Lazy loading is a Design pattern computer science design pattern commonly used in computer programming to defer initialization of an object until the point at which it is needed. It can contribute to efficiency in the program s operation if properly and appropriately used. The opposite of lazy loading is eager loading . Implementations There are four ways of implementing the lazy load design pattern lazy initialization a virtual proxy a ghost , and a value holder ref Martin Fowler, Patterns of Enterprise Application Architecture , Addison Wesley, 2003, pp.200 214. ISBN 0 321 12742 0. ref . Each has its own advantages and disadvantages. Lazy initialization main Lazy initialization With lazy initialization, the object to be lazily loaded is originally set to null, and every request for the object checks for null and creates it on the fly before returning it first, as in this C example source lang csharp private int myWidgetID private Widget myWidget null public Widget MyWidget get if myWidget null myWidget Widget.Load myWidgetID return myWidget source Or with the null coalescing operator ?? source lang csharp private int myWidgetID private Widget myWidget null public Widget MyWidget get return myWidget myWidget ?? Widget.Load myWidgetID source This method is the simplest to implement, although if null is a legitimate return value, it may be necessary to use a placeholder object to signal that it has not been initialized. Here is an example using PHP source lang php class SnookerPlayer var SnookerCue protected snookerCue Lazy load snooker cue if one is not assigned to the player return SnookerCue public function getSnookerCue if this snookerCue null this snookerCue new SnookerCue return this snookerCue source Virtual proxy Virtual Proxy is an object with the same interface as the real object. The first time one of its methods are called it loads the real object and then delegates ... holder A value holder is a generic object that handles the lazy loading behavior, and appears ... more details
Orphan date March 2011 Seed loading is a technology used primarily in remote Data computing data backup solutions. It prevents large amounts of backup data being sent over the Internet . Instead, the backup is performed locally on a storage medium e.g. an external hard disk which is then shipped to the external storage location, where it is stored in the appropriate account. This method saves the user much time and Bandwidth computing bandwidth . ref http www.backupagent.com en our product features seed load technology ref In general, this method of external backup is highly effective when the backup solution supports Incremental backup incremental or differential backups. The first backup is then performed using seed load technology afterwards only new and changed data has to be backed up over the Internet. ref http www.globaldatavault.com seedload.htm ref ref http www.net24.co.nz obs seed loading.php ref References references Category Computer data ... more details
Hydrometeor loading is the induced Drag physics drag effects on the atmosphere from a falling Precipitation meteorology hydrometeor . When falling at terminal velocity , the value of this drag is equal to gr sub h sub , where g is the Standard gravity acceleration due to gravity and r sub h sub is the mixing ratio of the hydrometeors. Hydrometeor loading has a net negative effect on the atmospheric buoyancy equations. ref cite book last Markowski first Paul title Mesoscale Meteorology in Midlatitudes year 2010 publisher John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. location West Sussex, UK isbn 978 0 470 74213 6 pages 20 coauthors Yvette Richardson ref As the hydrometeor falls toward the surface, the surrounding air provides resistance against the acceleration due to gravity, and the air in the vicinity of the hydrometeor becomes Density denser . ref cite journal last Asnani first G.C. coauthors M. K. Rama Varma Raja title http arxiv.org PS cache physics pdf 0003 0003028v1.pdf year 2000 month March pages 2 url http arxiv.org PS cache physics pdf 0003 0003028v1.pdf accessdate 16 October 2011 ref The increased weight of the atmosphere can support a present downdraft or even cause a downdraft to occur. ref cite web last Geerts first B title Microbursts url http www das.uwyo.edu geerts cwx notes chap08 microburst.html work Learning about weather and climate some short articles accessdate 16 October 2011 coauthors E. Linacre and L. Oolman ref Hydrometeor loading can also lead to increased high pressure inside of a mesohigh in a thunderstorm. ref cite journal last Sanders first Frederick coauthors Kerry A. Emanuel title The Momentum Budget and Temporal Evolution of a Mesoscale Convective System journal Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences year 1977 month February volume 34 issue 2 pages 322 330 url http journals.ametsoc.org doi pdf 10.1175 1520 0469 281977 29034 3C0322 3ATMBATE 3E2.0.CO 3B2 accessdate 14 October 2011 doi 10.1175 1520 0469 1977 034 0322 TMBATE 2.0.CO 2 ref References Reflist Category ... more details
Vocal loading is the stress inflicted on the speech organ s when speaking for long periods. ref name Titze1997 cite journal last1 Titze first1 IR last2 Lemke first2 J last3 Montequin first3 D title Populations in the U.S. Workforce who rely on voice as a primary tool of trade a preliminary report journal Journal of voice official journal of the Voice Foundation volume 11 issue 3 pages 254 9 year 1997 pmid 9297668 doi 10.1016 S0892 1997 97 80002 1 ref ref cite journal last1 Popolo first1 PS last2 Svec first2 JG last3 Titze first3 IR title Adaptation of a Pocket PC for use as a wearable voice dosimeter journal Journal of speech, language, and hearing research JSLHR volume 48 issue 4 pages 780 91 year 2005 pmid 16378473 doi 10.1044 1092 4388 2005 054 ref ref cite journal doi 10.1121 1.2390676 last1 Titze first1 IR last2 Hunter first2 EJ last3 Svec first3 JG title Voicing and silence periods in daily and weekly vocalizations of teachers journal The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America volume 121 issue 1 pages 469 78 year 2007 pmid 17297801 ref ref cite journal last1 Nix first1 J last2 Svec first2 JG last3 Laukkanen first3 AM last4 Titze first4 IR title Protocol challenges for on the job voice dosimetry of teachers in the United States and Finland journal Journal of voice official journal of the Voice Foundation volume 21 issue 4 pages 385 96 year 2007 pmid 16678386 doi 10.1016 j.jvoice.2006.03.005 ref ref cite journal last1 Carroll first1 T last2 Nix first2 J last3 Hunter ... and the European Union. Still, research in vocal loading has often been treated as a minor subject. Voice ... in pressure form the waves called voiced speech. Loading on tissue in vocal folds The fundamental ... number of hits. Vocal loading also includes other kinds of strain on the speech organs. These include ... loading show that the speaking environment does have a significant impact on vocal loading. Still .... Symptoms Objective evaluation or measurement of vocal loading is very difficult due to the tight ... more details
The Berne Gauge ref cite journal title Berne and all that first G last Hafter work Modern Railways date April 1992 url http www.crowsnest.co.uk gauge.htm ref or Berne Convention Gauge is an informal but widely used term for the railway loadinggauge considered the standard gauge in continental Europe . The term arises from the international railway conference held and consequent convention signed in Berne , Switzerland in 1912. The official name of this gauge is the lang fr Gabarit passe partout international lang fr PPI , literally pass everywhere international , and it came into force in 1914. The European Berne loadinggauge is usually convert 3150 mm ftin abbr on wide by convert 3,175 mm ftin abbr on rising to convert 4280 mm ftin abbr on in the centre. This is a clearance envelope see Loadinggauge on a curve of convert 250 m ftin abbr on radius. Previously, international through traffic, particularly freight, had been effectively constrained to vehicles and loads consistent with the standard French with 1,500 V DC loadinggauge, the narrowest and lowest in Mainland Europe. As a result of accepting the convention, the French embarked on a period of progressive upgrade to make their network compliant. Even after adopting the convention, significant parts of the European network operated to larger gauges, thus limiting the passing of traffic out of such areas. References reflist External links http eur lex.europa.eu pri en oj dat 2002 l 245 l 24520020912en04020506.pdf EU High Speed Rail Rolling Stock Standards Category Rail loadinggauge ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 The structure gauge , also called the minimum clearance outline , is the minimum height and width of tunnel s and bridge s as well as the minimum height and width of the doors that allow a rail siding access into a warehouse . In addition the term may also apply to the minimum distance to passenger railway platform s or freight railway platform s as well as the minimum distance to buildings, electrical equipment boxes, railway signal equipment, third rail s and to the supports for overhead catenary or overhead lines from the track. The difference between the structure gauge and the loadinggauge is called the Engineering tolerance clearance . The amount of clearance between the loadinggauge and the structure gauge depends on the speed of the train, due to the train wobbling, so a train may be able to get past a restricted clearance by travelling at slow speed. The term structure gauge can also be applied to the minimum size of road tunnels, road bridges etc. Examples The tunnel south of Dover Priory railway station are too narrow to allow trains without end doors to open their side doors if emergency exiting is required. See also valign top Clearance car Additional infrastructure restrictions br Third rail Disadvantages of third rail Disadvantages of third rail Engineering tolerance width 40 Loadinggauge Railway platform Railway platform height Wayobjects width 40 External links http www.tc.gc.ca eng railsafety standards tce05 233.htm Transport Canada, Standard Respecting Railway Clearance http www.rica.org displaycommon.cfm?an 1&subarticlenbr 8 GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN RAILROAD HIGH AND WIDE CLEARANCES http books.google.ca books?id AK9LAAAAYAAJ&q Railway Line Clearances&dq Railway Line Clearances&source bl&ots 7Xwqh98QMA&sig EkjvMlFhLZHYB GoLJte VLK Uc&hl en&ei LtPxS7D J8GB8gaar8X Cg&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum ... tracks DEFAULTSORT Structure Gauge Category Rail infrastructure Rail stub de Lichtraumprofil fr Gabarit ... more details
gauges have different loading gauges, the break of gauge helps prevent the larger ... one is to build cars to the smaller of the two systems loadinggauge s with bogies that are easily ..., including structure gauge , loadinggauge , axleload s, Coupling railway couplings , Railway brake ... and language. The structure gauge, loadinggauge and axleload problem are solved by simply using the smaller ...Sidebar track gauge With railways, a break of gauge occurs where a line of one rail gaugegauge meets a line of a different gauge. Train s and Railroad car rolling stock cannot run through without some form of Gauge conversion conversion between gauges , and Cargo freight and passenger s must otherwise be Transloading transhipped . A break of gauge adds delays, cost, and inconvenience. Inconvenience ... at the China Chinese &ndash Russia n border File 001015 gauge buster.jpg right 220px thumb One solution to the break of gauge problem the Transporter wagon transporter car Transhipping of freight from cars of one gauge to cars of another is very labour and time intensive, and increases the risk ... can arise. Technical solutions to avoid transhipping include variable gauge axles , replacing the bogie s of cars, and the use of transporter cars that can carry a car of a different gauge. Talgo and Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles CAF have developed dual gauge axles variable gauge axles which permit through running between broad gauge and standard gauge. In Japan the Gauge Change ... 1067 mm gauge. Breaks of gauge are avoided by installing dual gauge track, either permanently or as part of a project to replace one gauge with another. At almost every break of gauge passengers ... gauge axles, see above , and Moscow Beijing trains bogie exchange , although on the latter passengers ... tend to be associated with smaller loading gauges and sharper curves, which tend to reduce initial capital cost s. This offsets the costs of any traffic affected by the break of gauge. An advantage is that invading ... more details
special Well car double stack cars to lower the center of gravity and reduce the loadinggauge . or date ...Other uses Gauge disambiguation Refimprove date December 2007 Sidebar track gauge Broad gauge railway s use a track gauge distance between the rails greater than the standard gauge of RailGauge 1435 . History See also Railway Regulation Gauge Act 1846 File GWR broad gauge locomotives.jpg thumb left Great Western Railway broad gauge steam locomotive s awaiting scrapping in 1892 after the conversion of the tracks to standard gauge . In Britain the Great Western Railway , designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel , pioneered broad gauge from 1838 with a gauge of RailGauge 84 , and retained this gauge until 1892. A number of harbours also used railways of this gauge for construction and maintenance. These included ... sidings . As it was not connected to the national network, this broad gauge operation continued until ... on a single gauge throughout a rail transport system was advantageous. Rolling stock did not need to match the gauge exactly a difference of a few millimeter s could be coped with, so that interoperability ... gauge of RailGauge 84 , it was eventually rejected by the Gauge Commission in favour of all railways in the British Isles being built to standard gauge of RailGauge 1435mm , this being the gauge ... gauge, Irish gauge . Broad gauge lines in Britain were gradually Gauge conversion converted to dual gauge or standard gauge from 1864, and finally the last of Brunel s broad gauge was converted over a single weekend in 1892. Many countries have broad gauge railways. Ireland see History of rail ... have a gauge of RailGauge 63 , but Luas , the Dublin light rail system, is built to standard gauge ... originally RailGauge 60 gauge while Finland continues to use the RailGauge 60 gauge inherited from ... Finland and Russia . In 1839 the Netherlands started its railway system with two broad gauge railways. The chosen gauge was RailGauge 1945mm after a visit of engineers to England and a large consignment ... more details
system feeding the seaport of Portland, Maine offered little need for gauge transfer prior to loading ...Sidebar track gauge Indian gauge RailGauge 1676 is a track gauge broad gauge commonly used in Rail transport ... in Argentina Argentina and Rail transport in Chile Chile . It is also the gauge that is used on BART Bay Area Rapid Transit , in northern California . Scotland This gauge was first used in Scotch gauge 5 ft 6 in gauge Scotland for two short, isolated lines, the Dundee and Arbroath Railway and the Arbroath ... gauge than standard gauge was more suitable for larger firebox and stability in high winds and long steep gradients, and chose a wide gauge already familiar in Scotland. In the late 20th century, India adopted Project Unigauge . Gauge conversion towards Indian gauge is underway, replacing several ... in other British colonies. It was known as the Provincial gauge in Canada. Having a break of gauge was seen as having defence value, the War of 1812 still being a fresh memory. The Champlain and St. Lawrence Railroad was laid in 1836 to RailGauge 66 gauge. Citation needed date September ... states Connecticut , Maine , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , and Vermont used it, but Gauge conversion changed to standard gauge by 1873. The Grand Trunk Railway was operated from headquarters ... in 1873. United States The Bay Area Rapid Transit system uses Indian gauge. The New Orleans, Opelousas and Great Western Railroad NOO&GW used Indian gauge until 1872, and the Texas and New Orleans Railroad used Indian gauge Texas gauge until 1876. The Grand Trunk Railway predecessor St. Lawrence ... gauge Canadian gauge or Portland gauge and was converted in 1873. Several Maine railroads connected to the Grand Trunk Railway shared its Portland Gauge . The Androscoggin and Kennebec Railroad ... to standard gauge in 1871. The only electric Tram streetcar system in the U.S. to use this gauge ... advantages of Portland Gauge for Maine railways in 1847 ref name holt cite book title The Grand Trunk ... more details
Metric gauge may refer to Metre gauge , a rail gauge Any Gauge engineering gauge or Pressure measurement pressure gauge that reads in Metric system metric measurements disambig ... more details
is not so much rail gauge but loadinggauge especially for the United Kingdom which has standard rail gauge but generally one of the smallest loadinggauge s in the world relative to rail gauge . High ... Loadinggauge Structure gauge Rail terminology Longest trains style width 34 Rail transport by country ...Sidebar track gauge Image IndianGauges.JPG thumb 300px Narrow and Broad gauge tracks Track gauge or rail gauge is the distance between the inner sides of the heads of the two load bearing Rail profile ... gauge of 1,435 mm span class nowrap 4 ft 8 in span . Wider gauges are called broad gauge smaller gauges, narrow gauge railway narrow gauge . Break of gauge refers to the meeting of different gauges. Some stretches of track are dual gauge , with three or four rails, allowing trains of different gauges to share them. Gauge conversion can resolve break of gauge problems. An exception of a railway with no gauge is monorail where there is only one supporting rail. Some electrified railways ... electrical current they do not define the rail gauge. Gauge Engineering tolerance tolerances specify how much the actual gauge may vary from the nominal gauge. For example, the U.S. Federal Railroad Administration specifies that the actual gauge of track that is rated for a maximum of convert ... 26 February 2010 ref A track gauge is also the measuring device used to test whether rails are within the correct gauge. Dominant gauges div style float right style text align center border collapse ... Rail gauge world.png thumb 630px left The dominant rail gauge in each country shown br clear all further List of rail gauges class wikitable sortable Gauge Name Installation km Installation miles Usage style background bbdf94 RailGauge 1676 Indian gauge convert 78500 km mi disp table Rail transport ... 1668 Iberian gauge convert 15394 km mi disp table Portugal , Rail transport in Spain Spain . In Spain as of the Iberian gauge convert 21 km mi abbr on disp s are of three rail dual Iberian and standard ... more details
the perfect alignment of the loadinggauge. ref http www.verkehrsrundschau.de sixcms detail.php ...Sidebar track gauge Iberian gauge lang es ancho ib rico, trocha ib rica , lang pt bitola ib rica is the name given to the track gauge distance between the two rails of a track most extensively used by the railways ... Espana.pdf 1955 ref the Iberian gauge is a compromise between the similar, but slightly different, gauges ... railway networks of Spain were initially constructed to a RailGauge 1672 gauge of six Castilian ... gauge of five Portuguese feet close enough to allow Interoperability Railways interoperability with Spanish railways. ref The gauge of the early Portuguese lines built to the English later international gauge was subsequently altered to iberian to ensure interoperability Assim, em 20 de Junho de 1860 ... Real gauge 1.44 m of the line already built between Lisbon and of Asseca 68 km , passing it to gauge the Iberian, with 1.67 metres, without any interruption in rail service. http apac.cp.pt ... gauge A commonly cited reason for the adoption of this gauge, broader than which became the Standard gauge international standard , is that it was intended to hinder any use of the railroad in any of Peninsular ... does not state any reason, simply the gauge itself. It is known that the government entrusted such decisions ... was more mountainous than that of England and the France, a wider gauge would make more powerful locomotives ... gauge works in such areas was too expensive. One example of this is the RailGauge 1 gauge FEVE . Adoption of the international gauge in Spain and Portugal Since the beginning of the 1990s new High speed rail high speed passenger lines in Spain have been built to the international standard gauge of RailGauge ... reconstructed as Dual gauge mixed Iberic and standard gauge, in general the interface between the two gauges in Spain is dealt with by means of gauge changing installations, which can Variable gauge axles adjust the gauge of appropriately designed Wheelset railroad wheelsets on the move. ref http ... more details
, with a loadinggauge the same as that used on 1000 mm gauge railways, which was thought to be sufficient ...refimprove date June 2011 Sidebar track gauge Bosnian gauge refers to railways with a track gauge of RailGauge ... Gauge Width accessdate 5 June 2011 ref ref cite book title The economy of East Central Europe 1815 1989 ... form of narrow gauge . The name is also used for lines of the same gauge outside Bosnia, for example ... Bosna Bahn lang hu Bosznav lgyi Vas t provided the basis for the narrow gauge railway network which ... near Dubrovnik on the coast of the Adriatic Sea . This narrow gauge main line carried much heavier traffic than many of the minor standard gauge main lines across the Austro Hungarian Empire. At the time ... express locomotives of 1894 96 were the fastest narrow gauge locomotives in Europe, with a 60 km h permitted ... of the 20th centuries exceeded 1000 km making it the once largest interconnected narrow gauge ... international professional circles. It was the success of the Bosnian narrow gauge net which gave impetus after the turn of the century to the large scale building of 760 mm gauge lines across all ... the narrow gauge railways of Austria Hungary. ref name mkka cite web url http mkka.hu historia vasut ... Reichraming , Waldviertel Narrow Gauge Railways , Ybbs Valley Railway , Zillertal Railway Bulgaria Few railways, of which only Septemvri Dobrinishte narrow gauge line 125.3 km remains in operation Railroads of Haiti Haiti Most sources claims, besides the wider gauge of RailGauge 1067 , the narrower ... , Lokalbahn Mori Arco Riva Romania A few railways of this gauge some renovated for the tourist industry ... Australia narrow gauge lines of the Victorian Railways Victorian narrow gauge lines including Puffing ... . Chile Ferrocarril de Antofagasta a Bolivia now RailGauge 1 China Chinese industrial gauge a similar track gauge of RailGauge 762 is still used in China. Datong Puzhou Railway before Second Sino ... in Sichuan Estonia Industrial railway in Tamsalu lime factory during World War I Gauge conversion ... more details
In mathematics , gauge function may refer to the gauge as used in the definition of the Henstock Kurzweil integral , also known as the gauge integral in fractal geometry , a synonym for dimension function in control theory and dynamical systems , a synonym for Lyapunov candidate function in gauge theory , a synonym for gauge symmetry . a type of Minkowski functional mathdab ... more details
12 gauge may refer to Firearms Gauge bore diameter Caliber , for firearms other than shotguns Music 12 Gauge Kalmah album 12 Gauge Kalmah album , 2010 album by Finnish band Kalmah 12 Gauge rapper born 1968 , American rapper active in the 1990s 12 Gauge 12 Gauge album 12 Gauge 12 Gauge album , 1994 album by the above artist Emerson Drive , a Canadian rock group known as 12 Gauge from 1995 to 2000 before moving to Nashville See also Gauge disambiguation disambiguation ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2006 Orphan date February 2009 In theoretical physics , the unitarity gauge or unitary gauge is a particular choice of a gauge fixing in a gauge theory with a spontaneous symmetry breaking . In this gauge, the scalar field s responsible for the Higgs mechanism are transformed into a basis in which their Goldstone boson components are set to zero. In other words, the unitarity gauge makes the manifest number of scalar degrees of freedom minimal. The gauge was introduced to particle physics by Steven Weinberg in the context of the electroweak theory . In electroweak theory, the degrees of freedom in unitarity gauge are the massive spin 1 W boson W sup sup , W sup sup and Z boson s with three polarizations each, the photon with two polarizations, and the scalar Higgs boson . The unitarity gauge is usually used in tree level calculations. For loop calculations, other gauge choices such as the Feynman gauge R.CE.BE gauges t Hooft Feynman gauge often reduce the mathematical complexity of the calculation. DEFAULTSORT Unitarity Gauge Category Quantum field theory Category Gauge theories Phys stub ... more details
unreferenced date February 2012 2 gauge also called II gauge is a model railway Rail gaugegauge originally RailGauge 64mm , but standardised in 1909 at RailGauge 50.8mm disp s but since fallen into disuse. The gauge was introduced by M rklin at the Leipzig toy fair in 1891. 2 gauge was equivalent to 1 22,5 scale. RailGauge 63mm RailGauge 64mm gauge was standardised in 1909 as gauge 3. Gauge 2 was standardised at RailGauge 2in . The European G gauge trains are built to the RailGauge 50.8mm disp or same scale, but with a rail gauge of RailGauge 45mm the same as 1 gauge , which is the equivalent of RailGauge 1000mm gauge in modern railroads. As a result, the scale gauge combination is sometimes called IIm in European literature. In the UK, No 2 Gauge was RailGauge 2in while No 3 gauge was RailGauge 2.5in . From this, it follows that G gauge is sometimes, albeit rarely, referred to as 3m. a RailGauge 2in gauge of standard gauge locos gives a scale of 1 28.25, not so far off the 1 29 used by some manufactures with RailGauge 45mm gauge track. In the grand tradition of model rail gauges often being narrower than the full scale equivalent 00 scale being the classic example this is deemed perfectly acceptable. Reference br Model Railways and Locomotives Magazine Vol. 1 No 8 August 1909 See also Wiktionary Rail transport modelling scales Commons category IIm scale Spur IIm Commons category IIe scale Spur IIe Commons category Fn3 scale Spur Fn3 DEFAULTSORT 2 Gauge Category Model railroad scales Model rail stub de Nenngr e 2 ja 2 pl Skala 2 ... more details
Sidebar track gauge File Huesca carril.jpg thumb right Dual gauge track between Tardienta and Ciudad ... off dual gauge tracks near Chur , Switzerland Image Narrow gauge tram Katwijk .JPG thumb 240px Dual gauge tram tracks in Katwijk , Netherlands There are no more trams in Katwijk A dual gauge or mixed gauge railway has rail tracks railway track that allows trains of different gauges to use the same track. Generally, a dual gauge railway consists of three rails, rather than the standard two rails. The two outer rails give the wider gauge, while one of the outer rails and the inner rail give a narrower gauge one of the three rails is common to all traffic. This configuration is not to be confused ... gaugegauge , the distance between the inner surfaces of the heads of the travel rails see diagram above . Both Rail tracks track and wheels bogie s must be built to the same gauge unless the two .... For instance, the Hong Kong MTR RailGauge 1432mm gauge EMUs may run on KCR RailGauge 1435mm gauge ... when list of rail gauges different gauges meet one another, a situation known as a Break of gauge break of gauge . Either the track or the Variable gauge train must be built to handle different gauges ... there are bridges and tunnels. Dual gauge can replace two separate tracks, having two rails each, with one track with three rails. This allows one rail fewer for the stretch of the dual gauge line, but there are complications ... be connected to track circuit s or mechanical interlocking arrangements. Mixed gauge is simpler to signal ... on the common rail is generally not a problem. Dual gauge turnouts will be complicated, expensive, and suitable for low speeds only. Citation needed date May 2010 Configuration For dual gauge track ..., and the like . Thus standard gauge RailGauge 1435 and Indian gauge RailGauge 1676 can be dual gauged without problem, as are RailGauge 914 and RailGauge 1067 Cape gauge , or RailGauge 1524 and RailGauge 1829 , while RailGauge 1435 and RailGauge 1600 Irish gauge can also be dual gauged, albeit with lighter ... more details
File GaugeHeightVernier Electronic.jpg thumb The left height gauge has the vernier scale, while the right one is an electronic height gauge with a digital readout. File Height gauge in measurement.jpg thumb Height gauge with dial indicator tip in measurement process Unreferenced date May 2009 A height gauge is a measuring device used either for determining the height of something, or for repetitious marking of items to be worked on. The former type of height gauge is often used in doctor s surgeries to find the height of people. These measuring tools are used in metalworking or metrology to either set or measure vertical distances the pointer is sharpened to allow it to act as a scriber and assist in marking out work pieces. They may also be used to measure the height of an object by using the underside of the scriber as the datum. The datum may be permanently fixed or the height gauge may have provision to adjust the scale, this is done by sliding the scale vertically along the body of the height gauge by turning a fine feed screw at the top of the gauge then with the scriber set to the same level as the base, the scale can be matched to it. This adjustment allows different scribers or probes to be used, as well as adjusting for any errors in a damaged or resharpened probe. Types There are two types of height gauges Vernier height gauges and electronic height gauges . The vernier height gauge has the additional refinement of a vernier scale for greater accuracy in reading or setting the tool. The electronic height gauge has a digital readout that gives the height. gallery Image VernierHeightGauge CloseUpAdj.jpg Vernier height gauge adjusters, close up view Image VernierHeightGauge CloseUp.jpg Vernier height gauge, close up view Image VernierHeightGauge ElectronicCloseUp.jpg Electronic height gauge, close up view gallery See also Caliper Coordinate mapping Metalworking ... de altura con vernier id Height gauge nl Krasblok ja ru uk ... more details
Infobox adult biography name Gauge gender female image Gauge porn star cropped.jpg caption Gauge at a pornography convention in 2001, Exhibitionism flashing the News media media birth name birth date birth date and age 1980 7 24 birth place Hot Springs, Arkansas Hot Springs , Arkansas , United States death date death place spouse height height ft 4 in 11 weight convert 93 lb kg st abbr on eye color Green hair color Brown ethnicity Caucasian race Caucasian alias Gauge, Gage, Guage, Paige, Sally Gauge number of films Approx. 150 website http www.ilovegauge.com spelling US for color, UK for colour Gauge born July 24, ref name loftus cite web url http www.xcitement.com title Interview with Gauge author Cindi Loftus accessdate 2007 06 23 publisher Xcitement magazine archiveurl http www.lukeisback.com archives updates 040726.htm archivedate 2004 07 26 ref 1980 in Hot Springs, Arkansas Hot Springs ... pornographic actress and a former stripper . Gauge entered the pornographic film industry in 1999, at the age of nineteen. ref cite web url http www.iafd.com person.rme perfid Gauge gender f Gauge.htm title Gauge publisher Internet Adult Film Database accessdate 2008 08 31 ref Gauge was married on May ... Gauge Gets Married accessdate 2007 06 23 author Hector Skineticky date 2006 05 20 publisher AdultFYI ... Gauge accessdate 2008 08 09 author Cindi Loftus year 2008 month July publisher Xcitement magazine ... reflist External links Commons category Gauge porn star IMDb name 0310024 Gauge iafd name id Gauge gender female name Gauge afdb name id 23500 gender female name Gauge Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Gauge ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION American pornographic actor DATE ... DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Gauge Category 1980 births Category Pornographic film actors ... Hot Springs, Arkansas de Gauge Pornodarstellerin es Gauge actriz porno fa fr Gauge actrice id Gauge it Gauge attrice pornografica hu Gauge ja pl Gauge pt Gauge fi Gauge sv Gauge porrsk despelare ... more details
In physics , a gauge principle specifies a procedure for obtaining an interaction term from a free Lagrangian which is symmetric with respect to a continuous symmetry the results of localizing or gauging the Gauge theory Global and local symmetries global symmetry group must be accompanied by the inclusion of additional fields such as the electromagnetic field , with appropriate kinetic term kinetic and interaction term interaction terms in the action physics action , in such a way that the extended Lagrangian is General covariance covariant with respect to a new extended group of local transformations. Taken almost verbatim from Doughty s Lagrangian Interaction, pg. 449 ref name Doughty cite book last Doughty first Noel title Lagrangian Interaction url http www.amazon.com Lagrangian Interaction Introduction Relativistic Electrodynamics dp 0201416255 ref sr 1 1?ie UTF8&qid 1313027348&sr 8 1 publisher Westview Press year 1990 isbn 0201416255 ref Physics stub See also Gauge theory Gauge covariant derivative Gauge fixing Gauge gravitation theory Kaluza&ndash Klein theory Lie algebra Lie group Lorenz gauge Quantum chromodynamics Quantum electrodynamics Quantum field theory Quantum gauge theory Standard Model Standard Model mathematical formulation Symmetry breaking Symmetry in physics Yang&ndash Mills theory Yang&ndash Mills existence and mass gap 1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Gauge theory Category Gauge theories Category Theoretical physics ... more details
File Milan Tram.jpg thumb upright The Trams in Milan Milan tramway network , the largest in Italy, runs on Italian broad gauge. Italian gauge refers to a three sizes of track gauge RailGauge 1445 Italian broad gauge 1500 RailGauge 950 Italian metre gauge 1000 RailGauge 700 Italian narrow gauge 750 Italy defined its track gauges from the centres of each rail, ref http parovoz.com spravka gauges en.php Parovoz ref rather than the inside edges of the rails, giving some unusual measurements. According to the law of 28 July 1879, the only legal gauges in Italy were 1500, 1000 and 750 mm measured to the middle of the rail, corresponding to 1445, 950, and 700 mm inside the rail. A disadvantage of measuring from the centre of the rail is that the width of the rail varies, affecting the gauge. It is easier and more reliable to measure from the inner edges of the rails. References reflist Navbox track gauge Use dmy dates date May 2011 Category Track gauge by name Category 950 mm gauge railways ... more details
About gauges gages in engineering other uses Gauge disambiguation the other spelling Gage disambiguation Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 In engineering , a gauge or gage , is used to make ... include Multicol A bore gauge , a device used for measuring holes. A caliper , a device used to measure the distance between two opposing sides of an object. Center gauge s and fishtail gauges are engineering ... indicator , also known as a dial test indicator, dial gauge, or probe indicator, is an instrument used to accurately measure small linear distances. A feeler gauge is a simple tool used to measure gap widths. A gauge block , also known as a gage block, Johansson gauge, slip gauge, or Jo block ... bar s, calipers , and dial gauge dial indicators when used in an Quality control inspection role . A gauge pin is similar to a gauge block. It is a precision ground cylindrical bar for use in Go no go gauge s or similar applications. A Go no go gauge is an inspection tool used to check a workpiece against its allowed tolerances. Its name derives from its use the gauge has two tests the check involves ... stages. Through a mechanical arrangement, the force being sensed deforms a strain gauge . The strain gauge converts the deformation Strain materials science strain to electrical signals. A load ... strain gauge quarter bridge or two strain gauges half bridge are also available. The electrical signal ... screw gauge , is a device incorporating a calibrated screw used widely for precise measurement ..., in the form of caliper s. A pressure gauge or vacuum gauge is used for pressure measurement . A profile gauge or contour gauge is a tool for recording the cross sectional shape of a surface. A radius gauge , also known as a fillet gauge, is a tool used to measure the radius of an object. Radius gauges require a bright light behind the object to be measured. The gauge is placed against the edge ... correction. A ring gauge is a cylindrical ring of steel whose inside diameter is finished to gauge ... more details
Unreferenced date July 2008 A ring gauge , or ring gage , is a cylindrical ring of steel whose inside diameter is finished to gauge Engineering tolerance tolerance and is used for checking the external diameter of a cylindrical object. Ring gauges are used for comparative gauging as well as for checking, calibrating , or setting of gauges or other standards. Individual ring gauges or ring gauge sets are made to variety of tolerance grades in metric and English dimensions for master, setting, or working applications. Image Go spline ring gage.JPG thumb 175px right Go spline ring gage There are three main types of ring gauges go, no go, and master or setting ring gauges. Go ring gauges provide a precision tool for production comparative gauging based on a fixed limit. Go gauges consist of a fixed limit gauge with a gauging limit based on the plus or minus tolerances of the inspected part. A go ring gauge s dimensions are based on the maximum OD tolerance of the round bar or part being gauged. A go plug gauge s dimensions are based on the minimum ID tolerance of the hole or part being gauged. The go plug ID gauge should be specified to a plus gaugemaker s tolerance from the minimum part tolerance. The go ring OD gauge should be specified to a minus gaugemakers tolerance from the maximum part tolerance. No go or not go gauges provide a precision tool for production comparative gauging based on a fixed limit. No go gauges consist of a fixed limit gauge with a gauging limit based on the minimum or maximum tolerances of the inspected part. A no go ring gauge s dimensions are based on the minimum OD tolerance of the round bar or part being gauged. The no go ring OD gauge should be specified to a plus gaugemakers tolerance from the minimum part tolerance. Master and setting ring gauges includes gauge blocks, master or setting discs, and setting rings are types of master gauges ... are used in the shop for dimensional inspection and periodically checked against a master gauge. Category ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Gauge factor GF or strain factor of a strain gauge is the ratio of relative change in electrical resistance to the strain physics mechanical strain , which is the relative change in length. math GF frac frac Delta R R varepsilon frac frac Delta rho rho varepsilon 1 2 nu math In practice, the resistance is also dependent on temperature . The total effect is math frac Delta R R GF varepsilon alpha theta math Where Deformation mechanics strain math Delta L L math math Delta L math absolute change in length math L math original length Poisson s ratio Resistivity R change in strain gauge resistance R unstrained resistance of strain gauge temperature coefficient temperature change For many materials there is no change in resistivity math Delta rho 0 math , for these materiels the gauge factor is simply math GF 1 2 nu math General examples of Gauge Factor values class wikitable Material Gauge Factor Metal foil strain gauge 2 5 Thin film metal 2 Single crystal silicon 125 to 200 Polysilicon 30 Thick film resistors 100 DEFAULTSORT Gauge Factor Category Equations ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
