In sociolinguistics , the linguistic marketplace refers to the theory that the value of a speaker s choice of language depends on his or her role in society. Sociolinguist Jack Chambers linguist J.K. Chambers has written that listeners place more value on the language of professionals of language, such as teachers, authors, and lawyers, than they do on that of chemists or engineers. They similarly place more value on technicians of language, like actors and secretaries, because these jobs require more interaction with other people and greater proficiency with words. The need to find employment strongly influences the spoken language , Chambers wrote, usually pushing the speaker towards a standardized tongue or the most prestigious one used in the area. When a lower value is placed on language in occupations requiring little need to talk with others, that push towards standardization does not occur. The linguistic marketplace also plays a significant role in the ways that the speech of women and men differ, as well as that of various age levels. References Chambers, J.K., Sociolinguistic Theory, second edition, Oxford, England, Blackwell 2003 , pages 195 199 Category Social psychology Category Sociolinguistics Ling stub ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Linguistic Criticism is probably the oldest form of biblical criticism or textual criticism to develop. ref http campus.queens.edu depts history Syllabi H391 201st 20Christ quest.htm Queens University of Charlotte, History Department ref It relies heavily upon the study and knowledge of the Biblical languages not just Koine Greek and Biblical Hebrew language Hebrew , but also Aramaic the language Jesus Himself most likely spoke and Egyptian language Egyptian Moses mother tongue . Besides the influence that Aramaic and Egyptian would have on particular texts, i.e. the words we have written down in the extant Hebrew and Greek manuscripts being shaped into that form after first being contrived in the minds of writers whose mother tongues were Aramaic and Egyptian, we also have portions of texts written directly in those languages. There are numerous Egyptian loanwords in the Torah . For instance, in the account of Moses being placed in the river in an ark basket behind the bullrushes Sh mot Exodus 2 3 , the words for ark, river, and bullrushes are all transliterated into Hebrew from Egyptian. Abraham Yahuda Yahuda counts at least eighteen Egyptian loanwords in the full account of Moses infancy. ref A. S. Yahuda, The Accuracy of the Bible London William Heinemann, Ltd., 1934 , p. xxi. ref Large sections of Daniel and Ezra, as well as portions of Jeremiah and Nehemiah are written directly in Aramaic, as well as a few phrases found in the Synoptic Gospels and the Pauline epistles . Other languages that are very important for linguistic criticism include Akkadian, Ugaritic, and Latin. Moreover, Arabic, Hittite, Eblamite, Canaanite, and Phoenician may be helpful depending on the interests of the critic. Linguistic criticism is not the same as textual criticism ... what is dictated to him linguistic criticism specifically inspects how languages affect one another ... psycholinguistically and aurally. A scholar employing linguistic criticism would look at a passage ... more details
Sociolinguistics Linguistic profiling is the practice of identifying the social characteristics of an individual .... Linguistic profiling extends to issues of Legal process legal proceedings , employment opportunities ... origin. Baugh s theory is distinct from linguistic profiling as defined by Hans van Halteren from ... with the categorization of Feature linguistics linguistic features for the purposes of author identification ... categories within which they are included. ref Hans, van Halteran. Linguistic Profiling for Author Recognition and Verification. Univ. of Nijmegen. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Oct. 2011. ref Linguistic profiling and discrimination An important distinction exists between the many uses of linguistic profiling ... voice was used in the prosecution of a suspect. The negative effects of linguistic profiling are seen ... is found in Baugh s description of expressions of ethnic pride. ref Baugh, John, Linguistic Profiling ... the Bias unbiased use of linguistic profiling. ref Salaberry, M. Rafael. Language allegiances and bilingualism in the US. Clevedon Multilingual Matters, 2009. Print. ref Categories ascribed by linguistic profiling Race Between racial groups The primary research done on linguistic profiling was a result ... and visual cues pointed to overt discrimination based on race. ref Baugh, John, Linguistic Profiling ... racial groups While much evidence has been collected describing linguistic profiling between racial groups within a speech community, linguistic profiling also extends to members within a racial or ethnic ... Linguistic profiling also applies to gender and sexual orientation. Munson conducted a study in which ... Linguistic features of perceived femininity include the following Front vowel s are produced with a higher ... 1 125.full.pdf html ref Perceived masculinity Linguistic features of perceived masculinity include the following ... Geographic origin Linguistic profiling occurs beyond the spheres of race and ethnicity in the identification ... ref Linguistic profiling in institutions Legal system O. J. Simpson murder trial A well known example ... more details
for the journal Linguistic Typology no footnotes date March 2010 Linguistic typology topics Linguistic typology is a subfield of linguistics that studies and classifies languages according to their structural features. Its aim is to describe and explain the common properties and the structural diversity of the world s languages. It includes three subdisciplines qualitative typology, which deals with the issue of comparing languages and within language variance quantitative typology, which deals with the distribution of structural patterns in the world s languages and theoretical typology, which explains these distributions. Qualitative typology Qualitative typology develops cross linguistically viable notions or types which provide a framework for the description and comparison of individual languages. A few examples appear below. Typological systems Subject verb object positioning main Word order One set of types reflects the basic order of subject grammar subject , verb , and direct object in sentences Subject verb object Subject object verb Verb subject object Verb object subject Object ... for instance, absolute and implicational linguistic universal universals , semantic maps ... universals and linguistic typology Syntax and morphology. Oxford Blackwell, 2nd edn. ISBN 0 ... and R. Piotrowski. Berlin Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3 11 015578 8. Nichols, J. 1992 . Linguistic diversity ... . http www.reference global.com doi abs 10.1515 LINGTY.2007.017 What, if anything, is typology? Linguistic ... 10.1515 LINGTY.2007.017, July 2007 Song, J.J. 2001 . Linguistic typology Morphology and syntax. Harlow ... of Linguistic Typology. Oxford Oxford University Press. ISBN 978 0 19 928125 1 Whaley, L.J. 1997 ... X. External links http www.linguistic typology.org Association for Linguistic Typology Plank, F ... studier emner hf ikos EXFAC03 AAS h05 larestoff linguistics Chapter 204. H05 .pdf Linguistic ... of Asian and African Languages http wals.info World Atlas of Language Structures Category Linguistic ... more details
Linguistics Linguistic competence is the system of linguistic knowledge possessed by native speaker s of a language , it is in contrast to the concept of Linguistic performance , the way the language system .... ref name Aspects Competence versus performance Further2 Linguistic performance blockquote Linguistic ... is an idealized capacity, from linguistic performance performance being the production of actual utterances ... be characterized as linguistics linguistic . ref Kroy, Moshe. 1974 . The Conscience, A Structural Theory ... grammar here is used in its broadest sense, referring to the system of linguistic knowledge in the mind ... and manifested based on his or her own understanding of acceptable usage in a given linguistic idiom ... ref The core components of the grammar are included in the speaker s linguistic competence and these components ... to acquire language. In other words, it implies that this ability to learn and analyze linguistic ... descriptions to sentences. ref name Aspects blockquote Chomsky s notion of linguistic competence is purely syntactic. Other generativists Linguistic competence is treated as more comprehensive ... lexicalist view this information is intimately tied up with linguistic competence. Nevertheless ... url http www.sol.lu.se engelska dokument wp vol01 Cim.pdf title Is the notion of Linguistic Competence ... becomes an active and central component in the linguistic description. The essence of his ... a complete linguistic description must therefore include a new set of rules, a semantic component ... by their slogan linguistic description minus grammar equals semantics . ref name cambridge ref A.Fodor ... theories of grammar Functionalist linguists forward a usage based perspective on linguistic competence. They argue that linguistic competence is derived from and informed by language use, performance ... theories emphasis is placed on experimental methods to understand the linguistic competence .... 1985. Linguistic Competence What Is It Really? The Modern Language Review, Vol. 80, No. 4 Oct ... more details
Linguistic validation is the process of investigating the reliability, conceptual equivalence, and content validity ref name FDA U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research CDER , Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research CBER , Center for Devices and Radiological Health CDRH http www.fda.gov downloads Drugs GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation Guidances UCM193282.pdf Guidance for Industry Patient Reported Outcome Measures Use in Medical Product Development to Support Labeling Claims December 2009 ref of translations of Patient reported outcome PRO ref name FDA measures. Methodology Navbox translation Most usually, linguistic validation refers to a process whereby translated text is actively tested with patients in the target population and target language group through cognitive debriefing ref name FDA interviews. For example, if the PRO instrument is intended to measure the symptoms of diabetes in a trial in Denmark , the linguistic validation interviews would be conducted with diabetic patients in Denmark, who speak Danish language Danish as their mother tongue . This interview exercise ensures that items are appropriate for use in the target population, are clearly expressed and understood. ref name Corporate Translations Gawlicki, Mary C. Handa, Melissa McKown, Shawn http corptransinc.com publications Corporate Translations, Inc. http corptransinc.com images sidebar pdfs LupusQol ISPOR Orlando09.pdf The Linguistic Validation of the Lupus Quality of Life LupusQoL Questionnaire 2009 ref The exercise ... linguistic validation is to ask a clinician who specialises in working with the target population ... name Wild2005 Some companies use the term linguistic validation to refer to the entire process for the translation ... and Linguistic Validation Good Research Practices Task Force Report Value in Health Vol 12 4 ... review. A comprehensive linguistic validation process including cognitive debriefing is vital ... more details
for English linguistic purism Linguistic purism in English File DictionaryFrenchAcademy1835.jpg thumb right 250px The Acad mie fran aise in France is charged with maintaining the purity of the French language . This is the first page of the 6th edition of their dictionary 1835 Linguistic purism or linguistic protectionism is the practice of defining one variety linguistics variety of a language as being purer than other varieties. Linguistic purism was institutionalized through Language academy Language ... books?id G18NAQAAMAAJ Linguistic purism p.108 ref The perceived decline lamented by the purists ..., or loanword s. cn date November 2011 Linguistic purism is a form of prescriptive linguistics . ref .... Linguistic Purism versus Language Revitalization Linguistic purism should not be confused with Language ... current. Since linguistic science offers no scholarly definition of a dialect, and linguists regard ... in linguistic texts however, in recent decades, it has been observed that the languages are tending ... language , Icelandic language Icelandic see also Linguistic purism in Icelandic , Katharevousa Greek ... or exclusion of foreign elements. Examples include H gnorsk High Norwegian and Linguistic purism ... by reducing certain regional or professional linguistic peculiarities which could separate varying aspects ... on linguistic level Lexical purism directed at the lexicon, first of all against direct lexical ... names into Chinese. Linguistic purism by language col begin col break Croatian language Croatian Croatian linguistic purism English language English Linguistic purism in English Anglish Greek language ... secessionism Linguistic imperialism Linguistic prescription Phono semantic matching col end References Notes Reflist Bibliography Endre Brunstad Brunstad, Endre . Standard language and linguistic ... Thomas, George . Linguistic Purism Studies in Language and Linguistics , Longman, 1991, ISBN 0 582 ... Contact , Varia 2 2009 , 40 67. Category Linguistic purism ar cs Purismus lingvistika ... more details
Unreferenced date February 2010 Linguistic transparency is a phrase which is used in multiple, overlapping subjects in the fields of linguistics and the philosophy of language. It has both Norm philosophy normative and descriptive senses. Normative Normatively, the phrase can be used to describe the effort to suit one s rhetoric to the widest possible audience, without losing relevant information in the process. Advocates of normative linguistic transparency often argue that linguistic opacity is dangerous to a democracy. These critics point out that jargon is deliberately employed in government and business. It encrypts morally suspect information in order to dull reaction to it for example, the phrase collateral damage to refer to the manslaughter of innocents. One play upon this view was by William Strunk, Jr. and E. B. White , who in the Elements of Style ruled that the writer ought to eschew obfuscation . The Plain Language Movement is an example of people who advocate using clearer, common language within the wider academic community. Professor at New York University Alan Sokal , perpetrator of the Sokal hoax , is another noteworthy example of an advocate of linguistic transparency. Writer and political philosopher George Orwell was a proponent of this view, which he captured in the landmark essay, Politics and the English Language . Orwell wrote a novel, Nineteen Eighty Four 1984 , about a dystopia n future controlled through a politically crafted language called Newspeak . Newspeak is a language that is linguistically transparent in the descriptive sense, but not in the normative one. Comedian George Carlin has famously parodied the phenomenon in his stand up comedy. The approach may sound like common sense, but it faces the difficulty of figuring out how to communicate complex and uncommon ideas in a popular way. Descriptive Semantic transparency is a descriptive phrase that has been used in linguistics to describe endocentric compounds. Endocentric compound ... more details
Essay like date December 2007 Rational reconstruction is a philosophy philosophical term with several distinct meanings. It is found in the work of J rgen Habermas and Imre Lakatos . Habermas For Jurgen Habermas Habermas , rational reconstruction is a philosophy philosophical and linguistics linguistic method that systematically translates intuitive knowledge of rules into a logical form . ref J rgen Habermas Habermas, J rgen . 1979 . Communication and the Evolution of Society. Toronto Beacon Press. ref In other words, it is an approach to science and philosophy which attempts to put meanings into language properly. The type of formal analysis called rational reconstruction is used by J rgen ... traditionally posed. That is, rational reconstruction involves making explicit and theoretically ... of phenomena. Put more specifically, it can be said that rational reconstruction is a manner of explicating ... and truth . Habermas, 1992 Rational reconstruction is limited to the analysis of symbolically ... the process of rational reconstruction, but an extremely broad range of questions can be. It is hard .... Rational reconstruction attempts to make clear the underlying processes that generate particular meanings ... of rational reconstruction. ref name Habermas, 1998a Habermas suggests along these lines ... to do so 1998a . This should be understood in the context of rational reconstruction as two levels ..., of other, familiar formations. Thus, linguistic expressions can be explicated through paraphrase ... cognitive, linguistic, or interactive competence or sub competence , then what begins as an explication of meaning aims at the reconstruction of species competencies Habermas, 1998a . These kinds of rational ..., to be the truth. Habermas sees rational reconstruction as a similar, but less grandiose ... fragments Habermas, 1990a . Furthermore . In rational reconstruction the distinction between drawing ... on the other hand, the reconstruction of this calls for inquiries undertaken with empirical methods ... more details
Discrimination sidebar Linguistic discrimination is a term used to refer to the unfair treatment of an individual based solely on their use of language. This use of language may include the individual s native language or other characteristics of the person s speech, such as an Accent linguistics accent , the size of vocabulary whether the person uses complex and varied word s , and syntax . It may also involve a person s ability or inability to use one language instead of another for example, one who speaks Japanese language Japanese in France will probably be treated differently from one who speaks French language French . . ref The Legal Aid Society Employment Law Center, & the ACLU Foundation of North California 2002 . Language Discrimination Your Legal Rights. http www.aclunc.org library publications asset upload file489 3538.pdf ref Based on a difference in use of language, a person ... definition. It is also important to note that linguistic discrimination is culturally and socially determined due to a preference for one use of language over another. Linguistic Prejudice It can be noted ..., 17 20. ref Examples of Linguistic Discrimination Linguistic discrimination is often defined in terms ... of linguistic prejudice that may result in discrimination. Linguistic Prejudice and Minority Groups ... problematic in the United States, where non standard linguistic structures are frequently ... norms of the standard language. Linguistic Discrimination Due to Prejudice In contrast to the previous examples of linguistic prejudice, linguistic discrimination involves the actual treatment ... to the French version. See also Linguicide Linguistic imperialism Minority language Nonstandard ... Kangas et al. eds. , Linguistic human rights overcoming linguistic discrimination , Walter de Gruyter ... of Linguistic Rights.html Action Linguistic Rights Violations of Linguistic Rights Discrimination DEFAULTSORT Linguistic Discrimination Category Prejudices Category Sociolinguistics Category Dispositional ... more details
for the book by Robert Phillipson Linguistic Imperialism Linguistic imperialism , or language imperialism ... . clarify date November 2010 ref Since the early 1990s, the theory of linguistic imperialism has ... 1992 book, Linguistic Imperialism , has led to considerable debate about the merits and shortcomings of the theory. Phillipson found denunciations of linguistic imperialism that dated back to Nazi ... of world capitalism and Hegemony world domination . ref Phillipson, Robert 1992 , p36. ref Linguistic ... English linguistic imperialism as Quote the dominance asserted and retained by the establishment and continuous ... for linguistic imperialism, during the Middle Ages it too was an object of linguistic imperialism ... of linguistic imperialism was seen in post independence India . That country s authorities initially ... 1996 , p. 485 ref For Davies, two cultures inhabit Linguistic Imperialism one, a culture of guilt ... as emanating from people who are victims of Centre linguistic imperialism is to bend sociolinguistic ... the reality of linguistic imperialism claim that arguments against it are often advanced by monolingual .... ref Henry Widdowson 1998b , p. 150. ref As a response to English linguistic imperialism, anglicisation ... replaced by that of the colonists. Appropriation Some who reject the concept of linguistic imperialism ... Language revival Linguicide Linguistic protectionism and Linguistic purism Linguistic separatism ... English. Multilingual Matters. ISBN 1 85359 577 2 Canagarajah, A. Suresh 1999 , Resisting Linguistic ... linguistic Imperialism. ELT Journal 47 4 358 360. Holliday, Adrian 2005 , Struggle to Teach English .... ISBN 0 415 37497 9 Robert Phillipson Phillipson, Robert 1992 , Linguistic Imperialism , Oxford ... Phillipson eds. Mart Rannut 1995 , Linguistic Human Rights , Mouton De Gruyter. ISBN 3 11 014878 ... Uni dipl.htm The Spread of English and its Appropriation DEFAULTSORT Linguistic Imperialism Category Linguistic rights Category Sociolinguistics de Sprachimperialismus es Imperialismo ling stico ... more details
how language actually is used. ref name McArthur1992p286 The basis of linguistic research is text text .... Aims The main aims of linguistic prescription are to specify standard language forms either generally ... understood and unambiguous. A complementary aim of linguistic prescription may be the imposition of a political ideology. During the second half of the 20th century, politically motivated linguistic .... Orwell s fictional Newspeak 1949 is a parody of ideologically motivated linguistic prescriptivism ... a significant following. In some language communities, linguistic prescription is regulated ... its Institute of Linguistics. Origins Historically, linguistic prescriptivism originates in a standard ... rules for the consistent transcription of linguistic outputs allows for a large number of speakers ... are notable examples of linguistic prescription being prerequisite to spiritual righteousness ... or non adherence to prescriptive rules. Prestige sociolinguistics Linguistic prestige is a central research topic within sociolinguistics . Notions of linguistic prestige apply to different dialects ... linguistic analysis. As prescription generally manifests itself negatively, i.e. in the prohibition ... ... and why it matters often make basic errors in linguistic analysis. ref Citation last Pullum ... region or social class over others, and thus militates against linguistic diversity. ref The Oxford ... that linguistic prescription is foolish or futile Samuel Johnson, commented as follows on the tendency ... Language Project Gutenberg Prescription and description Main Descriptive linguistics Linguistic prescription is typically contrasted with the alternative approach linguistic description . ref name McArthur1992p286 .... ref Linguistic description observation and reportage of how language is practised establishes conceptual ... grammars History of linguistic prescription in English Hypercorrection Language policy Linguistic purism ... pullum MLA2004.pdf Ideology, Power and Linguistic Theory pdf format a paper about descriptivism ... more details
Linguistic demography is the Statistics statistical study of language s among all populations. Estimating the number of speakers of a given language is not straightforward, and various estimates may diverge considerably. This is first of all due to the question of defining language vs. dialect . Identification of varieties as a single language or as distinct languages is often based on ethnic, cultural, or political considerations rather than mutual intelligibility . The second difficulty is multilingualism , complicating the definition of native language . Finally, in many countries, insufficient census data add to the difficulties. Demolinguistics is a branch of Sociology of language observing linguistic trends as affected by population distribution and redistribution and by the status of societies. Most spoken languages The following table compares the estimates of Comrie 1998 and Weber 1997 ref Bernard Comrie, Encarta Encyclopedia 1998 George Weber Top Languages The World s 10 Most Influential Languages in Language Today Vol. 2, Dec 1997 http www2.ignatius.edu faculty turner languages.htm ref number of native speakers in millions . Also given are the estimates of SIL Ethnologue 2005 . Comparing estimates that do not date to the same year is problematic due to the 1.14 per year growth of world population with significant regional differences . class wikitable Comrie 1998 Weber 1997 SIL 1. Mandarin Chinese 836 1,100 1.205 1999 rowspan 3 2. 4. Hindustani language Hindi Urdu 333 250 422 2001 ref ethnic population SIL divides what is considered Hindi by other sources into numerous sub languages. SIL s Hindi is Kharboli only. ref Spanish language Spanish 332 300 322 1995 English language English 322 300 309 1984 rowspan 2 5. 6. Arabic language Arabic 186 200 323 2008 Bengali ... Literature Johanna Nichols , Linguistic Diversity in Space and Time , University of Chicago Press ... and Language Problems 1972 . Heinz Kloss H. Kloss , G. McConnell eds. , Linguistic Composition ... more details
cleanup date October 2010 orphan date September 2010 Linguistic Systems, Inc. , also known as LSI, provides language translation services conversion for all Media communication media in over 115 languages. LSI focuses on the translation of legal , medical , business , institutional , academic , government and personal documents. LSI is headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts . About LSI Linguistic Systems, Inc. LSI was founded in 1967 by Martin Roberts and has grown to be one of the largest Total Language Service Solution Provider companies in the United States . LSI s translates to from 115 languages , DTP, audio visual audio visual conversions , software localization , consecutive and simultaneous Interpreting interpreting services , foreign brand name analysis, and machine translation with post editing. LSI has provided translation services to over half of the Fortune 500 Fortune 500 companies and most of the Fortune 100 . Among its clients are AT&T , Boeing , Citigroup , Coca Cola , DuPont , Exxon Mobil , General Electric , General Motors , Hewlett Packard , IBM , Johnson & Johnson , Pfizer , Procter & Gamble , Simon & Schuster , Time Warner , Verizon , and Walmart . As of 2010, LSI had a network of more than 6,000 carefully screened translators who translate into their native languages. These experts include highly trained lawyers , scientists , engineers , and other bilingual professionals. References August 2010 Journal of Clinical Research Best Practices Purchasing Translation Services http www.linguist.com Collateral Documents English US 08 202010 20Journal 20of 20Clinical 20Research 20 2 .pdf May 2010 ACCDocket Finding a Needle in a Foreign Haystack Managing the Foreign Language Factor in Ediscovery http www.linguist.com Collateral Documents English US ACC 20Docket 20FINAL 20PRINT2.pdf March 2010 Multilingual Linguistic Systems partners with Document Technologies http www.linguist.com Collateral Documents English US Multilingual 20March 202010.pdf January ... more details
is given below in section 2. Linguistic typology Typological approaches to modality usually favour ..., http www.sil.org linguistics GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms Index.htm Glossary of linguistic terms . Bibliography ... of the grammaticalisation of reality. In Linguistic Typology Vol. 4, pp. 55 90 . cite cite ... and epistemic modality Causality in two worlds . Berkeley Linguistic Papers , 8 , 484 507. Grammatical moods DEFAULTSORT Linguistic Modality Category Semantics Category Grammatical moods PAGENAME ba ... more details
International Congress of Linguists 1964 . Anthony Fox, LinguisticReconstruction An Introduction ...no footnotes date April 2012 Linguistics Internal reconstruction is a method of recovering information ... that they descend from a single proto language , internal reconstruction compares variant forms within ... The basic premise of internal reconstruction is that a meaning bearing element that alternates between ... Language forms reconstructed by means of internal reconstruction are denoted with the pre prefix ... attested Old English . It is even possible to apply internal reconstruction to proto languages reconstructed by the comparative method. For example, performing internal reconstruction on proto Mayan would yield pre proto Mayan. In some cases it is also desirable to use internal reconstruction to uncover .... Care must be taken, however, because internal reconstruction performed on languages before applying ... tackling the greater complexities of analyzing entire linguistic structures. For example, the Type .... Another way of looking at it is that internal reconstruction gives access to an earlier historical ... method. Citation needed date July 2007 Internal reconstruction, when not a sort of preliminary ... of the comparative method is unavailable. Citation needed date July 2007 Internal reconstruction ... and IPA n can be discerned by the application of internal reconstruction. But in such cases, internal ... theory. Issues and Shortcomings Neutralizing Environments One issue in internal reconstruction is neutralizing ..., but a basic principle of linguistic analysis is that one can t analyze data he or she doesn ... reconstruction accurately points to two different historical nuclei in atonic IPA o , but gets the details wrong. Lyle Campbell who devotes a whole chapter in the book cited below to internal reconstruction raises an interesting caution if internal reconstruction is applied to members of a compact ... groups via internal reconstruction, but in fact it was manifestly an innovation in the Finnic ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 In tomography , a variety of practical reconstruction algorithms have been developed to implement the process of reconstruction of a 3 dimensional object from its projections. ref name ref1 Herman, G. T., Fundamentals of computerized tomography Image reconstruction from projection, 2nd edition, Springer, 2009 ref These algorithms are designed largely based on the mathematics of the Radon transform , statistical knowledge of the data acquisition process and geometry of the data imaging system. References reflist See also Tomographic reconstruction Computed tomography Positron emission tomography SPECT Discrete tomography DEFAULTSORT Reconstruction Algorithm Category Medical imaging ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 For the reconstruction of events in criminal investigation Reconstruction criminal investigation In a particle detector experiment, event particle physics event reconstruction is the process of interpreting the Electronics electronic signals produced by the detector to determine the original Elementary particle particle s that passed through, their momenta, directions, and the primary vertex physics vertex of the event. Thus the initial physical process for instance, that occurred at the interaction point of the particle accelerator , whose study is the ultimate goal of the experiment, can be determined. The total event reconstruction is not always possible and necessary in some cases, only a part of the data described above is obtained and processed. DEFAULTSORT Event Reconstruction Category Experimental particle physics Particle stub ... more details
Second Reconstruction is a term, coined by historian C. Vann Woodward , that refers to the African American Civil Rights Movement 1955 1968 American Civil Rights Movement . During Second Reconstruction, African Americans once again began holding various political offices, and reasserting and reclaiming their civil and political rights as American citizens. Unlike Reconstruction era of the United States Reconstruction , however, most African Americans abandoned the Republican Party United States Republican Party for the Democratic Party United States Democratic Party . A noteworthy feature of Second Reconstruction was the political realignment that occurred in 1965, which transformed the nature and composition of both the Republican and Democratic Parties, eroding the Democratic Solid South . In the same way, however, that Reconstruction era of the United States Reconstruction was followed by Redemption U.S. history Redemption , some have also claimed that period following Second Reconstruction could be termed a Second Redemption characterized by more conservatism on the part of the federal government, and several Supreme Court decisions that weakened the scope of civil rights reforms, especially in the Northern States. See also Second Redemption Neoabolitionist Reconstruction era of the United States Reconstruction Redemption U.S. history American Civil War African American Civil Rights Movement 1955 1968 American Civil Rights Movement References Eric Foner and Joshua Brown, Forever Free The Story of Emancipation and Reconstruction. Alfred A. Knopf New York, 2005, 225 238. Eric Foner , Who Owns History? Rethinking the Past in a Changing World. New York Hill and Wang, 16 18. C. Vann Woodward , The Strange Career of Jim Crow 1955 . http www.findarticles.com p articles mi qa3651 is 200004 ai n8888452 Kousser, J. Morgan, The Supreme Court And The Undoing of the Second Reconstruction, National Forum, Spring 2000 . Category History of civil rights in the United States Category ... more details
Shooting reconstruction also sometimes called shooting incident reconstruction or trajectory analysis is an examination of the circumstances and physical evidence at the scene of a shooting to establish how the incident occurred. If the shooting is associated to a suspected criminal activity, then shooting reconstruction may be a part of a crime reconstruction . Questions typically answered by a shooting reconstruction include the distance, direction, sequence, and angle in which shots were fired in a crime scene . Suggested reading & related websites http www.acsr.org Association for Crime Scene Reconstruction http www.afte.org Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners AFTE Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners Wikipedia cite book author Haag, Michael G. and Haag, Lucien C. title Shooting Incident Reconstruction Second Edition location New York publisher Academic Press year 2011 isbn 978 0 12 382241 3 cite book author Garrison, Dean H. title Practical Shooting Scene Investigation location Boca Raton, FL publisher Universal Publishers year 2003 isbn 1 58112 576 3 cite book author Haag, Lucien C. title Shooting Incident Reconstruction location New York publisher Academic Press year 2005 isbn 0 12 088473 9 cite book author Hueske, Edward E. title Practical Analysis and Reconstruction of Shooting Incidents location Boca Raton, FL publisher CRC Press year 2005 isbn 0 8493 2330 4 http www.uplink.com.au lawlibrary Documents Docs Doc104.html Shooting Reconstruction vs Shooting Reenactment http www.crimeandclues.com shootingreconstruction.htm A Bibliography of Shooting Reconstruction http www.forensicfirearms.com Michael G. Haag, Shooting Incident Reconstructionist and Trainer http www.alexanderjason.com Alexander Jason , Shooting Incident Reconstructionist forensics stub Category Ballistics Category Forensic techniques ... more details
Context date October 2009 Crime scene reconstruction is the use of scientific method s, physical evidence , deductive reasoning , and their interrelationships to gain explicit knowledge of the series of events that surround the commission of a crime. It is a disciplined and principled approach towards objectively understanding a crime scene. Using evidence found at a crime scene the incident can be reconstructed to determine what happened, and possibly find more clues . Methods Forensics branch out into a variety of fields. However, crime reconstruction is one of the most important contributors to a crime scene. Crime reconstruction uses the scientific method, physical evidence, and deductive reasoning and their interrelationships to acquire knowledge to the events that may have led up to the crime and what exactly happened at a specific crime scene. When focusing on other types of forensics, there are three areas of importance in finding the answers and determining the components of a crime scene which are specific incident reconstruction, event reconstruction, and the most important component, physical evidence reconstruction. Specific incident reconstruction deals with road traffic accident s, bombing s, homicide s, and accidents of any severity. Event reconstruction looks at connections, sequence, and identity. Physical evidence reconstruction focuses on firearms , blood traces, glass fragments, and any other objects that can be stripped for DNA analysis . It is important to reconstruct a crime scene because if one has no knowledge as to what took place and how it took place, they lack the ability to figure out who and why. Interpretation Crime reconstruction helps interpret physical evidence. It is an aid to help formulate a hypothesis and arrive at a conclusion about a certain crime. Forensic specialists all come together with their different forms of evidence such as photos ... Trace evidence External links http www.acsr.org Association for Crime Scene Reconstruction U.S. ... more details
The Minister of Reconstruction was a British government post that briefly existed during the latter stages of the World War II Second World War , charged with planning for the post war period. A succession of government committees had failed to make much progress with the problems arising out of reconstruction and so in 1943 Winston Churchill took the bold step of appointing a single minister as a member of the War Cabinet . Minister of Reconstruction 1943 1945 Frederick Marquis, 1st Earl of Woolton Frederick Marquis, 1st Baron Woolton 11 November 1943 23 May 1945 Category Lists of government ministers of the United Kingdom Reconstruction Category 1940s in the United Kingdom Category 1943 establishments Category 1945 disestablishments Category Defunct ministerial offices in the United Kingdom pl Ministrowie odbudowy Wielkiej Brytanii ... more details
See Iterative reconstruction for 3D reconstruction in Medical imaging . In computer vision and computer graphics , 3D reconstruction is the process of capturing the shape and appearance of real objects. This process can be accomplished either by active or passive methods. If we allow the model to change its shape in time, we talk about non rigid or spatio temporal reconstruction. Active methods These methods actively interfere with the reconstructed object, either mechanically or radiometrically. A simple example of a mechanical method would use a depth gauge to measure a distance to a rotating object put on a turntable. More applicable radiometric methods emit radiance towards the object and then measure its reflected part. Examples range from moving light sources, colored visible light, time of flight lasers to microwaves or ultrasound . See 3D scanning for more details. Passive methods Passive methods of 3D reconstruction do not interfere with the reconstructed object, they only use a sensor to measure the radiance reflected or emitted by the object s surface to infer its 3D structure . Typically, the sensor is an image sensor in a camera sensitive to visible light and the input to the method is a set of digital images one, two or more or video . In this case we talk about image based reconstruction and the output is a 3D model . See also 3D modeling 3D data acquisition and object reconstruction 3D reconstruction from multiple images External links http homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk rbf CVonline LOCAL COPIES MOHR TRIGGS node51.html 3D Reconstruction from Multiple Images Merge 3D data acquisition and object reconstruction date June 2010 Category 3D computer graphics ru ... more details
Refimprove date February 2010 Image BlackReconstruction.JPG thumb 1st edition cover Black Reconstruction ... at the Reconstruction era of the United States Reconstruction of the south after its defeat in the American civil war . On the whole, the book takes an economy economic approach to looking at reconstruction ... propertied class. This to Du Bois was the failure of reconstruction and the reason for the rise ... breaking. He performed the first systematic and rigorous analysis of the political economy of the reconstruction ... of the reconstruction period. Dubois research discredited forever the notion that the post emancipation ..., the reconstruction state governments had for example, established their states first, universal primary education systems. They did this because the reconstruction state constitutions ... that the reconstruction governments had established. Critical reception The work was not well ... of the way contemporary historians wrote about the role of former slaves during Reconstruction. Du Bois lists a number of books and writers that he felt were misrepresenting the Reconstruction period ... Black Reconstruction in America, pg 715 ref instead of accurately chronicling the events and key figures of Reconstruction. The reception of Black Reconstruction changed dramatically in the 1960s, when ... volume 10 issue 4 pages 82 100 last Foner first Eric title Reconstruction Revisited journal Reviews ... trend in the historiography of Reconstruction, which emphasized black people s search for freedom ... J. Fraser, Peter C. Mancall title Reconstruction People and Perspectives date 2008 10 11 page xx ref ... in the political aims of white politicians before and during reconstruction. However, Du Bois insistence on the revolutionary character of Reconstruction was reaffirmed by Eric Foner s landmark book on the subject, Reconstruction America s Unfinished Revolution, 1863 1877 . ref Cite book ... C. Mancall title Reconstruction People and Perspectives date 2008 10 11 page xix xxi ref By the twenty ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Coronary Reconstruction Type EP Artist Aborted Cover Aborted coronary.jpg Released Start date 2010 1 14 Recorded Genre Goregrind Length 22 30 Label Century Media Records Century Media Producer Reviews Last album The Haematobic EP br 2004 This album Coronary Reconstruction br 2010 Next album Coronary Reconstruction is an Extended play EP by the Belgian death metal band Aborted , released on January 14, 2010 through Century Media Records . The album is the first to be recorded with the band s new 2009 line up, and was released mainly as a digital EP, with only 1,000 physical copies made. The song Coronary Reconstruction contains audio samples from the film Hellbound Hellraiser II . Track listing tracklist total length 22 30 title1 Coronary Reconstruction length1 4 28 title2 From a Tepid Whiff length2 3 24 title3 Grime length3 3 41 title4 A Cadaverous Dissertation length4 4 24 title5 Left Hand Path note5 Entombed band Entombed cover length5 6 37 Personnel Sven Svencho de Caluw vocals Eran Segal guitar Ken Sorceron guitar Cole Martinez Bass guitar bass Dirk Verbeuren drums References Category 2010 EPs Category Aborted band albums Category Century Media Records EPs Aborted es Coronary Reconstruction EP it Coronary Reconstruction ru Coronary Reconstruction ... more details
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