Other uses File Estructura suelo.jpg thumb right alt This is a diagram and related photograph of soil layers from bedrock to soil. A represents soil B represents laterite , a regolith C represents saprolite ... field in Germany File Stagnogley.JPG thumb Surface water Gley soil gley developed in glacial till , Northern Ireland Soil is a natural body consisting of layers soil horizons of primarily mineral constituents ..., 3rd Edition . New York Oxford University Press, 1999. ref In engineering , soil is referred to as regolith , or loose rock material. Strictly speaking, soil is the depth of regolith that influences and has been influenced by plant roots and may range in depth from centimeters to many meters. Soil ... processes that include weathering , erosion and precipitation. Soil is altered from its parent ... name Chesworth2008 Citation last Chesworth first Edited by Ward year 2008 title Encyclopedia of soil ... states. ref Voroney, R. P., 2006. The Soil Habitat in Soil Microbiology, Ecology and Biochemistry ... Geology and Soils ref Soil is commonly referred to as earth or dirt technically, the term dirt should be restricted to displaced soil. ref Janet Raloff. http www.sciencenews.org ? kk science view generic id 34205 title Dirt Is Not Soil Dirt Is Not Soil . ScienceNews July 17th, 2008 ref Soil forms ... of Soil Mechanics and Foundations ref Most soils have a density between 1 and 2 g cm . ref http www.pedosphere.com resources bulkdensity triangle us.cfm Pedosphere.com ref Little of the soil of planet ... last Buol first S. W. authorlink coauthors Hole, F. D. and McCracken, R. J. title Soil Genesis and Classification ... 8138 1460 X . ref File Soil profile.png thumb Darkened topsoil and reddish subsoil soil horizons layers are typical in humid subtropical climate some regions. On a volume basis a good quality soil is one .... A soil profile consists of two or more layers called horizons that differ in one or more properties ... in thickness and generally lack sharp boundaries. Most soil profiles include three master horizons ... more details
Wiktionary Lunar may refer to Relating to the Moon Lunar series Lunar series , a series of console video games Lunar distance navigation Lunar calendar Lunar Linux See also Moon disambiguation Luna disambiguation lookfrom Lunar intitle Lunar dab ... more details
Infobox spacecraft Name LUNAR A Image Caption Organisation JAXA Major Contractors Bus Mission Type Orbiter , Lander spacecraft impactor Flyby Of Satellite Of Moon The Moon Orbital Insertion Date Orbits Decay Launch Cancelled Carrier Rocket M 5 Launch Site Mission Duration NSSDC ID LUNAR A Webpage http www.jaxa.jp missions projects sat exploration lunar a index e.html LUNAR A page Mass 520 kg Power Orbital elements Semimajor Axis Eccentricity Inclination 30 Orbital Period 2h Apoapsis 200 km Periapsis 300 km Orbits LUNAR A is a cancelled Japan ese spacecraft project that was originally scheduled to be launched in August 2004. After many delays primarily due to potential thruster faults, ref http www.spacetoday.net Summary 2285 Lunar A launch delayed Space Today March 31, 2004 ref the project was eventually cancelled in January 2007. ref cite news title Japan s Moon mission in jeopardy url http ... two penetrators at an altitude of 40 km on opposite sides of the lunar body. The penetrators ... the lunar regolith . citation needed date January 2011 Once the penetrators deployed, the LUNAR A spacecraft was mission planned to maneuver to an orbital altitude of 200 km above the lunar ... m. citation needed date January 2011 Since the mission review in 2004, Lunar A is currently under further ... in Wikipedia See also Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Moon Future lunar missions Exploration of the Moon References reflist External links http www.jaxa.jp missions projects sat exploration lunar a index e.html JAXA page http www.isas.jaxa.jp e enterp missions lunar a index.shtml ISAS page http nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov database MasterCatalog?sc LUNAR A NASA Page about LUNAR A http solarsystem.nasa.gov missions profile.cfm?MCode LUNAR A LUNAR A Mission Profile by http solarsystem.nasa.gov NASA s Solar ... program Category Japanese satellites and space probes Category Cancelled spacecraft de LUNAR A es LUNAR A ja LUNAR A ... more details
Soil may refer to the following Soil , a naturally occurring granular covering on the surface of Earth, capable of supporting life Lunarsoil , a similar granular covering on the Moon though without Earth soil s organic components Soil band , an American hard rock band Soil song , a System of a Down song Soil EP , the debut EP for Soil Am d e Soil , Belgian industrialist, and consul to Moscow namesake of several antique violins Soil Stradivarius , a violin fabricated in 1714 by Antonio Stradivari Soil Stradivarius 1708 , a violin fabricated in 1708 by Antonio Stradivari Soil Guarnerius , a violin fabricated in 1733 by Giuseppe Guarneri del Ges Soil may also refer to the abstract concept of the land controlled by a sovereignty . disambig ja ro Sol ... more details
of energy transport and transformation within soil. The term is popularly applied to the lunar ...Image Soil sci.jpg thumb Soil science is the study of soil as a natural resource on the surface of the earth including pedogenesis soil formation , soil classification classification and mapping physical ... and Soil management management of soils . ref Jackson, J. A. 1997 . Glossary of Geology 4. ed. . Alexandria ... refer to branches of soil science, such as pedology soil study pedology formation, chemistry, morphology and classification of soil and edaphology influence of soil on organisms, especially plants , are used as if synonymous with soil science. The diversity of names associated with this discipline ... of soils and the advancement of the soil sciences. Soil scientists have raised concerns about how to preserve soil and arable land in a world with a growing population, possible future water ... www.soils.org publications sssaj articles 75 1 1 Global Prospects Rooted in Soil Science . doi 10.2136 sssaj2009.0216 . ref Fields of study Soil occupies the pedosphere , one of Earth s spheres that the geosciences ... soil study pedology and edaphology , the two main branches of soil science. Pedology is the study of soil in its natural setting. Edaphology is the study of soil in relation to soil dependent uses. Both branches apply a combination of soil physics , soil chemistry , and soil biology . Due to the numerous ..., more integrated, less soil centric concepts are also valuable. Many concepts essential to understanding soil come from individuals not identifiable strictly as soil scientists. This highlights the interdisciplinary nature of soil concepts. Research Dependence on and curiosity about soil .... New avenues of soil research are compelled by a need to understand soil in the context of climate change , ref cite web last Pielke first Roger date December 12, 2005 title Is Soil an Important ... 2005 12 19 is soil an important component of the climate system archivedate 08 ... more details
The name soil stabilizer can refer to Soil cement , a mix of pulverized natural soil with small amount of Portland cement and water Cellular confinement , a honeycomb like plastic soil stabilizer. Disambig ... more details
Soil management concerns all operations, practices and treatments used to protect soil and enhance its performance. Practices Soil management practices that affect soil quality ref http soilquality.org management soil management practices.html Soilquality.org Soil Management Practices ref Controlling traffic on the soil surface helps to reduce soil compaction, which can reduce aeration and water infiltration. Cover crop s keep the soil anchored and covered in off seasons so that the soil is not eroded by wind and rain. Crop rotation s ref http soilmanagement.psu.edu smpublications.cfm Soil Management Penn State ref for row crops alternate high residue crops with lower residue crops to increase the amount of plant material left on the surface of the soil during the year to protect the soil from erosion. Nutrient management can help to improve the fertility of the soil and the amount of organic matter content, which improves soil structure and function. Tillage , especially reduced tillage or no till operations limit the amount of soil disturbance while cultivating a new crop and help to maintain plant residues on the surface of the soil for erosion protection and water retention. Advantages of Soil Management 1 Maintain Soil Fertility 2 Restore Soil Fertility 3 Make the agricultural process an economic one 4 Helps increase Yield References Reflist External links wiktionary soil management soil stub Category Soil science ca Gesti del s l ... more details
Scobey soil is the state soil of Montana . Scobey soil is known for its productivity for farming wheat http www.urbanext.uiuc.edu soil st soils mt soil.htm . See also Pedology soil study List of U.S. state soils External links http ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov osd dat S SCOBEY.html http www.mt.nrcs.usda.gov soils mtsoils Category Pedology Category Soil in the United States Category Geology of Montana Category Agriculture in Montana Category Types of soil Category Symbols of Montana soil stub ... more details
Soil map is a map showing diversity of soil types and or soil properties soil pH , soil texture texture s, organic matter , depths of soil horizons horizons etc. in the area of interest. It is typically the end result of a soil survey inventory, i.e. soil survey . Soil maps are most commonly used for land .... Traditional soil maps typically show only general distribution of soils, accompanied by the soil survey report. Many new soil maps are derived using digital soil mapping techniques. Such maps are typically richer in context and show higher spatial detail then the traditional soil maps. Soil ... Fig sample BSMC.jpg 453px An example of a traditional soil map showing soil mapping units, described soil profile s and legend. right In the digital era, soil maps are being inputted in digital format ..., soil maps are only visualizations of the soil resource inventories commonly stored in a Soil Information System SIS , of which the major part is a Soil Geographical Database. A Soil Information System ... observations, soil mapping units and soil classes. Different elements of an SIS can be manipulated and then visualized against the spatial reference grids or polygons . For example, soil profiles can be used to make spatial prediction of different chemical and physical soil properties. One should also distinguish soil maps that display primary soil attributes, i.e. the soil attributes originally described or measured in the field, and the soil inferred attributes also called secondary soil information, i.e. the properties of the soils in the context of the soil use soil production capacity, soil reaction to certain use, soil functions, soil degradation measures etc. See also Map Soil science Soil survey Digital soil mapping Geographic information system GIS Pedometrics External links http www.digitalsoilmapping.org International Working Group on Digital Soil Mapping http www.IUSS.org International Union of Soil Sciences Soil Maps of the world http eusoils.jrc.it esdb archive EuDASM ... more details
merge Soil life discuss Talk Soil biology Merger proposal date October 2009 Soil biology is the study of microbial and fauna l activity and ecology in soil . These organisms include earthworm s, nematode s, protozoa , fungi , bacteria and different arthropod s. Soil biology plays a vital role in determining many soil characteristics yet, being a relatively new science, much remains unknown about soil biology and about how the nature of soil is affected. Overview The soil is home to a large proportion of the world s genetic diversity. The linkages between soil organisms and soil functions are observed to be incredibly complex. The interconnectedness and complexity of this soil food web soil food web means any appraisal of soil function must necessarily take into account interactions with the living communities that exist within the soil. We know that Soil life soil organisms break down organic ... in the bodies of soil organisms prevent nutrient loss by Leaching pedology leaching . Microbial exudates act to maintain soil structure , and earthworms are important in bioturbation . However, we ... understanding of how soil biological components affect us and the planet they share with us. Scope Soil biology involves work in the following areas scientific modelling Modelling of biological processes and population dynamics . Soil biology, soil physics physics and chemistry occurrence of physicochemical ... or organic compounds involvement of such interactions in soil pathogenicity transformation of mineral and organic compounds, biogeochemical cycle cycling of elements soil structuration Complementary ..., biogeography , ecology, soil processes, organic matter, nutrient dynamics and landscape ecology . See also Nitrification Nitrogen cycle Soil ecology Soil life References Burges, A., and Raw, F., 1967, Soil Biology Academic Press http soils.usda.gov sqi concepts soil biology biology.html USDA NRCS Soil Biology URL accessed on 2006 04 11 Bibliography Alexander, 1977, Introduction to Soil Microbiology ... more details
Bulk soil is soil outside the Rhizosphere ecology rhizosphere . Bulk soil is not penetrated by plant root s. Natural organic compounds are much lower in bulk soil than in the rhizosphere. ref cite book last Stotsky first G. title Soil Biochemistry publisher CRC Press date 2000 id Volume 9 isbn 0824794419 page 207 ref Microbial populations are typically lower in bulk soil than in rhizospheric soil. Furthermore, bulk soil inhabitants are generally smaller than identical species in the rhizosphere. ref cite book last Stotsky first G. title Soil Biochemistry publisher CRC Press date 1996 id Volume 10 isbn 0824788346 page 234 ref References div class references small references div Category Soil biology ecology stub ... more details
The Tanana soil is the official state soil of Alaska . Profile The Tanana soil consists of shallow, well drained, moderately permeable soils formed in materials weathered from limestone . They are gently sloping to very steep soils on foot slopes and side slopes of limestone hills. Slopes range from 2 to 60 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about convert 70 in and the mean annual temperature is about 76 degrees F. The soil is named after the Tanana River in Alaska. See also Pedology soil study Soil types List of U.S. state soils External links http ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov osd dat T TANANA.html NRCS Tanana Soil Category Pedology Category Soil in the United States Category Geology of Alaska Category Symbols of Alaska Category Types of soil ... more details
Soil health is an assessment of ability of a soil to meet its range of ecosystem functions as appropriate to its environment. Aspects of soil health The term soil health is used to assess the ability of a soil ... Support human health and habitation The underlying principle in the use of the term soil health is that soil is not just a growing medium, rather it is a living, dynamic and ever so subtly changing environment. We can use the human health analogy and categorise a healthy soil as one In a state ... cooperatively functioning such that the soil reaches its full potential and resists degradation ... that it maintains this capacity into the future. Conceptualisation of soil health Image SoilHealthConcept.jpg Soil health is the condition of the soil in a defined space and at a defined scale relative to a described benchmark. The definition of soil health may vary between users of the term as alternative users may place differing priorities upon the multiple functions of a soil. Therefore, the term soil health can only be understood within the context of the user of the term, and their aspirations of a soil, as well as by the boundary definition of the soil at issue. Interpretation of soil ..., and on the geographic circumstance of the soil. The generic aspects defining a healthy soil can be considered ... cover of vegetation Carbon levels relatively close to the limits set by soil type and climate ... set by the soil environment and climate Only geological rates of erosion No accumulation of contaminants and, The ecosystem does not rely excessively on inputs of fossil energy An unhealthy soil thus is the simple converse of the above. The measurement of soil health On the basis of the above, soil health will be measured in terms of individual ecosystem services provided relative to the benchmark. Specific benchmarks used to evaluate soil health include CO sub 2 sub release, humus levels ... See also Dryland salinity Soil biodiversity Soil carbon Soil policy Victoria, Australia Soil quality ... more details
Globalize date December 2010 Soil survey , or soil mapping , is the process of classifying soil type s and other soil properties in a given area and geo encoding such information. It applies the principles of soil science , and draws heavily from geomorphology , theories of pedogenesis soil formation , physical geography , and analysis of vegetation and land use patterns. Primary data for the soil ... photography but LiDAR and other digital techniques steadily gaining in popularity. In the past, a soil ... with them. Today, a growing number of soil scientists are bring a rugidized tablet computer and GPS ..., soil geodatabases, mapping keys, and more. Deleted image removed Image Soil Survey Sample.jpg 300px right thumbnail Sample of an aerial photo from a published soil survey The term soil survey may also ... published in book form for individual counties by the National Cooperative Soil Survey . Today, soil ... websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov app NRCS Web Soil Survey where a person can create a custom soil survey. This allows for rapid flow of the latest soil information to the user. In the past it could take years to publish a paper soil survey. Today it takes only moments for changes to go live to the public. Also, the most current soil survey data is made available at http soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov NRCS Soil Data Mart for high end GIS users such as professional consulting companies and universities. The information in a soil survey can be used by farmer s and rancher s to help determine whether a particular soil type is suited for agronomy crops or livestock and what type of soil management might be required. An architect or engineer might use the engineering properties of a soil to determine whether ... for maintaining or constructing their garden, yard, or home. Soil survey components Typical information in a published county soil survey includes the following a brief overview of the county s geography a general soil map with a brief description of each of the major soil types found in the county ... more details
No footnotes date January 2012 Image Bodenart.jpg thumb soil types In terms of soil texture , soil type usually refers to the different sizes of mineral particles in a particular sample. Soil is made up in part of finely ground rock geology rock particles, grouped according to size as sand , silt and clay . Each size plays a significantly different role. For example, the largest particles, sand, determine aeration and drainage characteristics, while the tiniest, sub microscopic clay particles, are chemically active, binding with water and plant nutrient s. The ratio of these sizes determines soil type clay, loam , clay loam, silt loam, and so on. In addition to the mineral composition of soil, humus organic material also plays a crucial role in soil characteristics and fertility for plant life. Soil may be mixed with larger aggregate, such as pebbles or gravel. Not all types of soil are permeable, such as pure clay. There are many recognized soil classification s, both international and national. See also Pedodiversity Soil horizon External links http clic.cses.vt.edu icomanth 02 AS Classification.pdf Soil classification systems http www.itc.nl rossiter research rsrch ss class.html A Compendium of On Line Soil Survey Information Soil Classification for Soil Survey http landscaping.about.com cs cheaplandscaping1 f three soils.htm Determining Soil Types http www.osha.gov pls oshaweb owadisp.show document?p table STANDARDS&p id 10931 OSHA Soil Classification 1926 Subpart P App A http www.soil net.com legacy advanced soil types.htm soil types Category Pedology Type, soil Category Types of soil Category Horticulture and gardening da Jordtype de Bodenart eo Grundotipo es Tipos de suelo fr Liste des sols ... more details
The air space in soil contains oxygen to provide for Respiration physiology respiration of plant root s and soil organisms. This air space could also contain carbon dioxide as a product of respiration of plant roots and soil organisms. Composition of air in soil and atmosphere ref cite doi 10.1017 S0021859600002410 ref Nitrogen Soil Air 79.2 Atmosphere 79.0 Oxygen Soil Air 20.6 Atmosphere 20.9 Carbon Dioxide Soil Air 0.25 Atmosphere 0.03 Gas molecules in soil are in continuous thermal motion according to the kinetic theory of gases , there is also collision between molecules a random walk . In soil, a concentration gradient causes net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration, this gives the movement of gas by diffusion . Numerically, it is explained by Fick s law of diffusion . Soil gas includes air, water vapour and the pollutants that might be picked up from the soil underneath a building and carried by air leakage into the building. The chief concerns among these pollutants are radon and methane gases. Or date May 2009 References reflist Category Soil physics Category Soil Category Article Feedback 5 soil sci stub ... more details
Multiple issues wikify February 2012 no footnotes June 2010 refimprove June 2010 A soil crust is a layer of soil whose particles cohere because of organic material including live organisms and what they produce. ref http www.soilcrust.org crust101.htm Introduction to Biological Soil Crusts , Canyonlands Research Station ref References Reflist External references http geochange.er.usgs.gov sw impacts biology crypto Cryptobiotic soils by the USGS Category Soil biology Crust, soil Category Lichens ecology stub ... more details
Soil functions are general capabilities of soil s that are important for various agriculture agricultural , ecosystem environmental , Environmental preservation nature protection , landscape architecture and Urban area urban applications. Six key soil functions are ref cite book author Blum, WEH date 1993 title Soil Protection Concept of the Council of Europe and Integrated Soil Research work Soil and Environment Vol 1 editor HJP Eijsackers and T Hamers pages 37 47 publisher Kluwer Academic Publisher, Dordrecht ref , ref cite book author DETR date 2001 title title unknown ref Food and other biomass production Environmental Interaction storage, filtering, and transformation Biological Habitat ecology habitat and gene pool Source of raw materials Physical and cultural heritage Platform for man made structures buildings, highways Mapping soil functions Soil map s can depict soil properties and functions in the context of specific soil functions such as agricultural food production, environmental protection, and civil engineering considerations. Maps can depict functional interpretations of specific properties such as critical nutrient levels, heavy metal levels or can depict interpretation of multiple properties such as a map of erosion risk index. Mapping of function specific soil properties is an extension of soil survey , using maps of SoilSoil components soil components together with auxiliary information including pedotransfer function s and soil inference models to depict inferences about the specific performance of soil mapping units. See also Digital soil mapping Pedotransfer function References references Category Soil science Functions, soil ... more details
About a construction method other uses of the term Stockpile disambiguation Unreferenced date January 2007 Orphan date February 2009 File soil stockpile1.jpg thumb Small dozer forming soil stockpile 300px In site construction , as in construction development, a soil stockpile is formed with soil excavated to provide proper building elevations. Stockpiled soil is later replaced to contour the surface to the desired Grade slope grade , or the material is used for reclamation restoration of the region following the removal of all roads and facilities. Category Construction terminology Industry stub ... more details
This discussion looks at the relationship of the soil to biodiversity, at some aspects of the soil that can be managed in relation to biodiversity, and raises some catchment management considerations. Soil ... Resources, 2007 . Biodiversity and soil are strongly linked soil is the medium for a large variety ... factor in the physical and chemical formation of soils Bardgett, 2005 . Soil provides a vital ... and millipedes Bardgett, 2005 . The primary role of soil biota is to recycle organic matter that is derived from the above ground plant based food web . Soil is in close cooperation with the wider biosphere the maintenance of fertile soil is one of the most vital ecological services the living world performs the mineral and organic contents of soil must be replenished constantly as plants consume soil elements and pass them up the food chain Baskin, 1997 . The correlation of soil and biodiversity ... correspond closely to soil boundaries, even at continental and global scales Young & Young, 2001 . Soil ... between the soil and the diversity of life, above and below the ground. It is not surprising that soil management has a direct impact on biodiversity including practices that influence soil volume, structure, biological and chemical characteristics, and whether soil exhibits adverse effects such as reduced fertility, soil acidification or salinisation. This section touches on selected soil factors that may be affected by soil management, and the according impact they can have on biodiversity. Soil process impacts Soil acidification Soil acidity or alkalinity refers to the concentration of hydrogen ions H in the soil. Measured on the pH scale, soil acidity is an invisible condition that directly affects soil fertility and toxicity by determining which elements in the soil are available for absorption by plants. Soil acidity increases soil acidification by removal of agricultural ... soils suffer reduced productivity due to increased acidity Slattery & Hollier 2002 . Soil acidification ... more details
Soils are of various types depending on various chemicals present.Sodic soils are characterized by a disproportionately high concentration of Sodium Na in their cation exchange complex. They are usually defined as consisting an exchangeable Sodium percentage greater than 15 . These soils tend to occur within arid to semi arid regions and are innately unstable, exhibiting poor physical and chemical properties, which impede water infiltration, water availability, and ultimately plant growth. Sodic is an adjective of the noun Sodium , a chemical element belonging to the alkali metal group. Sodic soil or soil sodicity may refer to Saline soil Sodic saline soil , a soil with excess salts where Sodium Chloride NaCl predominates Alkaline soil Sodic alkaline soil , a soil with a high pH 9 due to the presence of excessive Sodium Carbonate Na sub 2 sub CO sub 3 sub Category Soil chemistry Category Types of soil Category Land reclamation ... more details
Cleanup date June 2010 Soil colour does not affect the behavior and use of soil, however it can indicate the composition of the soil and give clues to the conditions that the soil is subjected to. ref .... Prentice Hall, 2006. ref Soil can exhibit a wide range of colour gray, black, white, reds, browns, yellows and under the right conditions green. ref name Elements Varying horizontal bands of colour in the soil often identify a specific soil horizon . The development and distribution of color in soil ... in soil parent material weather, the elements combine into new and colorful compounds. Aerobic conditions ... flow with complex, mottled patterns and points of color concentration. Causes of Soil Color Soil ... state of iron and magnesium. Yellow or red soil indicates the presence of iron oxides . ref name Elements Dark brown or black colour in soil indicates that the soil has a high organic matter content. Wet soil will appear darker than dry soil. ref name Elements However the presence of water also affects soil color by affecting the oxidation rate. Soil that has a high water content will have less air in the soil, specifically less oxygen. In well drained and therefore oxygen rich soils red and brown colours caused by oxidation are more common, as opposed to in wet low oxygen soils where the soil ... soil drainage in the area. The presence of specific minerals can also affect soil color. Manganese oxide causes a black color, glauconite makes the soil green, and calcite can make soil in arid regions ... brown, yellowish brown, etc., soil colors are also described more technically by using Munsell Munsell soil color charts , which separate color into components of hue relation to red, yellow and blue ... Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service title The Color of Soil accessdate ... Service title Soil Color Contrast accessdate 2007 11 25 Cite web url http www.physorg.com news64045379.html title Why is the ground brown accessdate 2007 11 25 Category Soil science Soil sci ... more details
Soil chemistry is the study of the Chemistry chemical characteristics of soil . Soil chemistry is affected by mineral composition, organic matter and Environment biophysical environmental factors. History Until the late 1960s, soil chemistry focused primarily on chemical reactions in the soil that contribute to pedogenesis or that affect plant growth. Since then, concerns have grown about environmental pollution , organic and inorganic soil contamination and potential ecological health and environmental health risks . Consequently, the emphasis in soil chemistry has shifted from pedology and agricultural soil science to an emphasis on environmental soil science . Environmental soil chemistry A knowledge of environmental soil science environmental soil chemistry is paramount to predicting the fate, mobility and potential toxicity of contaminants in the environment. The vast majority of environmental contaminants are initially released to the soil. Once a chemical is exposed to the soil environment a myriad of chemical reaction s can occur that may increase or decrease contaminant toxicity. These reactions include adsorption desorption , Precipitation chemistry precipitation , polymerization , solvation dissolution , complexation and redox oxidation reduction . These reactions are often disregarded by scientists and engineers involved with environmental remediation . Understanding these processes enable us to better predict the fate and toxicity of contaminants and provide the knowledge to develop scientifically correct, and cost effective remediation strategies. Concepts Anion and cation exchange capacity Soil pH Mineral formation and transformation processes Clay mineralogy Sorption and Precipitation chemistry precipitation reactions in soil Redox Oxidation reduction reactions ... 2000 http www.agron.iastate.edu soilchemistry History 20of 20Soil 20Chemistry.htm The History of Soil Chemistry . Url accessed on 2006 04 11 Category Soil chemistry Soil sci stub bn ca ... more details
The Drummer soil series is the list of U.S. state soils state soil of Illinois . It was established in Ford County, Illinois , in 1929. Drummer Soil was named for Drummer Creek in Drummer Township. It consists of very deep, poorly drained soils that formed in 40 to convert 60 in m of loess or other silt y material and in the underlying stratified, loamy glacial drift. These soils formed under prairie vegetation. Drummer soil is the most abundant and extensive soil in Illinois. It occurs over more than convert 1500000 acre km2 in the state. It is the most productive soil in the state. Corn and soybeans are the principal crops grown in Drummer soil. The average annual precipitation in areas of Drummer soil ranges from 32 to convert 40 in mm . The average annual air temperature ranges from 48 to convert 54 F C abbr on . Drummer is a fine silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Endoaquoll. This taxonomic classification is characteristic of the wet, dark colored, prairie derived soils of Illinois. ref http soils.usda.gov gallery state soils State Soils NRCS Soils Bot generated title ref See also Pedology soil study Soil types List of U.S. state soils References Portions of this article are derived from the ftp ftp fc.sc.egov.usda.gov NSSC StateSoil Profiles il soil.pdf USDA Notes Reflist Category Pedology Category Soil in the United States Category Geology of Illinois Category Types of soil Category Symbols of Illinois Soil sci stub ... more details
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