Infobox font name Lithos style Sans serif classifications Incised, Display image LithosPro.png releasedate 1989 creator Carol Twombly foundry Adobe Type Lithos is a glyphic sans serif typeface designed by Carol Twombly in 1989 for Adobe Systems . Lithos is inspired by the unadorned, geometric letterforms of the engravings found on Ancient Greece Ancient Greek public buildings. The typeface consists of only capital letters, and comes in five weights, with no italics. According to Twombly, Lithos only used Greek inscriptions as inspiration, making Lithos more of a modern reinterpretation than a faithful reproduction. Twombly also designed Trajan typeface Trajan and Charlemagne typeface Charlemagne based respectively on ancient Roman and Byzantine inscriptions. Those typefaces, unlike Lithos, were modeled more directly upon their historical counterparts. One example of Lithos departure from historical accuracy is the inclusion of bold weights, which never existed in historical Greek inscriptions. Publications associated with African, African American and Southwestern cultures have used Lithos for its ethnic feel, even if it is the wrong ethnicity. Lithos has also become something of a generic stand in whenever a primitive feel is desired. For this reason, Lithos has been compared to Rudolf ... , but received similarly broad use. Lithos Pro In 2000, Adobe released the OpenType version called Lithos Pro, which included Adobe CE, Adobe Western 2, Greek character sets support, and small ... lining figures, small caps. Lithos in popular culture Lithos was the resident typeface of MTV during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Lithos was used on the reverse side of the 2009 one dollar coin produced ... corn. Citation needed date April 2011 Lithos is also used in the title typeface of the Very Short ... May 30, 2007. http www.adobe.com type browser P P 1711.html Lithos Pro Adobe.com . Retrieved ... 121 Adobe Fonts Lithos Category Adobe typefaces Category Sans serif typefaces Category Incised ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Unreferenced date March 2007 The Lydia Lithos Dancetheatre or was established in 1996 by the choreographer dancer Spiros Bertsatos . The group s aim is to face every performance as a procedure for the artist and the audience to find their own authenticity and as a medium soul cleanliness, as is metaphorically presented by the title Lydia Lithos Touchstone . The group produces high quality works with an intense and continuously presence in the field of dance in Greece and promotes contemporary dance and dance theatre , in and out of the Greek borders. External links Official website http lydialithosdancetheatre1.art.officelive.com default.aspx Dance Category Greek culture Category Contemporary dance companies contemporary dance stub Greece stub ... more details
orphan date September 2010 The Lithos Road Estate is an housing estate located at gbmapping TQ260849 in West Hampstead just off Finchley Road , London Borough of Camden . It is run by the estate s four consortia landlords Odu Dua Housing Association , Paddington Churches Housing Association , Circle Anglia Circle 33 and Notting Hill Housing Trust . The estate was built in 1991 and consists of a number of high and low rise blocks bordered on each side by railway tracks. The name lithos, which means stone in Greek, may derive from a power station now disused called Stone Yard in what is now the back park which used to supply Hampstead with electricity in the 1900s. External links http www.thisisdnadesigns.com mediapage.html Face2Face , an art project based on the estate coord 51.5492 0.1837 region GB CMD display title Category Housing estates in London london geo stub ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 Lartos was an ancient village on the southeast coast of Rhodes . There is a major marble formation nearby, lithos lartios , a gray blue stone distinctive of the island, quarried in antiquity largely for local use. ref For the term lithos lartios , Inscriptiones Graecae vol. XII, 1, no. 677 Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum , 3rd ed, no. 338, lines 7 8 no. 725, lines 11 12. For the geology of Lartian stone see G. P. Marinos, ed., Annales geologiques des pays helleniques , ser. 1, vol. 22 1970 pp. 110 112. ref Reflist Category Rhodes ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Lithoautotrophy is a special type of chemotroph chemoautotrophy found in Archaea and Bacteria . Lithoautotrophic organisms utilize inorganic compounds as energy sources. The word lithoautotrophy means to feed it or oneself from stone . In ancient Greek, lithos means stone or rock, autos self, and trophein to feed. References http www.iu bremen.de discussion attachment.php?s 78554fa3d0bc304e8d0a4b05ea8c71d3&postid 69823 Ecosystems and Nutrient Cycles Chemosynthesis ecology stub Category Ecology Category Microbial growth and nutrition ... more details
Otheruses Infobox font name Neuland image Neuland font.svg style Display date 1923 creator Rudolf Koch foundry Klingspor sample Image Neuland sample.svg 220px Neuland sample text Neuland is a Germany German typeface that was designed in 1923 by Rudolf Koch . Koch designed it by directly carving the type into metal. The original typeface thus had a great deal of variance between the sizes see http www.p22.com terminal kochart.html here for an example . This can be easily duplicated with modern digital font software such as Metafont , but not with less versatile industry standards such as TrueType . It is often used today when an exotic or primitive look is desired, such as the logos for Trader Vic s , Natural American Spirit cigarettes, and the Jurassic Park film Jurassic Park films which use the inline variant . It is also commonly seen in an African or African American context. Image Neuland Inline sample.png 220px right thumb Sample of Neuland Inline A common variant of Neuland perhaps more common than the standard variety is Neuland Inline. Lithos is a typeface that is often used in similar applications to Neuland. See also Samples of display typefaces External links http www.studio gs.com neuland.html New Black Face Neuland and Lithos as Stereotypography , by Rob Giampietro http cg.scs.carleton.ca luc kochneuland.html A collection of digital Neuland varieties Category Display typefaces Category letterpress typefaces Category photocomposition typefaces Category virtual typefaces typ stub ... more details
Althausite is a relatively simple magnesium phosphate mineral with formula Mg sub 2 sub PO sub 4 sub OH,F . It is very rare. Original occurrence s are magnesite deposits among serpentinite s. ref Raade G. and Tysseland M. 1975 Althausite, a new mineral from Modum, Norway. Lithos, 8, 215 219 ref ref http www.mindat.org min 148.html Mindat ref ref http www.handbookofmineralogy.org pdfs althausite.pdf Handbook of Mineralogy ref References references Category Magnesium minerals Category Phosphate minerals phosphate mineral stub ... more details
Orphan date December 2009 Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Lithogenic silica LSi comes from the Greek words lithos , which means rock , and genesis , which means coming from . LSi is silica that originates from terrestrial sources of rock and soil, i.e. from silicate minerals and crystals. In the marine silicon cycle, LSi in the ocean is derived from rivers 5.6 Tmol Si yr , Aeolian processes eolian dust 0.5 Tmol Si yr , hydrothermal vents 0.2 Tmol Si yr , basalt weathering 0.4 Tmol Si yr , and from benthic fluxes 23 Tmol Si yr from the sediment into the ocean s interior Tr guer et al., 1995 . LSi can either be accumulated directly in marine sediments or be transferred into dissolved silica DSi in the water column. DEFAULTSORT Lithogenic Silica Category Physical oceanography Category Sedimentary rocks Petrology stub Ocean stub ... more details
Image bars3.jpg thumb 300 px right Schematic of a BARS system the size of the outer barrel is reduced for presentation purposes. Image bars2.jpg thumb 300 px right Two BARS devices, one open for loading or unloading and the other closed. BARS or split sphere is a high pressure high temperature apparatus usually used for growing or processing minerals , especially diamond . The name is a transliteration of a Russian language Russian abbreviation press free high pressure setup split sphere . Typical pressures and temperatures achievable with BARS are 10 Pascal unit GPa and 2500 C. ref name lithos The BARS technology was invented around 1989&ndash 1991 by the scientists from the Institute of Geology and Geophysics of the Siberian branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Siberian branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR . ref name lithos cite journal author N. Pal yanov et al. title Fluid bearing alkaline carbonate melts as the medium for the formation of diamonds in the Earth s mantle an experimental study doi 10.1016 S0024 4937 01 00079 2 journal Lithos volume 60 year 2002 page 145 bibcode 2002Litho..60..145P ref In the center of the device, there is a ceramic cylindrical reaction cell of about 2 cm sup 3 sup in size. The cell is placed into a cubic shaped pressure transmitting material, which is pressed by elements made from cemented carbide VK10 hard alloy . ref cite journal author M. G. Loshak and L. I. Alexandrova title Rise in the efficiency of the use of cemented carbides as a matrix of diamond containing studs of rock destruction tool doi 10.1016 S0263 4368 00 00039 1 journal Int. J. Refractory Metals and Hard Materials volume 19 year 2001 page 5 ref The outer octahedral cavity is pressed by 8 steel sectors. After mounting, the whole assembly is locked in a disc type barrel with a diameter 1 meter. The barrel is filled with oil, which pressurizes upon heating the oil pressure is tran ... more details
File Antinous Mandragone profil.jpg thumb The Antinous Mondragone , the head from an acrolithic cult image of the deified Antinous An acrolith was a statue made in Classical antiquity , in which the trunk of the figure was made of wood, and the head, hands, and feet were made of marble. The wood was concealed either by drapery or by gilding only the marble parts were exposed to view. Greek etymology acros and lithos , English language English translation height or extremity and stone . Earlier, Chryselephantine sculpture similar sculptures used ivory instead of marble, and normally gold on the body. Acroliths are frequently mentioned by Pausanias geographer Pausanias 100s CE , the best known example being the Athene Areia of the Plataeans Athene Areia Warlike Athena of the Plataea ns. Examples of acrolithic sculptures Athene Areia of the Plataeans Colossus of Constantine Antinous Mondragone Hera Farnese Augustus , dea Roma , Tiberius , Livia from Leptis Magna in Libya References 1911 Secondary sources Cite book author Barrett, Anthony A title Livia,First Lady of Imperial Rome publisher Yale University Press year 2002 isbn 978 0 300 10298 7 div Category Ancient Roman sculpture Category Ancient Greek sculpture Category Hellenistic sculpture de Akrolith es Acrolito fr Acrolithe it Acrolito hu Akrolith pl Akrolit pt Acr lito ru fi Akroliitti sv Akrolit ... more details
For the British politician see Sir Julian Goldsmid, 3rd Baronet Julian Royce Goldsmith 1918 1999 was a mineralogist and geochemist at the University of Chicago Moore, 1971 . Goldsmith, along with colleague Fritz Laves , first defined the crystallographic polymorphism of alkali feldspar Newton, 1989 . Goldsmith also experimented on the temperature dependence of the solid solution between calcite and dolomite Newton, 1989 . Goldsmith s research also led him to experiment with the determination of the stability of intermediate structural states of albite Newton, 1989 . For his outstanding contributions to the study of mineralogy and geochemistry, Goldsmith was awarded the prestigious Roebling Medal by the Mineralogical Society of America in 1988 Newton, 1989 . The mineral julgoldite was named for him. References Moore, P.B. 1971 Julgoldite, the Fe 2 Fe 3 dominant pumpellyite. A new mineral from L ngban, Sweden. Lithos 4, 93 99. Newton, R. 1989 Presentation of the Roebling Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America for 1988 to Julian R. Goldsmith. American Mineralogist , 74, 715 716. http www.minsocam.org msa ammin toc Abstracts 2001 Abstracts Mar01 Abstracts Olsen p382 383 01.pdf Edward J. Olsen, Memorial for Julian Royce Goldsmith, 1918 1999, American Mineralogist, Volume 85, pages 382 383, 2000 Category Geochemists Category Mineralogists Category 1918 births Category 1999 deaths geologist stub ... more details
Automatic taxobox fossil range fossil range 99.6 65.8 Late Cretaceous image Turrilites acutus.png image caption Turrilites acutus taxon Turrilitidae authority Meek , 1876 type genus Turrilites type genus authority Lamarck, 1801 subdivision ranks Genera subdivision Mariella biology Mariella Notostreptites Ostlingoceras Pseudhelicoceras Tridenticeras Turrilites Turrilitidae is a Family biology family of extinct heteromorph ammonite cephalopod s. All members had shells that coiled helically that tended to resemble auger shell s. The ecological roles turrilitids played is largely unknown, as experts are still speculating what niches they filled. Some are suspected of floating in the water column, while others, such as the eponymous Turrilites , are believed to have been bottom dwellers. The name of the type genus Turrilites is a hybrid formation based on Latin wikt turris turris tower and Greek wikt lithos stone , coined by Lamarck in 1801. Although they were diverse, with a worldwide distribution, the turrilitids, along with all other ammonites, did not survive the Cretaceous Paleogene extinction event . References http paleodb.org cgi bin bridge.pl?action checkTaxonInfo&taxon no 95378&is real user 1 The Paleobiology Database Accessed on 9 24 07 Category Ammonitida Category Cretaceous animals Ammonite stub ... more details
other uses File Egypt.KV8.01.jpg right thumb 250px Stone sarcophagus of Merenptah Pharaoh Merenptah . File Contantinople Christian sarcophagus circa 400.jpg thumb 250px Constantinople Christian sarcophagus with XI monogram , circa 400 A.D. A sarcophagus is a funeral receptacle for a cadaver corpse , most commonly carved or cut from stone. The word sarcophagus comes from the Greek language Greek Wiktionary sarx meaning flesh , and Wiktionary phagein meaning to eat , hence sarkophagus means flesh eating from the phrase lithos sarkophagos Wiktionary Wiktionary . Since lithos is Greek for stone, lithos sarcophagos means flesh eating stone . The word came to refer to a particular kind of limestone that was thought to decompose the flesh of corpses interred within it. ref http www.wordinfo.info words index info view unit 520 ?letter C&spage 19 WordInfo etymology. As a noun the Greek term was further adopted to mean coffin and was carried over into Latin , where it was used in the phrase lapis sarcophagus , flesh eating stone , referring to those same properties of limestone. ref ref name columbia http www.mcah.columbia.edu medmil pages non mma pages text links burialpractices.html Columbia University Department of Archaeology ref Common forms File Worms sarcophagi.jpg right thumb Roman era sarcophagi at Worms, Germany . Sarcophagi were undoubtedly used by the Egyptians prior to the building of the Great Pyramid , but it was not until after the days of Trajan that the ancient Greece Greek s and Ancient Rome Romans produced the monumental and richly sculptured examples which are found in the museums of Europe today. ref Presbrey Leland, Commemoration The Book of Presbrey Leland Memorials , Presbrey Leland Incorporated, 1952 p. 79 ref Sarcophagi were most often designed to remain above ground, hence were often ornately carved, decorated or elaborately constructed. Some were built to be freestanding, as a part of an el ... more details
Merge to quartz date October 2009 Infobox mineral name Quartz category Oxide mineral boxwidth boxbgcolor image Green quartz.jpg caption Raw natural prasiolite color shades of green mohs 7 lower in impure varieties diaphaneity Transparent to nearly opaque Prasiolite , green quartz or vermarine is a green form of quartz , a silicate mineral chemical ly silicon dioxide . Prasiolite is one of several quartz varieties. Since 1950, almost all natural prasiolite has come from a small Brazil ian mine, but it is also seen in Lower Silesia in Poland . Naturally occurring prasiolite is also found in the Thunder Bay area of Canada . ref name Page cite web url http www.quartzpage.de prasiolite.html title Prasiolite publisher quarzpage.de date last modified 28 October 2009 accessdate 28 November 2010 ref Prasiolite can also be found spelled praziolite . Prasiolite can be confused with the similarly colored praseolite which results from the heat treatment of iolite , a variety of cordierite . ref cite web url http www.galleries.com minerals gemstone prasiolite prasiolite.htm title Mineral Galleries publisher galleries.com dead link date November 2010 ref It is a rare stone in nature. Most prasiolite sold is used in jewellery settings. Prasiolite is heat treated amethyst . ref name Page Most amethyst will turn yellow or orange when heated producing citrine . But some amethyst will turn green when treated. Currently most all prasiolite on the market results from a combination of heat treatment and cobalt 60 or E beam irradiation . Citation needed May 2011 date May 2011 The name is derived from Greek language Greek prason meaning leek and lithos meaning stone. This means that prasiolite literally means garlic green colored stone. The mineral was given its name due to its green colored appearance. References references Use dmy dates date November 2010 Category Gemstones Category Quartz varieties Mineral stub de Prasiolith fr Quartz prase pl Prasiolit pt Pr sio ru ... more details
Clinoptilolite is a natural zeolite comprising a microporous arrangement of silica and alumina tetrahedra. It has the complex formula Sodium Na , Potassium K , Calcium Ca sub 2 3 sub Aluminium Al sub 3 sub Al, Silicon Si sub 2 sub Si sub 13 sub Oxygen O sub 36 sub 12 Hydrogen H sub 2 sub O . It forms as white to reddish tabular monoclinic Silicate minerals tectosilicate crystals with a Mohs hardness of 3.5 to 4 and a specific gravity of 2.1 to 2.2. It commonly occurs as a devitrification product of volcanic glass shards in tuff and as vesicle fillings in basalt s, andesite s and rhyolite s. It was described in 1969 from an occurrence in Owl Canyon , San Bernardino County , California . Use of clinoptilolite in industry and academia focuses on its ion exchange properties having a strong exchange affinity for ammonia Nitrogen N H sub 4 sub sup sup . A typical example of this is in its use as an enzyme based urea sensor. It is also used as fertiliser , and sold as a deodorizer in the form of pebble sized chunks contained in a mesh bag. Research is generally focussed around the shores of the Aegean Sea due to the abundance of natural clinoptilolite in easily accessible surface deposits. The name is derived from the Greek words klino oblique , ptylon feather , and lithos stone . See also Paulingite References http mineral.galleries.com minerals silicate clinopti clinopti.htm Mineral galleries http webmineral.com data Clinoptilolite Na.shtml Webmineral data http www.mindat.org min 1082.html Mindat with location data Category Sodium minerals Category Potassium minerals Category Calcium minerals Category Aluminium minerals Category Zeolites Category Monoclinic minerals silicate mineral stub ca Clinoptilolita es Clinoptilolita fa hu Klinoptilolit nl Clinoptiloliet pl Klinoptylolit ... more details
Image Urolito Fernandes.jpg thumb Urolite found in the Botucatu Formation in Araraquara , S o Paulo Brazil. Urolite is a term composed of two Greek words, uro meaning urine and lithos meaning stone and was first used to describe the fossil of a nonliquid urinary secretions produced by some groups of Reptile reptiles , in relation to coprolite s. The first evidence of recorded liquid waste elimination attributed to a dinosaur was presented to the public in 2002, but no scientific paper had been reported a fossil evidence of liquid waste of Tetrapod tetrapods elimination to assume that dinosaur s urinated. clarify post text Sense is garbled. date February 2012 In 2004, a paper by paleontologist Marcelo Adorna Fernandes brought a studied of trace fossil s that had been preserved in three aeolian flagstone s. ref name Fernandes2004 cite journal author Fernandes, M. A. et al. year 2004 title Occurrence Of Urolites Related To Dinosaurs In The Lower Cretaceous Of The Botucatu Formation, Paran Basin, S o Paulo State, Brazil journal Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia pages 263 268 url http www.sbpbrasil.org revista edicoes 7 2 fernandes.pdf ref clarify post text Sense is garbled. date February 2012 These trace fossils show a pattern that could be formed by an abundant falling stream of fluid and that is different from the structures described before in other occurrences in the paleontological record. The aspect of these urolites is very similar to soil deformation caused by modern ostrich urination, and certain groups of dinosaurs could have a similar urinary physiology. These urolites are the first evidence of liquid waste attributed to dinosaurs. References reflist Category Paleontology pt Ur lito ... more details
relationships and some implications for crustal evolution Lithos, v. 79, no. 1 2, p. 1 ... margins genesis of adakitic and non adakitic magmas Lithos, v. 79, no. 1 2, p. 25 41. Category Igneous ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 Image Trilith Stonehenge.jpg left thumb Trilith in Stonehenge Image Malta 16 Mnajdra.jpg thumb Trilithon entrance, Mnajdra temple, Malta A trilithon or trilith is a structure consisting of two large vertical stones posts supporting a third stone set horizontally across the top lintel . It is commonly used in the context of megalithic monuments. The most famous trilithons are those of Stonehenge in England and those found in the Megalithic Temples of Malta Megalithic temples of Malta , both of which are UNESCO World Heritage Site s. The word trilithon is derived from the Greek language Greek having three stones tri three , lithos stone and was first used by William Stukeley . The term also describes the groups of three stones in the Hunebed tombs of the Netherlands and the three massive stones forming part of the wall of the Roman Temple of Jupiter at Baalbek , Lebanon . Far from Europe and the Middle East , another famous trilithon is the Ha amonga a Maui Ha amonga a Maui in Tonga , Polynesia . NOTOC Baalbek A group of three horizontally lying giant stones which form part of the podium of the Roman Empire Roman Jupiter mythology Jupiter temple of Baalbek , Lebanon , go by the name trilithon . Weighing ca. 800 Tonne tons each, ref name Adam 1977, 52 harvnb Adam 1977 p 52 ref they are among the List of ancient monoliths largest ancient monoliths and even List of largest monoliths in the world of the whole of history . The supporting stone layer beneath features a number of stones which are still in the order of 350 t. ref name Adam 1977, 52 In the quarry nearby, Stone of the Pregnant Woman two Roman building blocks , which were intended for the same podium, even surpass 1,000 t, lying there unused since their extraction in ancient times. ref harvnb Ruprechtsberger 1999 pp 7 56 ref References Reflist Sources Citation last Adam first Jean Pierre title propos du trilithon de Baalbek Le transport et la mise en oeuvre des m galith ... more details
infobox mineral name Pectolite category Silicate mineral image Pectolite 263712.jpg caption formula NaCa sub 2 sub Si sub 3 sub O sub 8 sub OH strunz dana symmetry Triclinic H M Symbol overline 1 unit cell a 7.99 , b 7.03 , c 7.03 90.51 , 95.21 , 102.53 Z 2 molweight color Colorless, whitish, grayish, yellowish colour habit Tabular to acicular, radiating fibrous, spheroidal, or columnar massive system Triclinic Pinacoidal twinning Twin axis 010 with composition plane 100 , common cleavage Perfect on 100 and 001 fracture Uneven tenacity Brittle tough when compact mohs 4.5 5 luster Silky, subvitreous streak diaphaneity Translucent to opaque gravity 2.84 2.90 density polish opticalprop Biaxial refractive n sub sub 1.594 1.610 n sub sub 1.603 1.614 n sub sub 1.631 1.642 birefringence 0.037 pleochroism 2V Measured 50 to 63 , Calculated 42 to 60 dispersion r v weak to very strong extinction length fast slow fluorescence other alteration references ref name Handbook http rruff.geo.arizona.edu doclib hom pectolite.pdf Handbook of Mineralogy ref ref name Mindat http www.mindat.org show.php?id 3141&ld 1&pho Mindat w localities ref ref name Webmin http webmineral.com data Pectolite.shtml Webmineral ref Pectolite is a white to gray mineral, sodium Na calcium Ca sub 2 sub silicon Si sub 3 sub oxygen O sub 8 sub O hydrogen H , sodium calcium Silicate minerals inosilicate hydroxide . It crystallizes in the triclinic system typically occurring in radiated or fibrous crystalline masses. It has a Mohs hardness of 4.5 to 5 and a specific gravity of 2.7 to 2.9. The gemstone variety, larimar , is a pale to sky blue. Occurrence File Spheroidal crystal of Pectolite.jpg thumb left Spheroidal crystal of Pectolite from Millington, New Jersey Millington , New Jersey , USA It was first described in 1828 at Mt. Baldo, Trento Province, Italy and named from the Greek pektos compacted and lithos stone . ref name Mindat ref name Webmin It occurs as a primary mineral in nepheline s ... more details
for the Korean company Eolith company An eolith from Greek language Greek eos , dawn, and lithos , stone is a chipped flint Nodule geology nodule . Eoliths were once thought to have been artifacts, the earliest stone tools, but are now believed to be naturally produced by Geology geological processes such as glaciation . The first eoliths were collected in Kent by Benjamin Harrison naturalist Benjamin Harrison , an amateur natural history naturalist and Archaeology archaeologist , in 1885 though the name eolith wasn t coined until 1892, by J. Allen Browne . Harrison s discoveries were published by Sir Joseph Prestwich in 1891, and eoliths were generally accepted to have been crudely made tools, dating from the Pliocene . Further discoveries of eoliths in the early 20th century &ndash in East Anglia by J. Reid Moir and in continental Europe by Aim Louis Rutot and H. Klaatsch &ndash were taken to be evidence of human habitation of those areas before the oldest known fossil s. Indeed, the England English finds helped to secure acceptance of the hoax remains of Piltdown man . Because eoliths were so crude, concern began to be raised that they were indistinguishable from the natural processes of erosion . Marcellin Boule , a France French archaeologist, published an argument against the artifactual status of eoliths in 1905, ref Boule, M. 1905 L origine des olithes , L Anthropologie , t. XVI, pp. 257 267. ref and Samuel Hazzledine Warren provided confirmation of Boule s view after carrying out experiments on flints. ref Warren, S.H. 1905 On the origin of Eolithic flints by naturals causes, especially by the foundering of drifts , Journal of the Royal Antrhopological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland , t. 35, pp. 337 364. ref Although the debate continued for about three decades, more and more evidence was discovered that suggested a purely natural origin for eoliths. This, together with the discovery of genuine late Pliocene tools in Africa the Olduwan tools , made ... more details
Ultrapotassic igneous rocks are a class of rare, volumetrically minor and generally ultramafic or mafic silica depleted igneous rocks . Ultrapotassic rocks are defined by molar potassium K sub 2 sub oxygen O sodium Na sub 2 sub O 3 in much of the scientific literature. In other papers written as recently as 2005, they are defined as rocks with weight percents K sub 2 sub O Na sub 2 sub O 2. Hence, caution is indicated in interpreting use of the term ultrapotassic , and the nomenclature of these rocks continues to be debated. Genesis of these ultrapotassic rocks has been much discussed. The magma s probably are produced by a variety of mechanisms and from a variety of sources. The magma production may be favored by the following ref Stephen Foley and Angelo Peccerillo, Potassic and ultrapotassic magmas and their origin , Lithos, v. 28, p. 181 185 1992 ref great depth of partial melting low degrees of partial melting lithophile element K, barium Ba , cesium Cs , rubidium Rb enrichment in sources peridotite variety harzburgite so enriched, especially in potassium pyroxene and phlogopite rich volumes within the mantle, not from peridotite alone carbon dioxide or water in sources each condition leading to a distinctive magma reaction of melts with surrounding rock as they rise from their sources Mantle sources of ultrapotassic magmas may contain subducted sediments, or the sources may have been enriched in potassium by melts or fluids partly derived from subducted sediments. Phlogopite and or potassic amphibole probably are typical in the sources from which many such magmas have been derived. Ultrapotassic granites are uncommon and may be produced by melting of the continental crust above upwelling mafic magma, such as at rift geology rift zones. Types of ultrapotassic rocks Lamprophyre s and melilitic rocks Kimberlite Lamproite Orangeite see Group II kimberlite Feldspathoid bearing rocks such as leucitite s K feldspar enriched leucogranite s Economic importance The econ ... more details
Image TwomblyFaces.png right thumb 240px Specimens of typefaces by Carol Twombly. Carol Twombly born 1959 is an United States American calligrapher and typeface designer who has designed many typefaces, including Trajan typeface Trajan , Myriad typeface Myriad and Adobe Caslon . She worked as a type designer at Adobe Systems from 1988 through 1999, during which time she designed, or contributed to the design of, many typefaces. She retired from type design in early 1999, to focus on her other design interests, involving textiles and jewelry. Education Twombly attended and graduated from the Rhode Island School of Design small RISD small where she first studied sculpture, and later changed her major to graphic design. She credits her professors Charles Bigelow type designer Charles Bigelow and Kris Holmes , whose studio she worked in, for her inspiration and stimulating her interest in typography. At Stanford University Twombly was one of only five people to graduate from the short lived digital typography program. Awards Twombly was the 1984 recipient of the Morisawa gold prize, and the 1994 winner of the Prix Charles Peignot , given by the Association Typographique Internationale ATypI the first woman, and second American, to receive this award given to a promising typeface designer under the age of 35. Typefaces by Twombly Adobe Caslon 1990 Chaparral 1997 Charlemagne 1989 Lithos 1989 Mirarae 1984 Myriad typeface Myriad 1991, designed with Robert Slimbach Nueva 1994 Pepperwood 1993 Rosewood 1993 Trajan typeface Trajan 1989 Viva 1993 Zebrawood 1993 Sources http www.adobe.com type typedesign twombly.html Carol Twombly Adobe Type Designers Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Twombly, Carol ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1959 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Twombly, Carol Category 1959 births Category Living people Category Typographers Category Rhode Island School of Design alumni Category American calligraphe ... more details
A lithoautotroph is a microbe which derives energy from redox reduced compounds of mineral origin. They may also be referred to as chemolithoautotrophs, a type of Lithotroph lithotrophs , reflecting their autotrophic metabolic pathways. Lithoautotrophs are exclusively microbes macrofauna do not possess the capability to utilize mineral sources of energy. For lithoautotrophic bacteria, only inorganic molecules can be used as energy sources. Most lithoautotrophs belong to the domain Bacteria . The term Lithotroph is created from the terms lithos rock and troph consumer literally, it may be read eaters of rock. Many lithoautotrophs are extremophiles , but this is not universally so. Geological processes Lithoautotrophs participate in many geological processes, such as the weathering of parent material bedrock to form soil , as well as biogeochemical cycling of sulfur , potassium , and other elements. They may be present in the deep terrestrial subsurface they have been found well over 3km below the surface of the planet , in soils, and in endolith communities. As they are responsible for the liberation of many crucial nutrients, and participate in the pedogenesis formation of soil , lithoautotrophs play a crucial role in the maintenance of life on Earth. Acid mine drainage Lithoautotrophic microbial consortia are responsible for the phenomenon known as acid mine drainage , whereby energy rich pyrite present in mine tailing heaps and in exposed rock faces is metabolized to form sulfites , which form potentially toxic sulfuric acid when dissolved in water. Acid mine drainage drastically alters the acidity and chemistry of groundwater and stream s, and may endanger plant and animal populations. Activity similar to acid mine drainage, but on a much lower scale, is also found in natural conditions such as the rocky beds of glaciers , in soil and Scree talus , and in the deep subsurface. Lithoautotrophs are extremely specific in using their energy source. Thus, despite the d ... more details
About isometric mineral lightweight, slow flying aeroplanes Microlight Infobox mineral name Microlite boxwidth boxbgcolor image Microlite Lepidolite 21663.jpg imagesize alt caption Microlite on lepidolite , Minas Gerais , Brazil. Size 6 x 4 x 3.25 cm. category Oxide minerals formula Na,Ca sub 2 sub Ta sub 2 sub O sub 6 sub O,OH,F strunz 04.DH.15 dana symmetry unit cell molweight color colour habit system twinning cleavage fracture tenacity mohs luster streak diaphaneity gravity density polish opticalprop refractive birefringence pleochroism 2V dispersion extinction length fast slow fluorescence absorption melt fusibility diagnostic solubility impurities alteration other prop1 prop1text references Microlite is a pale yellow, reddish brown, or black Cubic crystal system isometric mineral composed of sodium calcium tantalum oxide with a small amount of fluorine Na,Ca sub 2 sub Ta sub 2 sub O sub 6 sub O,OH,F . Microlite is a mineral in the pyrochlore group that occurs in pegmatite s and constitutes an ore of tantalum. It has a Mohs hardness of 5.5 and a variable specific gravity of 4.2 to 6.4. It occurs as disseminated microscopic subtranslucent to opaque octahedral crystal s with a refractive index of 2.0 to 2.2. Microlite is also called djalmaite. Microlite occurs as a primary mineral in lithium bearing granite pegmatites, and in miarolitic cavities in granites. Association minerals include albite , lepidolite , topaz , beryl , tourmaline , spessartine , tantalite and fluorite . Microlite was first described in 1835 for an occurrence on the Island of Uto, State of Stockholm, Sweden . A Type locality geology type locality is the Clark Ledges pegmatite, Chesterfield, Hampshire County, Massachusetts . The name is from Greek mikros for small and lithos for stone. References Palache, C., H. Berman, and C. Frondel 1944 Dana s system of mineralogy , 7th edition , v. I, 748 757 http webmineral.com data Microlite.shtml Webmineral data http www.mindat.org min 2705.html Mindat ... more details
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