they are more accurately referred to as linear ... in a linear equation . For small enough S boxes, it is possible to enumerate every possible linear equation relating the S box s input and output bits, calculate their biases and choose the best ones. Linear approximations for S boxes then must be combined with the cipher s other actions, such as permutation and key mixing, to arrive at linear approximations for the entire cipher. The piling ... linear approximations Matsui 1994 . Deriving key bits Having obtained a linear approximation ... more details
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