enzyme Name Lysozyme EC number 3.2.1.17 CAS number 9001 63 2 IUBMB EC number 3 2 1 17 GO code 0003796 image lysozyme crystal1.JPG width 294px caption Lysozyme single crystal PBB geneid 4069 Lysozymes , also ... D glucosamine residues in Chitobiose chitodextrins . Lysozyme is abundant in a number of secretion ... neutrophil s PMN . Large amounts of lysozyme can be found in egg white. C type ... family. In humans, the lysozyme enzyme is encoded by the LYZ gene. ref name pmid2829884 cite journal author Yoshimura K, Toibana A, Nakahama K title Human lysozyme sequencing of a cDNA, and expression ... The human lysozyme gene. Sequence organization and chromosomal localization journal Eur. J. Biochem ..., the lysozyme binds to a hexasaccharide. The lysozyme then distorts the fourth sugar in hexasaccharide ... glycoside hydrolase Role in disease Lysozyme is part of the innate immune system. Reduced lysozyme levels ... author Revenis ME, Kaliner MA title Lactoferrin and lysozyme deficiency in airway secretions association ... fed infant formula lacking lysozyme in their diet have three times the rate of diarrheal disease. ref ... June pmid 12812151 doi url ref Since lysozyme is a natural form of protection from gram positive pathogens ... membrane covering the eye is, instead, protected by secreted enzymes, mainly lysozyme and defensin ... myelomonocytic leukemia excessive production of lysozyme by cancer cells can lead to toxic levels of lysozyme in the blood. High lysozyme blood levels can lead to kidney failure and low blood ... The antibacterial property of hen egg white, due to the lysozyme it contains, was first observed by Laschtschenko ... lysozyme was coined, by Alexander Fleming 1881 1955 , the discoverer of penicillin . ref name ... action of lysozyme when he treated bacterial cultures with nasal mucus from a patient suffering from a head cold . ref name Fleming 1922 The three dimensional structure of hen egg white lysozyme ... VR. title Structure of hen egg white lysozyme. A three dimensional Fourier synthesis at 2 Angstrom ... more details
Pseudopeptidoglycan also known as pseudomurein ref name White 1995 White, David. 1995 The Physiology and Biochemistry of Prokaryotes , pages 6, 12 21. Oxford Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 19 508439 X. ref is a major cell wall component of some archaea that differs from bacteria l peptidoglycan in chemical structure, but resembles eubacterial peptidoglycan in morphology, function, and physical structure. The basic components are N acetylglucosamine and N acetyltalosaminuronic acid peptidoglycan has N Acetylmuramic acid N acetylmuramic acid instead , which are linked by 1,3 glycosidic bonds. Lysozyme , a host defense mechanism, is ineffective against organisms with pseudopeptidoglycan cell walls. Lysozyme can break 1,4 glycosidic bonds to degrade peptidoglycan however, pseudopeptidoglycan has 1,3 glycosidic bonds, rendering lysozyme useless. See also Peptidoglycan Cell wall References reflist Category Membrane biology cs Pseudopeptidoglykan da Pseudopeptidoglycan de Pseudopeptidoglycan es Seudopeptidoglucano it Pseudopeptidoglicano ... more details
Infobox protein family Symbol Phage lysozyme Name Phage lysozyme image PDB 1am7 EBI.jpg width caption lysozyme from bacteriophage lambda Pfam PF00959 Pfam clan CL0037 InterPro IPR002196 SMART PROSITE MEROPS SCOP 119l TCDB OPM family OPM protein CAZy GH24 CDD In molecular biology, glycoside hydrolase family 24 is a Protein family family of Glycoside hydrolase glycoside hydrolases . Glycoside hydrolase s EC number 3.2.1. are a widespread group of enzymes that hydrolysis hydrolyse the glycosidic bond between two or more carbohydrates, or between a carbohydrate and a non carbohydrate moiety. A classification system for glycoside hydrolases, based on sequence similarity, has led to the definition of 100 different families. ref name PUB00004870 cite journal author Henrissat B, Callebaut I, Mornon JP, Fabrega S, Lehn P, Davies G title Conserved catalytic machinery and the prediction of a common fold for several families of glycosyl hydrolases journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume 92 issue 15 pages 7090 7094 year 1995 pmid 7624375 doi 10.1073 pnas.92.15.7090 pmc 41477 ref ref name PUB00005266 cite journal author Henrissat B, Davies G title Structures and mechanisms of glycosyl hydrolases journal Structure volume 3 issue 9 pages 853 859 year 1995 pmid 8535779 doi 10.1016 S0969 2126 01 00220 9 ref ref http www.expasy.ch cgi bin lists?glycosid.txt Bairoch, A. Classification of glycosyl hydrolase families and index of glycosyl hydrolase entries in SWISS PROT . 1999. ref This classification ... one known activity lysozyme EC number 3.2.1.17 . This family includes lambda phage lysozyme ... Structure of bacteriophage T4 lysozyme refined at 1.7 A resolution journal J. Mol. Biol. volume 193 issue 1 pages 189 199 year 1987 pmid 3586019 doi 10.1016 0022 2836 87 90636 X ref Lysozyme helps ... lysis and acts as a transglycosylase . The T4 lysozyme structure contains 2 domains, the interface ... cite journal author Matthews BW, Faber HR title A mutant T4 lysozyme displays five different crystal ... more details
Brian W. Matthews is a biochemist educated at the University of Adelaide , who has created hundreds of mutants of lysozyme T4 lysozyme , ref cite journal author Baase WA, Liu L, Tronrud DE, Matthews BW title Lessons from the lysozyme of phage T4 journal Protein Science volume 19 pages 631 41 year 2010 pmid 20095051 doi 10.1002 pro.344 ref determined their Protein structure structure by x ray crystallography and measured their melting temperatures. Dr. Matthews has been a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences National Academy of Sciences since 1986. Dr. Matthews is the editor of the scientific journal Protein Science . References Reflist External links http www.molbio.uoregon.edu facres matthews.php Brian Matthews at The Institute of Molecular Biology at the University of Oregon Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Matthews, Brian W. ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Matthews, Brian Category Australian biochemists Category Living people Category Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences ... more details
Image Chitobiose glucosamine.svg thumb 200px right Glucosamine dimer form of chitobiose. Image Chitobiose N,N diacetylglucosamine.svg thumb 200px right N,N diacetylglucosamine dimer form of chitobiose. Chitobiose is a dimer chemistry dimer of 1,4 linked glucosamine units. There is ambiguity as to which structure the name refers, owing to the method by which it was first isolated. ref Bergmann, M., Zervas, L. & Silberkweit, E. Naturwissenschaften 1931 , 19 , 20. ref ref Zechmeister, L., Grassmann, W., T th, G. & Bendcr, R. Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 1932 , 65 , 1706 1708 ref See also Glucosamine Chitin Lysozyme Chitodextrin References references biochem stub Categories Category Amino sugars Category Disaccharides ... more details
Endolysin is a generic term describing an enzyme that degrades the bacterial peptidoglycan cell wall, resulting in lysis of the bacterial cell. ref Young, R. 1992 Bacteriophage lysis mechanism and regulation. Microbiol. Rev. 56 430 81. ref At the end of the bacteriophage replication cycle, bacteriophages have to release their newly formed Progeny genetic descendant progeny . The major barrier to overcome is the peptidoglycan . To degrade this layer, bacteriophages contain endolysins. Depending on the bond these enzymes cleave, we can distinguish muramidase s lysozyme , transglycosylase s, amidase s or endopeptidase s. References references Category Bacteriophages Category Microbiology Enzyme stub ... more details
lysozyme type C EC number 3.2.1.17 lysozyme type i EC number 3.2.1.17 and alpha lactalbumin alpha lactalbumins ... cDNA sequences and the evolution of bovine stomach lysozyme journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 264 issue ... Amino acid sequence of a lysozyme B enzyme from Bacillus subtilis YT 25 journal J. Biochem. volume ... similarities in the sequence s of the different types of lysozymes. Lysozyme type C and alpha ... The evolution of lysozyme and alpha lactalbumin journal Eur. J. Biochem. volume 182 issue 1 pages ... K title The calcium binding property of equine lysozyme journal FEBS Lett. volume 223 issue 2 pages ... more details
author Ibrahim HR, Matsuzaki T, Aoki T title Genetic evidence that antibacterial activity of lysozyme .... title Molecular cloning and characterization of three novel lysozyme like genes, predominantly expressed in the male reproductive system of humans, belonging to the c type lysozyme alpha lactalbumin ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Serous demilune Latin GraySubject 242 GrayPage 1136 Image Gray1025.png Caption Section of submaxillary gland of kitten. Duct semidiagrammatic. Demilune labeled at center bottom. Image2 Caption2 Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre c 61 DorlandsSuf 12265408 Code TerminologiaHistologica 2 00 02.0.03062 A serous demilune is a cap in the shape of a half moon hence the name demilune on some salivary glands . Serous demilunes are the serous cells at the distal end of mucous tubuloalveolar secretory unit of certain salivary glands submandibular and sublingual . These demilune cells secrete the proteins that contain the enzyme lysozyme, which degrades the cell walls of bacteria. In this way, lysozyme confers antimicrobial activity to mucus. The serous demilune is an artifact from traditional methods of preparing samples. Samples are traditionally preserved and fixed in formaldehyde . When samples were preserved by quick freezing in liquid nitrogen and then fixed with osmium tetraoxide in acetone , no demilunes are found. Examination showed that the serous cells and mucosal cells were aligned in the acinus . The traditional preparation caused mucous cells to swell during fixation which results in the serous cells being popped out of their alignment. After sectioning the serous cells resembled the common demilune shape, and were so named. ref Cite book last Ross first Michael authorlink Michael Ross title Histology A Text and Atlas publisher Lippincott Williams & Wilkins date 2003 pages 434 474 isbn 0781751241 ref When the gland has this demilunar structure, it produces both serous and mucus mucous secretions , and is thus classified as mixed . External links eMedicineDictionary serous demilune OklahomaHistology 13 05 Vertebrate trachea Trachea GeorgiaPhysiology 6 6ch4 s6ch4 4 http www.cytochemistry.net microanatomy digestive salivary4.jpg Slide at cytochemistry.net LoyolaMedEd Histo HistoImages hl9 21.jpg Please make t ... more details
Professor Dame Louise Napier Johnson , Order of the British Empire DBE , Royal Society FRS , is a retired British biochemist . She was David Phillips Professor of Molecular Biophysics at the University of Oxford from 1990 to 2007, and is now an emeritus professor. She is a Oxbridge Fellow Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford Corpus Christi College and an Honorary Fellow of Somerville College, Oxford Somerville College . ref cite book page 203 chapter Professors Emeritus title University of Oxford Calendar 2009 2010 author University of Oxford publisher Oxford University Press isbn 9780199566921 ref In 2004 she was awarded an Honorary Degree from the University of Bath . She was part of the team, led by William Lawrence Bragg , that discovered the structure of lysozyme . ref cite web url http www.rigb.org contentControl?action displayContent&id 00000004198 publisher Royal Institution of Great Britain title Lawrence Bragg and Lysozyme year 2008 accessdate 23 November 2010 ref References reflist External links http www.bioch.ox.ac.uk aspsite index.asp?pageid 583 Johnson s profile at the Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Johnson, Louise ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Johnson, Louise Category Living people Category Year of birth missing living people Category British biochemists Category Statutory Professors of the University of Oxford Category Fellows of Corpus Christi College, Oxford Category Honorary Fellows of Somerville College, Oxford Category Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire Category Female Fellows of the Royal Society UK scientist stub ... more details
Multiple issues unreferenced June 2010 expert subject June 2010 original research June 2010 The catalytically competent protonation state CCPS is the catalytically active protonation state of an enzyme . An enzyme is a protein , which catalyzes a chemical reaction. Proteins and enzymes consist of Amino acids , some of which are titratable i.e. they can alter their charge when the pH of the solution changes , and an enzyme commonly needs a set of specific residues in its Active site to occupy a specific protonation state to be catalytically active. An example of this phenomenon is provided by Hen Egg White Lysozyme HEWL a Lysozyme , which has two acidic residues in its active site that are important for catalytic activity Glu35 and Asp 52. For HEWL to be catalytically active, Glu35 must be neutral i.e. be protonated , whereas Asp 52 must be negatively charged i.e. it has lost its proton . The protonation state Glu35H,Asp52 is thus the catatlytically competent protonation state of HEWL, where H denotes the protonated form of the Glutamic acid Glu . pH activity profiles Since an enzyme is active only when it is in the CCPS i.e. it occupies a specific protonation state , it follows that the fraction of enzyme molecules in the CCPS determines how active a population of enzyme molecules are. The fractional population of the CCPS is thus a significant quantity, and the pH dependence of the fractional population of the CCPS determines the pH activity profile of the enzyme. The population of a CCPS can be predicted using Protein pKa calculations . DEFAULTSORT Catalytically Competent Protonation State Category Enzyme kinetics enzyme stub ... more details
David Chilton Phillips, Baron Phillips of Ellesmere , Order of the British Empire KBE , Fellow of the Royal Society FRS 7 March 1924 23 February 1999 ref cite doi 10.1098 rsbm.1999.0092 ref is considered to be a founding father of the now expanding field of structural biology and was an influential figure in science and government. Among scientists, he will be remembered as the first person ever to determine in atomic detail the structure of the enzyme lysozyme , which he did in the Davy Faraday Research Laboratories of the Royal Institution in London in 1965. Lysozyme, which was discovered in 1922 by Alexander Fleming , ref name Fleming 1922 cite journal author Fleming, Alexander authorlink Alexander Fleming year 1922 month May title On a Remarkable Bacteriolytic Element Found in Tissues and Secretions journal Proceedings of the Royal Society series B volume 93 issue 653 pages 306 317 pmid doi 10.1098 rspb.1922.0023 jstor 80959 issn 0962 8452 ref is found in tear drops, nasal mucus, gastric secretions and egg white. Lysozyme exhibits some antibacterial activity so that the discovery of its structure and mode of action were key scientific objectives. David Phillips solved the structure of lysozyme and also explained the mechanism of its action in destroying certain bacteria by a brilliant application of the technique of X ray crystallography , a technique to which he had been introduced as a PhD student at the University in Cardiff, and to which he later made major instrumental contributions. David Chilton Phillips, the son of a tailor and Methodist preacher, was born in Ellesmere, Shropshire which gave rise to his title Baron Phillips of Ellesmere. He was educated at Oswestry Boy s High School and then at the University College of South Wales and Monmouth where he studied physics , electrical engineering , and mathematics . His degree was interrupted between 1944 and 1947 for services in the Navy as a radar officer on HMS Illustrious . He returned to Cardiff to com ... more details
Infobox disease Name Familial renal amyloidosis Image Caption DiseasesDB 33335 ICD10 ICD10 E 85 0 e 70 ICD9 ICD9 277.3 ICDO OMIM 105200 MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj med eMedicineTopic 3379 MeshID Familial renal amyloidosis or familial visceral amyloidosis , or hereditary amyloid nephropathy is a form of amyloidosis primarily presenting in the kidney . ref name urlAmyloid cite web url http neuromuscular.wustl.edu nother amyloid.htm transthyretin title Amyloid format work accessdate ref It is associated with fibrinogen alpha chain , ref name pmid9818055 cite journal author Uemichi T, Liepnieks JJ, Gertz MA, Benson MD title Fibrinogen A alpha chain Leu 554 an African American kindred with late onset renal amyloidosis journal Amyloid volume 5 issue 3 pages 188 92 year 1998 month September pmid 9818055 doi 10.3109 13506129809003844 url ref apolipoprotein A1 , ref name pmid1502149 cite journal author Soutar AK title Apolipoprotein AI mutation Arg 60 causes autosomal dominant amyloidosis journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume 89 issue 16 pages 7389 93 year 1992 month August pmid 1502149 pmc 49715 doi 10.1073 pnas.89.16.7389 url http www.pnas.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 1502149 author separator , author2 Hawkins PN author3 Vigushin DM display authors 3 last4 Tennent first4 GA last5 Booth first5 SE last6 Hutton first6 T last7 Nguyen first7 O last8 Totty first8 NF last9 Feest first9 TG ref and lysozyme . ref name pmid15745733 cite journal author Granel B title Underdiagnosed amyloidosis amyloidosis of lysozyme variant journal Am. J. Med. volume 118 issue 3 pages 321 2 year 2005 month March pmid 15745733 doi 10.1016 j.amjmed.2004.10.022 url http linkinghub.elsevier.com retrieve pii S0002 9343 04 00745 4 author separator , author2 Serratrice J author3 Disdier P display authors 3 last4 Weiller first4 P last5 Valleix first5 S last6 Grateau first6 G last7 Droz first7 D ref ref name pmid16523055 cite journal author Granel B title Lysozyme amyloidosis report of 4 cases and ... more details
stability Image T4 lysozyme.png thumb 200px right Figure 2. A salt bridge in T4 lysozyme between ... to the Free Energy of Folding of T4 Lysozyme journal Biochemistry journal Biochemistry year 1990 volume ..., breaking the salt bridge. For example, a salt bridge was identified to exist in the T4 lysozyme ... Asp70His31.png thumb 300px left Figure 3. Mutagenesis of T4 lysozyme salt bridge between Asp 70 and His ... lysozyme example, S of the pseudo wild type had previously been reported at pH 5.5 so the midpoint ... 1. Continuing with the T4 lysozyme example, a titration curve is obtained through observation of a shift .... In the T4 lysozyme example, this approach yielded a calculated contribution of about 3 kcal mol ... in the salt bridge, such as Asp70 in the T4 lysozyme example, by monitoring its shift in p ... masked since an electrostatic interaction is involved The His31 Asp70 salt bridge in T4 lysozyme ... to the Stability of T4 Lysozyme Determined by Directed Mutagenesis journal Biochemistry journal Biochemistry ... more details
Health albumin Recombinant human albumin lactoferrin Recombinant human lactoferrin lysozyme Recombinant human lysozyme transferrin Recombinant human transferrin Cell culture Applications of cell culture ... more details
lysozyme EC number 3.2.1.17 . It has been shown ref name pmid1747104 cite journal author Henrissat B ... the autolytic lysozyme of Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC824 comparison with other lytic enzymes ... more details
This is a table of permselectivity for different substances in the glomerulus of the kidney in renal filtration . class wikitable Substance Molecular mass ref name boron cite book author Walter F. Boron, Emile L. Boulpaep title Medical Physiology A Cellular And Molecular Approach publisher Elsevier Saunders location year pages isbn 1 4160 2328 3 oclc doi Page 761 ref Effective molecular radius Nanometre nm ref name boron Concentration conc. in ultrafiltrate BR conc. in blood plasma ref name boron sodium 23 0.1 1.0 potassium 39 0.14 1.0 chloride 35,5 0.18 1.0 water 18 0.15 1.0 urea 60 0.16 1.0 glucose 180 0.33 1.0 sucrose 342 0.44 1.0 polyethylene glycol 1.000 0.70 1.0 inulin 5.200 1.48 0.98 lysozyme 14.600 1.90 0.8 myoglobin 16.900 1.88 0.75 lactoglobulin 36.000 2.16 0.4 egg albumin 43.500 2.80 0.22 Bence Jones protein 44.000 2.77 1.0 hemoglobin 68.000 3.25 0.03 serum albumin 69.000 3.55 0.01 References references renal physiology Category Physiology ... more details
bonding include synaptotagmin , lysozyme , and potassium channel s, where the alpha strands line ... tract poly glutamine repeats , lysozyme , prion proteins, and transthyretin repeats, all ... overall electrostatic dipole. Notably, the protein lysozyme is among the few native state proteins shown to contain an alpha strand region lysozyme from both chicken s and human s contains an alpha ... name Armen Lysozyme is among the naturally occurring proteins known to form amyloid fibers under ... region identified as the core of lysozyme amyloid fibrillogenesis. ref name Frare1 Frare, D ... of hen lysozyme. J Mol Biol 340 1153 1165. PMID 15236974 ref ref name Frare2 Frare E, Mossuto MF, Polverino ... of lysozyme amyloid fibrils by proteolysis. J Mol Biol 361 3 551 61. PMID 16859705 ref A mechanism for direct ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Mycobacterium brisbanense regnum Bacteria phylum Actinobacteria ordo Actinomycetales subordo Corynebacterineae familia Mycobacterium Mycobacteriaceae genus Mycobacterium species M. brisbanense binomial Mycobacterium brisbanense binomial authority Schinsky et al. 2004, ATCC 49938 Mycobacterium brisbanense is a member of the Mycobacterium fortuitum third biovariant complex. They are rapidly growing ubiquitous environmental organisms that normally inhabit soil, dust and water. These organisms frequently are human pathogens that cause a wide spectrum of clinically significant disease. It is important for practitioners to be aware of these organisms as possible etiological agents, as they are resistant to most first line anti tuberculous agents. Etymology brisbanense, pertaining to Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, the source of the type strain. Description Microscopy The organisms are acid fast, Gram positive, pleomorphic bacilli. Long filamentous forms are often observed, but spores and capsules are absent. Colony characteristics Colonies are mucoid, convex, round, entire edged and do not demonstrate aerial hyphae. Colonies are white to slightly beige and small in diameter approx. 1 mm after incubation on heart infusion agar with 5 v v rabbit blood for 2 days at 35 C. Physiology Growth occurs on L wenstein Jensen medium at 35 C in less than 7 days, but no growth occurs at 42 C. Growth occurs on 5 NaCl and on MacConkey s agar without crystal violet at 28 C. Arylsulfatase activity by 3 days, utilizes acetamide, reduces nitrate, produces urease and exhibits iron uptake. It does not utilize citrate or grow in lysozyme. Semi quantitative catalase activity is weakly positive 45 mm . It does not utilize citrate, grow in lysozyme or produce thermostable catalase. Differential characteristics The nearest phylogenetic neighbour, according to 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, is Mycobacterium diernhoferi ATCC 19340T. Pathogenesis Reported infec ... more details
of lactalbumin shows a strong similarity to that of lysozyme s, specifically the Ca sup 2 sup binding c lysozyme. ref name pmid2769757 cite journal author Acharya KR, Stuart DI, Walker NP ... with C type lysozyme journal J. Mol. Biol. volume 208 issue 1 pages 99 127 year 1989 pmid 2769757 ... of the c lysozyme was followed by mutation. ref name pmid9307874 cite journal author Qasba PK, Kumar ... from lysozyme analysis of DNA and amino acid sequences journal J. Mol. Evol. volume 27 issue ... pre lysozyme cDNA suggests evolution from a common ancestral gene. journal Nucleic Acids Res. volume ... egg white lysozyme. journal J. Mol. Biol. volume 314 issue 2 pages 321 9 year 2001 pmid 11718563 doi ... more details
An autolysin is an enzyme that hydrolysis hydrolyzes and breaks down the components of a cell biology biological cell or a biological tissue tissue in which it is produced. It is similar in function to a lysozyme . Autolysins exist in all bacteria containing peptidoglycan . The peptidoglycan matrix is very rigid, so these enzymes break down the peptidoglycan matrix in small sections so that growth and cell division division of cells can occur. Autolysins do this by hydrolyzing the 1,4 bond between N acetylmuramic acid and N acetylglucosamine molecules. Autolysins are naturally produced by peptidoglycan containing bacteria, but excessive amounts will degrade the peptidoglycan matrix and cause the cell to burst due to osmotic pressure . Gram positive bacteria regulate autolysins with teichoic acid molecules attached to the tetrapeptide of the peptidoglycan matrix. ref cite journal last Smith first Thomas authorlink coauthors Steve Blackman, Simon Foster title Autolysins of Bacillus subtilis multiple enzymes with multiple functions journal Microbiology volume 146 Pt 2 issue 146 pages 249 262 publisher Society for General Microbiology location Reading date 2000 url http mic.sgmjournals.org cgi content full 146 2 249 doi id accessdate 2007 10 07 pmid 10708363 ref Examples N acetylmuramoyl L alanine amidase References reflist External links cite web url http www.dartmouth.edu esmith methods autolysin.html title Smith Lab Methods Autolysin accessdate 2008 06 07 Dead link date September 2010 bot H3llBot Category Bacterial enzymes Cell biology stub ... more details
The preputial mucosa of the penis is the epithelium of the inside of the prepuce , or foreskin . To differentiate it from the cutaneous skin of the outside of the prepuce , it is sometimes referred to as the inner mucosa . It starts at the ridged band of the prepuce and continues to the coronal sulcus groove behind the glans penis , where it meets the epithelium of the glans and penile shaft. The preputial mucosa is devoid of hair, as is the cutaneous surface. The preputial mucosa contains fewer Langerhans cell s than most mucosal epithelia Weiss 1993 . These cells secrete cytokine s a non antibody protein that generates an immune response on contact with specific antigens , and are an essential part of the immune system . According to one review Fleiss 1998 , the inner mucosa contains apocrine glands , which secrete cathepsin B , lysozyme , chymotrypsin , neutrophil elastase , and hormones such as androsterone . The first four substances have protective immunological functions. fact date April 2007 A histology histological study Taylor 1996 , however, reported that the prepuce contains no apocrine glands apocrine sweat glands sweat glands whatsoever. External links http www.cirp.org library anatomy cold taylor Cold CJ, Taylor JR. The prepuce. BJU Int 1999 83 Suppl. 1 34 44. http www.cirp.org library disease STD fleiss3 Fleiss P, Hodges F, Van Howe RS. Immunological functions of the human prepuce. Sex Trans Inf 1998 74 364 367. http www.cirp.org library anatomy prakash Prakash S, Raghuram R, Venkatesan, et al. Sub preputial wetness Its nature. Ann Nat Med Sci India 1982 18 3 109 112. http www.cirp.org library anatomy taylor Taylor JR, Lockwood AP, Taylor AJ. The prepuce specialized mucosa of the penis and its loss to circumcision. Br J Urol. 1996 77 591 5. http www.drweiss.org langer.htm Weiss GN, Sanders M, Westbrook KC. The distribution and density of langerhans cells in the human prepuce Site of a diminished immune response? Isr J Med Sci. 1993 Jan 29 1 42 3. Cat ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Azurophilic granule Latin granulum azurophilum GraySubject GrayPage Image Caption Image2 Caption2 Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber Code TerminologiaHistologica 2 00 04.1.02011 BR TerminologiaHistologica 2 00 04.1.02014 An azurophil is an object readily staining stained with an azure dye . ref EMedicineDictionary azurophil ref Azurophils include certain cytoplasmic Granule cell biology granules ref DorlandsDict nine 000953276 azurophil granuleazurophilic granule ref in white blood cells and chromatin hyperchromatin , imparting a burgundy color burgundy or merlot coloration. Neutrophils in particular are known for containing azurophils loaded with a wide variety of anti microbial defensins that fuse with phagocytic vacuoles . Azurophils may contain myeloperoxidase , phospholipase A2 , Acid Hydrolases, Elastase , defensin s, neutral serine protease s, bactericidal permeability increasing protein , ref name urlPhagocytes Neutrophils cite web url http www.dent.ucla.edu pic members neutrophils neutrophils2.html title Phagocytes Neutrophils format work accessdate ref lysozyme , cathepsin G, proteinase 3, and proteoglycans. Azurophil granules are also known as primary granules . ref name GreerWintrobe2008 cite book author1 John P. Greer author2 Maxwell Myer Wintrobe title Wintrobe s clinical hematology url http books.google.com books?id 68enzUD7BVgC&pg PA173 accessdate 10 November 2010 date 1 December 2008 publisher Lippincott Williams & Wilkins isbn 9780781765077 pages 173 ref See also azure lysosome specific granules References reflist External links http missinglink.ucsf.edu lm IDS 101 histo resource images neutrophil100x copy.jpg labelled.jpg Histology at ucsf.edu Category Hematology Category Staining biology stub Granule contents ... more details
WPMIXInfobox iba name Tamagozake image caption type cocktail flaming sake yes served Hot garnish drinkware ingredients One raw egg yolk 3 4 cup sake Honey or sugar for taste prep Whisk the raw egg yolk and honey sugar into 3 4 cup hot sake hot enough to lightly cook the egg 1 30 in the microwave . notes Honey is the preferred ingredient. br An alternative preparation method is to heat the sake egg honey mixture together, while whisking occasionally. footnotes nihongo Tamagozake or is a cocktail drink consisting of heated sake , sugar and a raw egg food egg . It translates as egg sake , being made of the kanji tamago egg and sak . Outside of Japan, tamagozake is sometimes referred to as sake nog, due to its resemblance to eggnog. However, this term would not likely be recognized by a Japanese person. Cure for the common cold Tamagozake is a traditional home remedy for the common cold in Japan . Some believe it to be an effective cure, but whether this is a result of tradition or habituation habit inducing the placebo effect , or if it has actual medicinal properties , is unknown. The sake is supposed to give you a good night s sleep and the lysozyme in the egg white is said to strengthen the immune system and thus help cure the cold. Even though it is an alcoholic drink, it is sometimes given as a cold cure to children as well as adults, much as chicken soup or hot toddy hot toddies are used in Western countries. Recipe Like most home remedies, there are several variant recipes for tamagozake, but the basic properties are the same. See also Amazake Sake bomb Hot toddy Chicken Soup References reflist Alcoholic beverages Rice drinks Category Cocktails with sake Category Drinking culture Category Japanese cuisine Category Japanese alcoholic beverages Category Japanese cuisine terms Category Rice drinks Category Medical treatments ko ja ... more details
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