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Encyclopedia results for MPEG encoding

MPEG encoding





Encyclopedia results for MPEG encoding

  1. Encoding (memory)

    . Encoding allows the perceived item of use or interest to be converted into a construct that can ..., and semantic encodings are the most intensively used. Other encodings are also used. Visual encoding Visual encoding is the process of encoding images and visual sensory information. Visual sensory ... name text The amygdala is a complex structure that has an important role in visual encoding. It accepts .... Nature 439 7078 865 870. ref Acoustic encoding Acoustic encoding is the processing and encoding ... they participate in a more fundamental role in encoding and preservation. ref name Acheson Other senses Tactile encoding is the processing and encoding of how something feels, normally through touch ... lead to encode. In general encoding for short term storage STS in the brain relies primarily on acoustic rather than semantic encoding. Semantic encoding Semantic encoding is the processing and encoding ... be applied such as chunking and mnemonics to aid in encoding, and in some cases, allow deep processing, and optimizing retrieval. Words studied in semantic or deep encoding conditions are better recalled as compared to both easy and hard groupings of nonsemantic or shallow encoding conditions with response ..., GH., Vaidya, CJ., & Wagner, AD. Semantic encoding and retrieval in the left inferior prefrontal ... significantly more activation during semantic encoding conditions compared to nonsemantic encoding conditions regardless of the difficulty of the nonsemantic encoding task presented. The same area showing increased activation during initial semantic encoding will also display decreasing activation with repetitive semantic encoding of the same words. This suggests the decrease in activation with repetition ... reprocessed. ref name Demb Long term potentiation Encoding is a biological event ... later remains unknown. ref name mohs Encoding is achieved using a combination of chemicals ... activation during episodic encoding and retrival. Activation in the hippocampal region ...   more details



  1. Semantics encoding

    A semantics encoding is a translation between formal language s. For programmers, the most familiar form of encoding is the compilation of a programming language into machine code or byte code. Conversion between document formats are also forms of encoding. Compilation of TeX or LaTeX documents to PostScript are also commonly encountered encoding processes. Some high level preprocessors such as OCaml s Camlp4 or Apple Computer s WorldScript also involve encoding of a programming language into another. Formally, an encoding of a language A into language B is a mapping of all terms of A into B. If there is a satisfactory encoding of A into B, B is considered at least as powerful or at least as expressive as A. Properties An informal notion of translation is not sufficient to help determine expressivity of languages, as it permits trivial encodings such as mapping all elements of A to the same element of B. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the definition of a good enough encoding. This notion varies with the application. Commonly, an encoding math cdot A longrightarrow B math is expected to preserve a number of properties. Preservation of compositions soundness For every n ary operator math op A math of A, there exists an n ary operator math op B math of B such that math forall T A 1,T A 2, dots,T A n, op A T A 1,T A 2, cdots,T A n op B T A 1 , T A 2 , cdots, T A n math completeness For every n ary operator math op A math of A, there exists an n ary operator math op B math of B such that math forall T B 1,T B 2, dots,T B n, exists T A 1, dots,T A n, op B T B 1, cdots,T B N op A T A 1,T A 2, cdots,T A n math Note as far as the author is aware of, this criterion of completeness is never used. Preservation of compositions is useful insofar as it guarantees that components ... is added by the encoding. In particular, in the case of compilation of a programming language, soundness ... Compiler Semantics Semantic dictionary encoding SDE External links http catamaran.labs.cs.uu.nl ...   more details



  1. Kamenický encoding

    Unreferenced date May 2010 The Kamenick encoding Czech k dov n Kamenick ch , named for the brothers Ji and Marian Kamenick , was a code page for personal computer s running MS DOS , very popular in Czechoslovakia since 1993, the Czech Republic and Slovakia around 1985 1995. Another name for this encoding is KEYBCS2 , the name of the Terminate and Stay Resident utility which implemented the matching Keyboard computing keyboard device driver driver . It was actually a Code page 437 encoding with accented characters for Western European languages where the characters from codepoints 128 to 171 were replaced by Czech alphabet Czech and Slovak alphabet Slovak characters chosen so that the glyph s of the replacement characters resembled those of the original as closely as possible, e. g. in the place of . This ensured that text in the Kamenick encoding was barely readable even on older or cheap computers with the original fonts which were often in videocard Read only memory ROM , making modification difficult, if not impossible . A supplemental feature was that the block graphic characters of code page 437 remained unchanged IBM s official Central European code page 852 did not have this property, making programs like Norton Commander look funny with corners and joints of border lines broken by accented letters . The widespread use of the Kamenick encoding was undermined neither by IBM s code page 852, nor by the Windows 3.1x Windows 3.1 introducing Microsoft Central Europe Windows 1250 code page 1250 . Only with Windows 95 and the spreading deployment of Microsoft Office did users begin to use code page 1250, which in turn is now obsoleted by Unicode . The Kamenick encoding ... encoding, Japan 7 Bit Latin 00895 http www 03.ibm.com servers eserver iseries software globalization ... space NBSP 255 See also Mazovia encoding similar codepage for Polish Character encoding DEFAULTSORT Kamenicky Encoding Category DOS code pages cs K d Kamenick ch pl Kamenick sk K d Kamenick ch ...   more details



  1. Range encoding

    Range encoding is a data compression method defined by G.  Nigel  N.  Martin in a 1979 paper ref name compressconsult http www.compressconsult.com rangecoder download G.  Nigel  N.  Martin, Range Encoder Range encoding An algorithm for removing redundancy from a digitized message , Video & Data Recording Conference, Southampton , UK, July 24 27, 1979. ref Range encoding is a form of arithmetic coding that was historically of interest for avoiding some Software patent patent s on particular later developed arithmetic coding techniques although the patents on various well known arithmetic coding methods have since expired . Encoders that are referred to as range encoders typically use a particular kind of implementation based closely on Martin s paper, because such implementations ... 1978 Now expired ref range encoding appeared to clearly be free of patent encumbrances. This particularly ... other arithmetic coding techniques have also expired. How range encoding works File Range encoding.jpg thumb right Graphical representation of the encoding process. The message being encoded here is AABA EOM Range encoding conceptually encodes all the symbols of the message into one number ... together. Thus range encoding can achieve greater compression ratios than the one bit per symbol lower bound on Huffman encoding and it does not suffer the inefficiencies that Huffman does when dealing ... encoding is this given a large enough range of integer s, and a probability estimation for the symbols ... after encoding just three symbols, we already knew that our final result would start with 2 ... is the same as range encoding, but with the integers taken as being the numerators of Fraction ... corresponding range encoder, and vice versa. In other words, arithmetic coding and range encoding ... than one bit at a time as is usually the case . In other words, range encoders tend to use bytes as encoding ... of Range Encoder by Andrew Polar Compression Methods DEFAULTSORT Range Encoding Category Lossless ...   more details



  1. 8b/10b encoding

    for the DAT digital audio recorder ref US patent 4,456,905 Method and apparatus for encoding binary ... US patent 4,620,311 Method of transmitting information, encoding device for use in the method, and decoding ... where x ranges over 0 31 and y over 0 7. Standards using the 8b 10b encoding also define up ... 8b 10b encoding uses 10 bit symbols to encode 8 bit words, some of the possible 1024 10 bit, 2 ... twisted pair or optical receivers using automatic gain control. Encoding tables Note that in the following ... of encoding for following symbols. Each 6 or 4 bit code word has either equal numbers of 0s ... running disparity of the signal, the encoding engine selects which of the two possible 6 or 4 bit ... D.x.A7 encoding must be selected in order to avoid a run of five consecutive 0s or 1s when combined ... encoding for the K.x.y codes with disparity 0 make it possible for only K.28.1, K.28.5, and K.28.7 to be comma ... bit error in the data stream. Example encoding of D31.1 class wikitable style text align center ... in which 8b 10b encoding finds application are PCI Express prior to v3.0 IEEE 1394b Serial ATA ... link layer implements the 8B 10B encoding 8b 10b encoding and decoding of signals. The Fibre Channel ... 00011 110 3 6 E 8B 10B D03.6 Digital audio Encoding schemes 8b 10b have found a heavy use in digital ... PMD interfaces, 64b 66b encoding is used. This scheme is considerably different in design to 8b 10b encoding, but was created with similar considerations of DC balance, maximum run length, transition density and electromagnetic emission minimization. Note that 8b 10b is the encoding scheme, not a specific ..., but it uses a completely different method to do so. Notes reflist Bit encoding DEFAULTSORT 8b 10b Encoding Category Telecommunications standards Category Line codes Category Fibre Channel ca 8b 10b ...   more details



  1. 64b/66b encoding

    is vanishingly unlikely. This method is different from the codebook based approach of 8B 10B encoding . The encoding and scrambling are normally done entirely in hardware, the scrambling using a linear ... 67b encoding . 64b 67b extends 64b 66b with explicit DC balancing. References references Technologies ... application notes xapp775.pdf A reference design by Xilinx on 64b 66b encoding and scrambling http www.xilinx.com products ipcenter aurora64b66b.htm Aurora 64B66B IP core using 64b 66b encoding Bit encoding DEFAULTSORT 64b 66b Encoding Category Encodings Category Line codes Category Telecommunications ...   more details



  1. Entropy encoding

    In information theory an entropy encoding is a lossless data compression scheme that is independent of the specific characteristics of the medium. One of the main types of entropy coding creates and assigns a unique prefix free code to each unique symbol that occurs in the input. These entropy information theory entropy encoders then compress data by replacing each fixed length input symbol by the corresponding variable length prefix free output codeword. The length of each codeword is approximately Proportionality mathematics proportional to the negative logarithm of the probability . Therefore, the most common symbols use the shortest codes. According to Claude Shannon Shannon s source coding theorem , the optimal code length for a symbol is &minus log sub b sub P , where b is the number of symbols used to make output codes and P is the probability of the input symbol. Two of the most common entropy encoding techniques are Huffman coding and arithmetic coding . If the approximate entropy characteristics of a data stream are known in advance especially for signal compression , a simpler static code may be useful. These static codes include Universal code data compression universal codes such as Elias gamma coding or Fibonacci coding and Golomb coding Golomb codes such as unary coding or Rice coding . Entropy as a measure of similarity Besides using entropy encoding as a way to compress digital data, an entropy encoder can also be used to measure the amount of similarity between streams of data. This is done by generating an entropy coder compressor for each class of data unknown data is then classified by feeding the uncompressed data to each compressor and seeing which compressor yields the highest compression. The coder with the best compression is probably the coder trained on the data that was most similar to the unknown data. See also Entropy information theory External links http www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk mackay itila book.html On line textbook Information Theory ...   more details



  1. Mazovia encoding

    Unreferenced date December 2009 Mazovia encoding is used under MS DOS to represent Polish language Polish texts. Basically it is code page 437 with some positions filled with Polish letters. Code page layout Each character is shown with its equivalent Unicode code point and its decimal code point. Only the second half of the table code points 128&ndash 255 is shown, the first half code points 0&ndash 127 being the same as ASCII . Chset tableformat width 4 width 6 0 width 6 1 width 6 2 width 6 3 width 6 4 width 6 5 width 6 6 width 6 7 width 6 8 width 6 9 width 6 A width 6 B width 6 C width 6 D width 6 E width 6 F Chset left 8 Chset cell3 00C7 128 Chset cell3 00FC 129 Chset cell3 00E9 130 Chset cell3 00E2 131 Chset cell3 00E4 132 Chset cell3 00E0 133 Chset cell3 0105 134 Chset cell3 00E7 135 Chset cell3 00EA 136 Chset cell3 00EB 137 Chset cell3 00E8 138 Chset cell3 00EF 139 Chset cell3 00EE 140 Chset cell3 0107 141 Chset cell3 00C4 142 Chset cell3 0104 143 Chset left 9 Chset cell3 0118 144 Chset cell3 0119 145 Chset cell3 0142 146 Chset cell3 00F4 147 Chset cell3 00F6 148 Chset cell3 0106 149 Chset cell3 00FB 150 Chset cell3 00F9 151 Chset cell3 015A 152 Chset cell3 00D6 153 Chset cell3 00DC 154 Chset cell3 00A2 155 Chset cell3 0141 156 Chset cell3 00A5 157 Chset cell3 015B 158 Chset cell3 0192 159 Chset left A Chset cell3 0179 160 Chset cell3 017B 161 Chset cell3 00F3 162 Chset cell3 00D3 163 Chset cell3 0144 164 Chset cell3 0143 165 Chset cell3 017A 166 Chset cell3 017C 167 Chset cell3 00BF 168 Chset cell3 2310 169 Chset cell3 00AC 170 Chset cell3 00BD 171 Chset cell3 00BC 172 Chset cell3 00A1 173 Chset cell3 00AB 174 Chset cell3 00BB 175 Chset left B Chset cell3 2591 176 Chset cell3 2592 177 Chset cell3 2593 178 Chset cell3 2502 179 Chset cell3 2524 180 Chset cell3 2561 ... 00A0 Non breaking space NBSP 255 There exist also several modifications of this encoding, such as Mazovia ... . See also Kamenick encoding Character encoding DEFAULTSORT Mazovia Encoding Category DOS code pages ...   more details



  1. Church encoding

    In mathematics , Church encoding is a means of embedding data and operators into the lambda calculus , the most familiar form being the Church numerals , a representation of the natural numbers using lambda notation. The method is named for Alonzo Church , who first encoded data in the lambda calculus this way. Terms that are usually considered primitive in other notations such as integers, booleans, pairs, lists, and tagged unions are mapped to higher order function s under Church encoding the Church Turing thesis asserts that any computable operator and its operands can be represented under Church encoding. Many students of mathematics are familiar with G del numbering members of a set Church encoding is an equivalent operation defined on lambda abstraction s instead of natural numbers. Church numerals Church numerals are the representations of natural number s under Church encoding . The higher order function that represents natural number math n math is a function that maps any function math f math to its n fold function composition composition . In simpler terms, the value of the numeral is equivalent to the number of times the function encapsulates its argument. math f n f circ f circ cdots circ f. , math Definition All Church numerals are functions that take two parameters. Here f is the successor function and x represents 0. Church numerals 0 , 1 , 2 , ..., are defined as follows ... Church Integer Integer unchurch n n x x 1 0 pre Church booleans Church booleans are the Church encoding ... encoding of the cons pair two tuple type. The pair is represented as a function that takes ... a b &lambda x.&lambda y.x &equiv &lambda x.&lambda y.x a b &equiv a code List encodings An encoding ... z tail z. snd snd z The second component of the pair encoding nil is never used provided that head ... clause Higher order function As an alternative to the encoding using Church pairs, a list can be encoded ... in a typed calculus Mogensen Scott encoding References http www.cs.uiowa.edu astump papers archon.pdf ...   more details



  1. 6b/8b encoding

    boundaries because it must straddle the inter symbol boundary. See also 8b 10b encoding , another fixed table system with a higher code rate but less error detection. 64b 66b encoding , linear feedback ... 6876315.html DC balanced 6B 8B transmission code with local parity . Bit encoding DEFAULTSORT 6b 8b Encoding Category Line codes electronics stub ...   more details



  1. MacArabic encoding

    MacArabic encoding is used in Apple Macintosh computers to represent Arabic alphabet Arabic texts. Only the upper half 128&ndash 255 of the table is shown, the lower half 0&ndash 127 being plain ASCII . chset tableformat width 4 width 6 .0 width 6 .1 width 6 .2 width 6 .3 width 6 .4 width 6 .5 width 6 .6 width 6 .7 width 6 .8 width 6 .9 width 6 .A width 6 .B width 6 .C width 6 .D width 6 .E width 6 .F chset left 8 chset cell 00C4 chset color punct chset cell 00A0 chset cell 00C7 chset cell 00C9 chset cell 00D1 chset cell 00D6 chset cell 00DC chset cell 00E1 chset cell 00E0 chset cell 00E2 chset cell 00E4 chset cell 06BA chset color punct chset cell 00AB chset cell 00E7 chset cell 00E9 chset cell 00E8 chset left 9 chset cell 00EA chset cell 00EB chset cell 00ED chset color punct chset cell 2026 chset cell 00EE chset cell 00EF chset cell 00F1 chset cell 00F3 chset cell 00BB chset cell 00F4 chset cell 00F6 chset cell 00F7 chset cell 00FA chset cell 00F9 chset cell 00FB chset cell 00FC chset left A chset color punct chset cell 0020 chset color punct chset cell 0021 chset color punct chset cell 0022 chset cell 0023 chset cell 0024 chset cell 066A chset cell 0026 chset cell 0027 chset color punct chset cell 0028 chset color punct chset cell 0029 chset cell 002A chset color punct chset cell 002B chset cell 060C chset color punct chset cell 002D chset color punct chset cell 002E chset color punct chset cell 002F chset left B chset cell 0660 chset cell 0661 chset cell 0662 chset cell 0663 chset cell 0664 chset cell 0665 chset cell 0666 chset cell 0667 chset cell 0668 chset cell 0669 chset cell 003A chset cell 061B chset cell 003C chset cell 003D chset cell 003E chset cell 061F chset left C chset cell 274A chset cell 0621 chset cell 0622 chset cell 0623 chset cell 0624 chset cell 0625 chset cell 0626 chset cell 0627 chset cell 0628 chset cell 0629 chset cell 062A chset cell 062B ... chset cell 06D2 character encoding Category Character sets Category Mac OS character encodings CharacterEncoding ...   more details



  1. DX encoding

    Image Dx135can.jpg frame right 135 Film Cartridge with DX barcode top and DX CAS code DX Digital indeX encoding is an American National Standards Institute ANSI and I3A standard, originally introduced by Kodak in March 1983, for marking 135 film 135 and Advanced Photo System APS photographic film and film cartridges. It has several parts, a latent image DX film edge barcode on the film below the sprocket holes, a code on the cartridge used by automatic cameras, and a barcode on the cartridge read by photo finishing machines. DX cartridge barcode Next to the film exit lip is an Interleaved 2 of 5 barcode and a printed number which represent the I3A assigned DX number , the number of exposures and a proprietary manufacturer s code. The DX number identifies the manufacturer, film type, and by inference, the necessary developing process type. This is used by automatic photo finishing machines to correctly process the exposed film. Kodak US patent 4965628 DX film edge barcode Image Dx film edge barcode.jpg thumb DX film edge barcode Below the sprockets under each frame of 135 film is the DX film edge barcode. The barcode is invisible until the film has been developed. It is optically imprinted as a latent image during manufacturing. They are used by photo finishers to identify and align each frame for printing. It consists of two parallel linear barcodes, one for a synchronizing clock, and the other encoding film data such as type, manufacturer and frame number. Kodak US patent 4965628 DX Camera Auto Sensing The outside of film cartridges are marked with a DX Camera Auto Sensing CAS code readable by many cameras. Cameras can then automatically determine the film speed , number of exposures and exposure tolerance. The first cameras to use the technology are said to be the Konica TC X SLR first DX enabled SLR, sources differ regarding date of introduction 1983, 1984, 1985? and Pentax Super Sport 35 PC 35AF M ref name Pentax PC35AF M cite web title History of Innovations ur ...   more details



  1. MPEG user data

    Refimprove date January 2012 The MPEG user data feature provides a means to inject application specific data into an MPEG elementary stream . User data can be inserted on three different levels The sequence level The group of pictures GOP level The picture data level Applications that process MPEG data do not need to be able to understand data encapsulated in this way, but should be able to preserve it. Examples of information embedded in MPEG streams as user data are Aspect ratio image Aspect ratio information Hidden information per the Active Format Descriptor specification Closed captions Closed captioning per the EIA 708 standard www.nds.com uses user data for their captions, but it looks proprietary External links http www.atsc.org ATSC http www.dvb.org DVB http www.nds.com NDS tech stub Category ATSC Category Digital television Category MPEG ...   more details



  1. MPEG transport stream

    Infobox file format name MPEG Transport Stream icon logo extension .ts mime video MP2T ref Cite web url ... date 2003 07 accessdate 2010 03 20 ref type code uniform type magic owner MPEG released Start date ... ref MPEG transport stream TS is a standard format for transmission and storage of Digital audio audio ... ts Cite web url http www.afterdawn.com glossary term.cfm mpeg2 transport stream title MPEG 2 Transport ... Video Broadcasting DVB and ATSC Standards ATSC . Transport Stream is specified in MPEG 2 Part ... Image MPEG Transport Stream HL.svg thumb right 400px Multiple MPEG programs are combined then sent ... DCT blocks Encoding block or just block&mdash a Discrete cosine transform DCT encoding block ... mp2 sys.htm mp2 12 MPEG Systems FAQ Bot generated title ref ref http www.tek.com site ps 0,,21 14851 SPECS EN,00.html Tektronix Products ATSC MPEG Transport Stream Monitor AT970 Characteristics Specs ... Association PAT , Program Map PMT , Conditional Access CAT , and Network Information NIT . The MPEG ..., there is one PMT. While the MPEG 2 standard permits more than one PMT section to be transmitted on a single PID, most MPEG 2 users such as ATSC and SCTE require each PMT to be transmitted on a separate ... the described MPEG 2 program. There are also locations for optional descriptors that describe the entire MPEG 2 program, as well as an optional descriptor for each elementary stream. Each elementary ... of an MPEG 2 transport stream packet. The PID with the PCR for an MPEG 2 program is identified by the pcr ... called .m2ts M2TS stream. Blu ray Disc Association calls it .m2ts BDAV MPEG 2 transport ... AVCHD how to maintain quality?p 1881643&viewfull 1 post1881643 How MPEG TS works, videohelp.com ref ... extension .m2ts is used on Blu ray Disc Video for files which contain BDAV MPEG 2 transport stream ..., which is based on the MPEG 2 transport stream format. ref name bdvm AfterDawn.com http www.afterdawn.com ... REs and BD Rs for audio video recording. ref name bdav Blu ray Disc employs the MPEG 2 transport ...   more details



  1. MPEG Video Wizard DVD

    Image MPEGVideoWizardDVD.jpg thumb right 300px The MPEG Video Wizard DVD when first opened up. MPEG Video Wizard DVD , also known as MVW DVD, is a non linear video editing software developed by Womble Multimedia, Inc.. It allows users to edit video content, create DVDs with menus and then burn them without the need for any additional software. Features Multi track timeline editing HD MPEG editing with frame accuracy and smart rendering Ad detection and removal VOB editing and MP4 export support Lots of special effects and filters DVD Reader tool to import DVD video via IFO data. Extensible menu templates Shrink DVD size to fit onto different media DVD and ISO burning Export DVDs with nonstandard image format Microsoft Windows 7 Support Supported file formats Video Audio Video Interleave AVI , MPEG 1 MPG , MP4 player MPV , Digital Audio Tape DAT , VOB , VBScript VBS , VRO , MPEG transport stream TS , MPEG 2 TP , REC , Disambiguation needed date June 2011 M2T , .mts MTS , M2TS , WMV , Advanced Systems Format ASF , RealMedia RM , RMVB . Audio WAV , MP3 , MPEG 1 Audio Layer II MP2 , MPEG 2 Audio MPA , Dolby AC 3 AC3 , Windows Media Audio WMA . Image BMP file format BMP , JPEG , GIF , Windows Metafile WMF , ICO file format ICO . External links No footnotes date January 2010 Official website http womble.com MPEG Video Wizard DVD http www.softkey.info reviews review6064.php MPEG Video Wizard DVD Review from SoftKey http www.computerbild.de artikel cb Tests Software Womble MPEG Video Wizard DVD 1318819.html MPEG Video Wizard DVD Review from ComputerBild http www.ixbt.com divideo mvw.shtml MPEG Video Wizard DVD Review from IXBT http www.digital digest.com articles Womble MPEG Video Wizard Basic MPEG Editing Guide page1.html MPEG Video Wizard Basic Video Editing Guide from Digital Digest http guide how.com video editing how to remove commercials from recorded tv shows MPEG Video Wizard DVD Tutorial from Guide How Category Video editing software ...   more details



  1. MPEG Industry Forum

    The MPEG Industry Forum MPEGIF is a non profit consortium dedicated to further the adoption of MPEG Standards, by establishing them as well accepted and widely used standards among creators of content, developers, manufacturers, providers of services, and end users. The group is involved in many tasks, including promotion of MPEG standards particularly MPEG 4 , MPEG 4 AVC H.264 , MPEG 7 and MPEG 21 developing MPEG certification for products organising educational events and collaborating on development of new de facto MPEG standards. The MPEG Industry Forum is an independent and platform neutral not for profit organisation with the following goal To facilitate and further the widespread adoption and deployment of MPEG and related standards in next generation digital media services. It provides a forum to exchange information and views on technological, economic and regulatory issues that are relevant to these services. It also provides a powerful industry voice advocating the adoption of standards and consolidating the direction of the industry in the time of transition from analogue to digital television and media services. MPEGIF, founded in 2000, has played a significant role in facilitating the widespread adoption and deployment of MPEG 4 AVC H.264 as the industry s standard video compression technology powering next generation television and most mainstream content delivery ... of cable Labs SCTE 104 for all multimedia MPEG 4 Scalable Video Coding SVC Simplifying competitive ... Internet Streaming IPTV ecosystem Ultra HD 7680x4320 MPEG High Performance Video Coding HVC, H.265 MPEG 7 MPEG 21 MPEGIF is also running the http logo.mpegif.org MPEGIF Logo Qualification Program ... on a self certification process, is free of charge and open to all companies using MPEG technology ... External links http www.mpegif.org MPEGIF Website Category MPEG Category Digital television Category ... High definition television Category MPEG MPEG 4 AVC Category Video compression Category Videotelephony ...   more details



  1. MPEG Audio Decoder

    mpeg Official MPEG web site Compression Software Implementations Compression Formats Free software stub multimedia software stub Category Free codecs Category Audio codecs de MPEG Audio Decoder ...   more details



  1. MPEG program stream

    Infobox file format name MPEG Program Stream icon logo extension .mpg, .mpeg, .ps mime video MP2P, video ... MPEG released Start date 1993 df yes Start date YYYY mm dd df yes ref name 11172 1 cite web url http ... PS or MPEG PS is a container format digital container format for multiplexing digital audio , video and more. The PS format is specified in MPEG 1 Part 1 ISO IEC 11172 1 and MPEG 2 Part 1, Systems ... 06 03 ref ITU T H.222.0 ref name h2220 summary ref name h2220 . The MPEG 2 Program Stream is analogous ...&dq mpeg 20program 20stream 20specification&hl cs&pg PA39 Data Broadcasting, MPEG 2 Transport Basics, MPEG 2 Program Stream , Retrieved on 2009 07 25 ref Program streams are used on DVD Video discs and HD DVD video discs, but with some restrictions and extensions. ref name mpeg dvd http dvd.sourceforge.net dvdinfo dvdmpeg.html DVD MPeg differences , Retrieved on 2009 07 24 ref ref MPEG.org July 21, 1996 http www.mpeg.org MPEG DVD Book B Video.html DVD Technical Notes Video Data Specifications ... such as disks, in contrast to MPEG transport stream which is for data transmission in which loss ... only one MPEG transport stream Programs program of one or more elementary streams to be packaged ... MPEG 2 Program stream can contain MPEG 1 Part 2 video, MPEG 2 Part 2 video, MPEG 1 Part 3 audio MPEG 1 Audio Layer III MP3 , MPEG 1 Audio Layer II MP2 , MPEG 1 Audio Layer I MP1 or MPEG 2 Part 3 audio. ref name iso13818 It can also contain MPEG 4 Part 2 video, MPEG 2 Part 7 audio Advanced audio coding AAC or MPEG 4 Part 3 AAC audio, ref name iso13818 but they are rarely used. Citation needed reason MPEG 4 Part 2 streams can be found in many countries and increasingly so as ASO continues worldwide date August 2010 The MPEG 2 Program stream has provisions for non standard data e.g. Dolby AC ... for Standardization authorized SMPTE Registration Authority, LLC as the registration authority for MPEG 2 format identifiers. It publishes list of compression formats which can be encapsulated in MPEG ...   more details



  1. Packed Encoding Rules

    Packed encoding rules PER are ASN.1 encoding rules for producing a compact transfer syntax for data structures described in ASN.1, defined in 1994. PER provides a much more compact encoding than Basic Encoding Rules BER . It uses additional information, such as the lower and upper limits for numeric values, from the ASN.1 specification to represent the data units using the minimum number of bits. The compactness requires that the decoder knows the complete abstract syntax of the data structure to be decoded, however. There are two variations of packed encoding rules unaligned and aligned. With the unaligned encoding, the bits are packed with no regard for octet byte boundaries. With aligned encoding, certain types of data structures are aligned on octet boundaries, meaning there may be some number of wasted padding bits. Unaligned encoding uses the least number of bits, but presumably at some cost in processing time. The packed encoding rules also define a restricted set of encoding rules, called CANONICAL PER , which is intended to produce only a single possible encoding for any given data structure. CANONICAL PER s role is therefore similar to the role of Distinguished Encoding Rules DER or Canonical Encoding Rules CER . Documents ITU T X.691, ISO 8825 2. External links http www.itu.int ITU T studygroups com17 languages X.691 0207.pdf PER standard in PDF References FOLDOC Category ITU T recommendations ...   more details



  1. Distinguished Encoding Rules

    Distinguished Encoding Rules DER , is a message transfer syntax specified by the ITU in X.690. The Distinguished Encoding Rules of ASN.1 is an International Standard drawn from the constraints placed on basic encoding rules basic encoding rules BER encodings by X.509. DER encodings are valid BER encodings. DER is the same thing as BER with all but one sender s options removed. DER is a subset of Basic Encoding Rules BER providing for exactly one way to encode an ASN.1 value. DER is intended for situations when a unique encoding is needed, such as in cryptography and ensures that a data structure that needs to be digitally signed produces a unique serialized representation. DER can be seen as a canonical form of BER see also Canonical Encoding Rules . For example, in BER a Boolean data type Boolean value of true can be encoded as any of 255 non zero byte values, while in DER there is only one way to encode a boolean value of true. The most significant DER encoding constraints are Length encoding must use the definite form Additionally, the shortest possible length encoding must be used Bitstring, octetstring, and restricted character strings must use the definite length form Elements of a Set are encoded in sorted order, based on their tag value DER is widely used for digital certificates such as X.509 . External links http www.itu.int ITU T studygroups com17 languages X.690 0207.pdf DER standard in PDF http www.rsa.com products bsafe documentation certj212html certj dev guide group CERTJ STDS ENCODING.html ASN.1 BER and DER Encoding Compu stub Category ITU T recommendations Category Data serialization formats fr Distinguished Encoding Rules ...   more details



  1. Canonical Encoding Rules

    Canonical Encoding Rules CER is a message transfer syntax specified by the International Telecommunication Union ITU in X.690. It is a restricted variant of Basic Encoding Rules for producing unequivocal transfer syntax for data structures described by Abstract Syntax Notation One ASN.1 . Whereas Basic Encoding Rules BER gives choices as to how data values may be encoded, CER and Distinguished Encoding Rules DER select just one encoding from those allowed by the basic encoding rules, eliminating all of the options. They are useful when the encodings must be preserved, e.g. in security exchanges. CER and Distinguished Encoding Rules DER differ in the set of restrictions that they place on the encoder. The basic difference between CER and DER is that DER uses definitive length form and CER uses indefinite length form in some precisely defined cases. That is, DER always has leading length information, while CER uses the end of contents octet instead of providing the length of the encoded data. Because of this, CER requires less metadata for large encoded values, while DER does it for small ones. Documents ITU T X.690, ISO 8825 1. See also Packed Encoding Rules External links http www.itu.int ITU T studygroups com17 languages X.690 0207.pdf CER standard in PDF References FOLDOC telecomm stub Category ITU T recommendations ...   more details



  1. Mogensen?Scott encoding

    In computer science , Scott encoding is a way to embed inductive datatype s in the lambda calculus . Mogensen Scott encoding extends and slightly modifies this to an embedding of all terms of the untyped lambda calculus. Definition Let D be a datatype with N constructors, math C i i 1 N math , such that constructor C sub i sub has arity A sub i sub . Church encoding For comparison, the Church encoding of constructor C sub i sub of D is math lambda x 1 ldots x A i . lambda c 1 ldots c N . c i x 1 c 1 ldots c N ldots x A i c 1 ldots c N math Scott encoding The Scott encoding of constructor C sub i sub of D is math lambda x 1 ldots x A i . lambda c 1 ldots c N . c i x 1 ldots x A i math Mogensen Scott encoding Mogensen extends Scott encoding to all untyped lambda terms math begin matrix x & & lambda a b c . a x M N & & lambda a b c . b M N lambda x . M & & lambda a b c . c lambda x . M end matrix math to work around some WP weirdness MarSch relation to Scott encoding should be clarified Comparison to the Church encoding The Scott and Church encodings coincide on enumerated datatypes such as the boolean datatype. Church encoded data and operations on them are typable in system F , but Scott encoded data and operations are not obviously typable in system F. Universal as well as recursive types appear to be required, and since strong normalization does not hold for recursively typed lambda calculus, termination of programs manipulating Scott encoded data cannot be established by determining well typedness of such programs. explain pros of Scott encoding References http www.divms.uiowa.edu astump papers archon.pdf Directly Re ective Meta Programming Torben Mogensen 1992 . ftp ftp.diku.dk diku semantics papers D 128.ps.Z Efficient Self Interpretation in Lambda Calculus . Journal of Functional Programming . Category Lambda calculus compsci stub ...   more details



  1. Generic String Encoding Rules

    Generic String Encoding Rules GSER are a set of Abstract Syntax Notation One ASN.1 encoding rules for producing a verbose, human readable textual transfer syntax for data structures described in ASN.1. The purpose of GSER is to represent encoded data to the user or input data from the user, in a very straightforward format. GSER was originally designed for the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol LDAP and is rarely used outside of it. The use of GSER in actual protocols is discouraged since not all character string encodings supported by ASN.1 can be reproduced in it. The GSER encoding rules are specified in RFC 3641 and unlike other common types of encoding rules, are not standardised by ITU T . Category ITU T recommendations Category Data serialization formats Compu storage stub ...   more details



  1. Chen?Ho encoding

    Chen Ho encoding is an alternate system of Binary numeral system binary encoding for decimal digits. The traditional system of binary encoding for decimal digits, known as Binary coded decimal BCD , uses four bits to encode each digit, resulting in significant wastage of binary data bandwidth since four bits can store 16 states and are being used to store only 10 . The concepts behind Chen Ho encoding were first introduced in a memo from Tien Chi Chen to Dr. Irving T. Ho in 1971. Both men were working for IBM at the time, although in different locations. Tien Chi Chen also consulted with Dr. Frank Tung to verify the results of his theories independently. Tien Chi Chen noted that the digits zero through seven were simply encoded using three binary digits. He also postulated that one could use a flag computing flag to identify a different encoding for the digits eight and nine, which would be encoded using a single bit. Application In practice, a series of Boolean algebra logic boolean transformations are applied to the stream of input bits, compressing BCD encoded digits from 12 bits per three digits to 10 bits per three digits. Reversed transformations are used to decode the resulting coded stream to BCD. Equivalent results can also be achieved by the use of a look up table . The final version of Chen Ho encoding was published in 1975 in the journal Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery CACM . This version included several refinements, primarily related to the application of the encoding system. Chen Ho encoding is limited to encoding of sets of three decimal digits. One prominent application uses a 128 bit register to store 33 decimal digits with a three digit exponent. Related Systems of Encoding In 2002, Mike Cowlishaw published a further refinement of Chen Ho encoding known as Densely Packed Decimal densely packed decimal encoding in IEE Proceedings ... chen ho.html IBM Chen Ho encoding Tien Chi Chen March 29, 1971 . http speleotrove.com decimal chen1971 ...   more details



  1. Binary-to-text encoding

    original research date April 2010 unreferenced date April 2010 A binary to text encoding is Character encoding encoding of data in plain text . More precisely, it is an encoding of binary data in a sequence of ASCII printable characters. These encodings are necessary for transmission of data when the channel or the protocol only allows ASCII printable characters, such as e mail or usenet . Pretty Good Privacy PGP documentation RFC 2440 uses the term ASCII armor for binary to text encoding when referring to Radix 64 . Description The ASCII text encoding standard uses 128 unique values 0 127 to represent the alphabetic, numeric, and punctuation characters commonly used in English language English ... back to its eight bit form. This process is referred to as binary to text encoding. Many programs perform ... GPG . Encoding plain text Binary to text encoding methods are also used as a mechanism for encoding ... encoding on messages that are already plain text, then decoding on the other end, one can make ... referred to as ASCII armoring . For example, the ViewState component of ASP.NET uses base64 encoding to safely transmit text via HTTP POST. Encoding standards The most used forms of binary to text encodings are hexadecimal base64 quoted printable uuencoding yEnc Ascii85 BinHex Percent encoding Motorola ... formats include BOO, BTOA, and USR encoding. Most of these encodings generate text containing only a subset of all ASCII printable characters for example, the base64 encoding generates text that only ... of these encoding quoted printable and percent encoding are based on a set of allowed characters ... the original version of BinHex and the recommended encoding for CipherSaber use four bits instead ... per encoded character leads to a 50 longer output than base64, but simplifies encoding and decoding ... 3 source bytes to 4 encoded bytes. Category Binary to text encoding formats Category Computer file formats Category Character encoding ca Codificaci de binari a text es Codificaci n de binario ...   more details




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