about the block cipher the plot device MacGuffin Infobox block cipher name MacGuffin image Image MacGuffinDiagram.png center caption The Feistel function of the MacGuffincipher designers Bruce Schneier , Matt Blaze publish date 1994 12 14 derived from Data Encryption Standard DES derived to key size 128 bits block size 64 bits structure Unbalanced Feistel network rounds 32 cryptanalysis In cryptography , MacGuffin is a block cipher created in 1994 by Bruce Schneier and Matt Blaze at a Fast Software Encryption Fast Software Encryption workshop . It was intended as a catalyst for analysis of a new cipher structure, known as Generalized Unbalanced Feistel cipher Feistel Networks GUFNs . The cryptanalysis proceeded very quickly, so quickly that the cipher was broken at the same workshop by Vincent Rijmen and Bart Preneel . The algorithm Schneier and Blaze based MacGuffin on Data Encryption Standard DES , their main change being that the data block is not split into equal halves in the Feistel ... author Bruce Schneier, Matt Blaze title The MacGuffin Block Cipher Algorithm booktitle 2nd International ... navbox block Category Broken block ciphers simple MacGuffincipher ... of MacGuffin. The 64 bit data block is broken into four 16 bit words each represented by one line ... then continues with more rounds. MacGuffin s key schedule is a modified version of the encryption algorithm itself. Since MacGuffin is a Feistel network, decryption is easy simply run the encryption algorithm in reverse. Schneier and Blaze recommended using 32 rounds, and specified MacGuffin with a 128 bit key. Cryptanalysis of MacGuffin At the same workshop where MacGuffin was introduced, Rijmen ... of MacGuffin is weaker than 16 rounds of DES, since it took a few hours to get good differential ... for MacGuffin with no starting values. They found that it is possible to get the last round ... for the rest of the rounds. Rijmen and Preneel tried attacking MacGuffin with different S boxes, taken ... more details
About the plot device the block cipherMacGuffincipher In fiction , a MacGuffin sometimes McGuffin or maguffin ... nds MacGuffin pl MacGuffin ru simple MacGuffincipher sl MacGuffin fi MacGuffin uk ... with little or no narrative explanation as to why it is considered so desirable. A MacGuffin, therefore ... the plot of a work of fiction . ref MacGuffin , Princeton University, WordNet 3.0 ref In fact, the specific nature of the MacGuffin may be ambiguous, undefined, generic, left open to interpretation or otherwise ... that is entirely unexplained. The MacGuffin is common in film s, especially thriller genre thriller s. Usually the MacGuffin is the central focus of the film in the first Act theater act , and then declines ... into play at the climax of the story, but sometimes the MacGuffin is actually forgotten by the end ... the specific term MacGuffin appears to have originated in 20th century filmmaking. Alfred Hitchcock The Film director director and Film producer producer Alfred Hitchcock popularized both the term MacGuffin ... and Sons. ref Hitchcock explained the term MacGuffin in a 1939 lecture at Columbia University We have a name in the studio, and we call it the MacGuffin . It is the mechanical element that usually crops ... Truffaut , Alfred Hitchcock illustrated the term MacGuffin with this story ref Cite book last ... ... what you say in the movie business is the MacGuffin ... the object of everybody s search . ref ... interviews, Hitchcock defined a MacGuffin as the object around which the plot revolves, but, as to what ... Filmreference.com date accessdate 2010 07 06 ref Lucas, on the other hand, believes that the MacGuffin ... from a Mr. MacGuffin . In the movie L on film L on aka The Professional , when L on and Mathilda ... we hear the Hotel manager banging on the hotel room door exclaiming Mr. MacGuffin? In the TV show Due South during the episode Chicago Holiday, the MacGuffin is a matchbook that makes its way around ... 38831 What the MacGuffin? Abrams Loses Way in Mission ref the briefcases in Pulp Fiction and Ronin film ... more details
Other uses File Edward Larsson 1885 I.jpg thumb Edward Larsson s Cipher runes rune cipher resembling ... blackletter blackletter writing style and en pigpen cipher pigpen cipher . In cryptography , a cipher ... or encode is to convert information from plain text into code or cipher. In non technical usage, a cipher is the same thing as a code cryptography code however, the concepts are distinct in cryptography ... using a cipher the original information is known as plaintext , and the encrypted form as ciphertext ... gibberish to those not intended to read it. The operation of a cipher usually depends on a piece ... of the algorithm. A key must be selected before using a cipher to encrypt a message. Without knowledge ... on blocks of symbols usually of a fixed size block cipher s , or on a continuous stream of symbols stream cipher s . By whether the same key is used for both encryption and decryption symmetric ... of CipherCipher is alternatively spelled cypher similarly ciphertext and cyphertext , and so forth. The word cipher in former times meant zero and had the same origin Middle French as span lang fr ... . Cipher was later used for any decimal digit, even any number. There are many theories about how the word cipher may have come to mean encoding Encoding often involved numbers. The Roman Numerals ... of zero which was also called cipher , which we all now think of as Natural number natural ... people would say talk clearly and not so far fetched as a cipher . Cipher came to mean concealment ... the Italian word span lang it zero span . The English used zero for 0 , and cipher from the word ciphering ... In non technical usage, a secret code cryptography code typically means a cipher . Within technical discussions, however, the words code and cipher refer to two different concepts. Codes work at the level ... technique. Types of cipher There are a variety of different types of encryption. Algorithms used earlier ... ciphers Historical pen and paper ciphers used in the past are sometimes known as classical cipher s. They include ... more details
Feistel CAST 256 , MacGuffincipherMacGuffin , RC2 , RC6 , Skipjack cipher Skipjack , SMS4 ...In cryptography , a Feistel cipher is a symmetric structure used in the construction of block cipher ... of block cipher s use the scheme, including the Data Encryption Standard DES . The Feistel structure ... required to implement such a cipher is nearly halved. A Feistel network is an iterated cipher with an internal ... Feistel networks were first seen commercially in IBM s Lucifer cipher Lucifer cipher, designed by Horst ... adopted the Data Encryption Standard DES a cipher based on Lucifer, with changes made by the National ... are based on Feistel networks e.g. GOST 28147 89 block cipher , and the structure and properties ... and Charles Rackoff analyzed the Feistel cipher construction, and proved that if the round function ... is sufficient to make the block cipher a pseudorandom permutation , while 4 rounds is sufficient ... Construction details File Feistel cipher diagram en.svg right Let math rm F math be the round function ... between encryption and decryption. Unbalanced Feistel cipher Unbalanced Feistel ciphers use ... paper unbalanced feistel.html ref The Skipjack encryption algorithm is an example of such a cipher ... cipher to perform challenge response authentication . ref name crypto rfid S. Bono, M. Green, A. Stubblefield ... tech bono bono.pdf pdf ref The Thorp shuffle is an extreme case of an unbalanced Feistel cipher in which one side is a single bit. This has better provable security than a balanced Feistel cipher but requires ... Encryption . Feistel networks as a design component Whether the entire cipher is a Feistel cipher or not, Feistel like networks can be used as a component of a cipher s design. For example, MISTY1 is a Feistel cipher using a three round Feistel network in its round function, Skipjack cipher Skipjack is a modified Feistel cipher using a Feistel network in its G permutation, and Threefish part of Skein hash function Skein is a non Feistel block cipher that uses a Feistel like MIX function ... more details
The Scream cipher is a word based stream cipher developed by Shai Halevi , Don Coppersmith and Charanjit Jutla from IBM . The cipher is designed as a software efficient stream cipher. The authors describe the goal of the cipher to be a more secure version of the SEAL cipher SEAL cipher. The general design of Scream is close to the design of SEAL with block cipher like round functions. There are two versions of Scream. One of them, Scream F , reuses the S box es from the Advanced Encryption Standard AES block cipher, while the other, Scream , internally generates new, key dependent S boxes as part of the initialization phase. The round function is also based on the AES round function, but is narrower, 64 bits instead of 128 bits. The cipher uses a 128 bit key and a 128 bit nonce. It is efficient in software, running at 4 5 cycles per byte on modern processors. The cipher was presented at the Fast Software Encryption FSE conference in 2002. References http eprint.iacr.org 2002 019.pdf Scream a software efficient stream cipher pdf Cryptography navbox stream Category Stream ciphers crypto stub ... more details
popularity in cryptographic software. See also Threefish MacGuffincipherMacGuffin Notes and references ... author Bruce Schneier year 1993 title Description of a New Variable Length Key, 64 Bit Block Cipher Blowfish url http www.schneier.com paper blowfish fse.html ref It is a 16 round Feistel cipher ... initialization of the cipher with each change of key, it is granted a natural protection against brute ... is a fast block cipher , except when changing keys. Each new key cryptography key requires pre ... Cipher Blowfish . Fast Software Encryption 1993 191 204 http www.schneier.com paper blowfish fse.html ... block DEFAULTSORT Blowfish Cipher Category Feistel ciphers Category Free ciphers bg Blowfish ca Blowfish de Blowfish es Blowfish fr Blowfish gl Blowfish id Blowfish cipher it Blowfish nl Blowfish encryptiealgoritme ja Blowfish pl Blowfish pt Blowfish ru Blowfish simple Blowfish cipher fi Blowfish sv ... more details
wiktionary cipherCipher may refer to An Cipher algorithm for performing encryption, including substitution cipher s, a method of encryption by which units of plaintext are replaced with ciphertext according to a regular system permutation cipher s, a transposition cipher in which the key is a permutation An English Names for the number 0 in English Zero and cipher name for the number 0 Cipher, an evil Pok mon syndicate Cipher comics , a Marvel Comics X Men character Cipher newuniversal , a Marvel Comics character in the newuniversal imprint Cipher album Cipher album , an album by The Alpha Conspiracy Ciphers album Ciphers album , a 1996 album by SETI The main character in Ace Combat Zero The Belkan War A word used to refer to zero, the letter O or any circle in the doctrine of The Nation of Gods and Earths also known as The Five Percent nation A codename for The Patriots Metal Gear The Patriots in the video game Metal Gear Solid Peace Walker A Freestyle rap session in which hip hop artists perform improvised rhyming acts Cipher band , a hardcore punk band A note that continues to sound in a pipe organ when the organist does not intend for it to sound See also Cypher disambiguation disambiguation ... more details
merge Symmetric key algorithm date January 2012 Portal Cryptography A reciprocal cipher means, just as one enters the plaintext into the cryptography system to get the ciphertext , one could enter the ciphertext into the same place in the system to get the plaintext. Sometimes also referred as self reciprocal cipher. Examples of reciprocal ciphers are Beaufort cipher Enigma machine ROT13 XOR cipher Categories Category Ciphers Crypto stub zh ... more details
orphan date March 2010 The Vatsyayana cipher or Kama Sutra cipher is a classical substitution cipher described in the 45th chapter of the India n erotic manual Kama Sutra authored by Vatsyayana Mallanaga Vatsyayana who is believed to have lived in the fourth century AD. External links http www.simonsingh.net The Black Chamber kamasutra.html Kamasutra cipher Category Classical ciphers ling stub ... more details
Infobox block cipher name CS Cipher designers Jacques Stern and Serge Vaudenay publish date 1998 derived from derived to related to key size 128 bits block size 64 bits structure Feistel cipher Feistel network rounds 8 cryptanalysis In cryptography , CS Cipher for Chiffrement Sym trique is a block cipher invented by Jacques Stern and Serge Vaudenay in 1998. It was submitted to the NESSIE project, but was not selected. The algorithm uses a key length between 0 and 128 bits length must be a multiple of 8 bits . By default, the cipher uses 128 bits. It operates on blocks of 64 bits using an 8 round Feistel network and is optimized for 8 bit central processing unit processor s. The round function is based on the Fast Fourier transform and uses the binary expansion of e mathematical constant e as a source of nothing up my sleeve number s . References cite paper author J. Stern, S. Vaudenay title CS Cipher year 1998 url http lasecwww.epfl.ch pub lasec doc SV98.ps format PostScript accessdate 2007 02 15 Cryptography navbox block Category Feistel ciphers crypto stub es CS Cipher fr CS Cipher it CS Cipher ... more details
unreferenced date June 2009 In classical cryptography , a permutation cipher is a transposition cipher in which the cryptographic key key is a permutation . To apply a cipher, a random permutation of size e is generated the larger the value of e the more secure the cipher . The plaintext is then broken into segments of size e and the letters within that segment are permuted according to this key. In theory, any transposition cipher can be viewed as a permutation cipher where e is equal to the length of the plaintext this is too cumbersome a generalisation to use in actual practice, however. Identifying the cipher Because the cipher doesn t change any of the characters, the ciphertext will have exactly the same letter frequencies as the underlying plaintext. This means that the cipher can in many cases be identified as a transposition by the close similarity of its letter statistics with the letter frequencies of the underlying language. Breaking the cipher Because the cipher operates on blocks of size e , the plaintext and the ciphertext have to have a length which is some multiple of e . This causes two weaknesses in the system first, the plaintext may have to be padded if the padding is identifiable then part of the key is revealed and second, information relating to the length of the key is revealed by the length of the ciphertext. To see this, note that if the ciphertext is of length i then e must be one of the divisor s of i . With the different possible key sizes different possible permutations are tried to find the permutation which results in the highest number of frequent bigram s and trigram s as found in the underlying language of the plaintext. Trying to find this permutation is essentially the same problem encountered when analysing a Transposition cipher Columnar transposition columnar transposition cipher multiple anagram ming . See also Topics in cryptography Cryptography navbox classical Category Classical ciphers Category Permutations hu Permut ci s ... more details
In cryptography , WAKE is a stream cipher designed by David Wheeler computer scientist David Wheeler in 1993. WAKE stands for Word Auto Key Encryption . The cipher works in cipher feedback Block cipher modes of operation mode , generating keystream blocks from previous ciphertext blocks. WAKE uses an S box with 256 entries of 32 bit words. The cipher is fast, but vulnerable to chosen plaintext attack chosen plaintext and chosen ciphertext attack s. ref Bruce Schneier, Applied Cryptography , Second Edition, page 402. ref See also Tiny Encryption Algorithm TEA , XTEA References references External links http www.cix.co.uk klockstone wake.htm A Bulk Data Encryption Algorithm Cryptography navbox stream Category Stream ciphers crypto stub ru WAKE ... more details
refimprove date February 2009 In cryptography , a product cipher combines two or more transformations in a manner intending that the resulting cipher is more secure than the individual components to make it resistant to cryptanalysis . ref Handbook of Applied Cryptography by Alfred J. Menezes, Paul C. van Oorschot, Scott A. Vanstone. Fifth Printing August 2001 page 251. ref The product cipher combines a sequence of simple transformations such as substitution cipher substitution , transposition cipher permutation , and modular arithmetic . The concept of product ciphers is due to Claude Shannon , who presented the idea in his foundational paper, Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems . For transformation involving reasonable number of n message symbols, both of the foregoing cipher systems the S box and P box are by themselves wanting. Shannon suggested using a combination of Substitution box S box and Permutation box P box transformation a product cipher. The combination could yield a cipher system more powerful than either one alone. This approach of alternatively applying substitution and permutation transformation has been used by IBM in the Lucifer cipher system, and has become the standard for national data encryption standards such as the Data Encryption Standard and the Advanced Encryption Standard . A product cipher that uses only substitutions and permutations is called a SP network . Feistel cipher s are an important class of product ciphers. References Reflist External links http www.faqs.org faqs cryptography faq part5 The Cryptography FAQ Cryptography navbox block Category Block ciphers crypto stub fr Chiffrement par produit it Cifrario del prodotto simple Product cipher ... more details
Refimprove date October 2009 Confusing date July 2008 Portal Cryptography The Beaufort cipher , created by Sir Francis Beaufort , is a substitution cipher that is similar to the Vigen re cipher but uses a slightly modified enciphering mechanism and cryptographic tableau tableau . ref Franksen, Ole Immanuel, Babbage and cryptography. Or, the mystery of Admiral Beaufort s cipher . Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 35 1993 327 367 ref . Its most famous application was in a rotor based cipher machine, the M 209 Hagelin M 209 ref Mollin, Richard A., An Introduction to Cryptography , page 100. Chapman & Hall CRC, 2001 ref . Using the cipher To encrypt or decrypt for that matter , first choose the plaintext character from the top row of the tableau,call this column P. Secondly, travel down column P to the corresponding keyLetter K. Finally, move directly left from the Key letter to the left edge of the tableau, the CipherText encryption of Plaintext P with Key K will be there. For example if encrypting Plain text character d with Key m the steps would be 1 find the column with d on the top, 2 travel down that column to find Key m , 3 travel to the left edge of the tableau to find the CipherText letter J in this case . The Beaufort cipher is a reciprocal cipher , that is, Decryption and Encryption algorithms are the same. Distinguished from variant Beaufort The Beaufort cipher should not be confused with the variant Beaufort cipher. In variant Beaufort, encryption is performed by performing the decryption step of the standard Vigen re cipher, and likewise decryption is performed by using Vigen re encryption. References references DEFAULTSORT Beaufort Cipher Categories Category Cryptographic algorithms crypto stub fr Chiffre de Beaufort pl Szyfr Beauforta zh ... more details
Orphan date September 2010 The Templar cipher is an encoding method which has been claimed ref http freemasonry.bcy.ca texts templars cipher.html ref to have been used by the Knights Templar s. It is a variant of the Masonic Pigpen cipher , based on variations of a Maltese Cross shape instead of on a tt tt grid shape . Key Image Alphabet templier.svg Templar Cipher References Reflist Crypto stub Category Classical ciphers Category Knights Templar Category Masonic symbolism ... more details
about the block cipher M8 disambiguation Infobox block cipher name M8 designers Hitachi, Ltd. Hitachi publish date 1999 derived from M6 cipher M6 derived to related to key size block size 64 bits structure Feistel cipher Feistel network rounds 10 cryptanalysis In cryptography , M8 is a block cipher designed by Hitachi, Ltd. Hitachi in 1999. It is a modification of Hitachi s earlier M6 cipher M6 algorithm, designed for greater security and high performance in both hardware and 32 bit software implementations. Like M6, M8 is a 10 round Feistel cipher with a block size cryptography block size of 64 bits. The round function can include bit rotation s, XOR s, and modular arithmetic modular addition , but the structure of each round function used is determined by the key cryptography key . Making these variations key dependent is intended to make cryptanalysis more difficult see FROG for a similar design philosophy . References http www.isg.rhul.ac.uk cjm ISO register 0020.pdf ISO IEC9979 0020 Register Entry PDF , registered 19 March 1999 Hitachi Cryptography navbox block Category Feistel ciphers crypto stub ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2007 Libelle is a Germany German cipher system, developed by the Federal Office for Information Security . The algorithm is not publicised, in an attempt to make cryptanalysis more difficult. In order to keep the algorithm secret, it is only distributed as a microchip named Pluto and not as a piece of software. It is possible to have a secret cipher algorithm while still reaping the benefits of public cryptography research one way is to make a non weakening change to a public algorithm, like changing the Nothing up my sleeve number s, or chaining the public cipher with an unrelated secret cipher. A BSI specification document about Pluto gives these numbers 64 bit block size, 160 bit key size. Supported modes ECB, CBC, CFB OFB with 1,8,16,32 or 64 bits. See also Skipjack cipher Skipjack http fs.physik.uni due.de pub doc gshb faltbl pluto.pdf Pluto data sheet from the BSI Cryptography navbox block Category Block ciphers crypto stub de Libelle Kryptographie ru Libelle ... more details
Wikify date March 2012 Dragon is a stream cipher developed at the Information Security Institute by Ed Dawson, Kevin Chen, Matt Henricksen, William Millan, Leonie Simpson, HoonJae Lee, and SangJae Moon. The cipher is a Phase 3 Focus candidate for the eSTREAM project. The cipher is targeted for fast software implementations and versions with different key lengths exists. The version selected for Phase 3 is Dragon 128. It is not patented. Dragon has not been successfully attacked to date, but Cho and Pieprzyk found biases within the primary non linear component of the cipher. ref http www.ecrypt.eu.org stream papersdir 2007 002.pdf ref This suggests that the security of the cipher is weaker than intended by its designers. External links http www.ecrypt.eu.org stream dragon.html eSTREAM page on Dragon Notes reflist Cryptography navbox stream Category Stream ciphers crypto stub ru Dragon ... more details
Unreferenced date February 2007 orphan date November 2009 Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Cipher Method Type Album Artist Negative Format Cover NegativeFormat CipherMethod.jpg Released 2003 Genre Electronic music Electronic Industrial music Industrial Length 68 00 Tracks 11 Label Sector 9 Studios label Sector 9 Studios Last album Static br 2002 This album Cipher Method br 2003 Next album Moving Past The Boundaries br 2005 Cipher Method is Negative Format s fourth CD. It is a journey into the dark recesses of the human mind, unlocking our encrypted thought patterns. Cipher Method was built with complex beat and rhythm structures, mixing negative format s trance melodies with dark atmospheric overtones, and a mixture of vocoded and EBM vocal passages. Track listing Cipher Automate Transfer Schema Algorythm Senseless Vertex Static Encryption Downfall atomsphere Packet Filter Category 2000 albums 2000s album stub ... more details
Image UnionCipherDisk.nsa.jpg 250px thumb The Union American Civil War Union Cipher Disk from the American .... A cipher disk is an encipher ing and decipher ing tool developed in 1470 by the Italian architect and author Leon Battista Alberti . He constructed a device, eponymously called the Alberti cipher ... . ref name dev Deavours, Cipher, et al. Cryptology Machines, History & Methods. Norwood ... method, one could use the much simpler cipher disk. This made both encryption and decryption faster, simpler and less prone to error. Methods of Encryption The cipher disk can be used in one of two ways. The code can be a consistent monoalphabetic substitution for the entire cipher or the disks can be moved periodically throughout the cipher making it polyalphabetic. For a monoalphabetic use, the sender and the person receiving the messages would agree on a key cryptography cipher key setting e.g., the G in the regular alphabet would be positioned next to the Q in the cipher alphabet . The entire message is then encoded according to this key. In addition to simple substitution cipher s, the cipher disk opened the way for convenient polyalphabetic cipher s. An easy way to do this is for the sender ... make it more difficult to crack, using statistical method s. Variations Cipher disks had many small ... hard to crack, the advanced cipher disk would only use combinations of two numbers. Instead of 1 and 2 though, 1 and 8 were used since these numerals look the same upside down as things often are on a cipher .... Cipher disks would also add additional symbols for commonly used combinations of letters like ing ... During the Civil War, military officers were incredibly na ve about how they used cipher disks. Instead .... Problems with Cipher Disks When encoding a message using a cipher disk, a character is always ... much longer for the recipient to read the message. To remedy this, some cipher disks now have multiple characters that stand for end of word. Similarly a cipher disk may also have multiple characters ... more details
Infobox musical artist name Cipher image caption Cipher in 2005. Promo for Children of Gods Fire. Left to RIght Chris Fry, Krys Maniecki, Moe Cipher, Mark Dollar, Danny Cipher image size 250 background ... Cipher is an American hardcore punk , metalcore band that formed in 1996 in Long Beach, New York Long Beach , New York. Cipher s original line up consisted of Moe Mitchell vocals , Danny Bobis drums ... class artist id p413376 pure url yes Cipher Biography . Allmusic. Retrieved April 13, 2008. ref ... in the Long Island Hardcore scene. Another distinct element of Cipher s sound was Moe Ciphers ... to Hip hop. Cipher s music addressed socio political activism, hardcore scene politics and identity ... for Cipher. The four song recording was the first time Cipher put together a compilation of work written ... of the individual in changing her his reality. Cipher has released three demos Serial, 99 cent Demo ... in James Spooner s cult classic documentary Afropunk . In 2005 Cipher released their first non ... . The record is Cipher s attempt at chronicling the internal contradictions and struggles of daily .... Cipher has since been on hiatus pending further detail. Politics Cipher s politics have developed throughout the years. Cipher s early politics were not born out of a coherent ideology. Their earliest ... metaphysical themes. These records provide insights into Cipher s future political leanings ... of straightedge culture and politics. To this day both Danny Cipher and Moe Cipher continue to lead ... original band members were either vegan or vegetarian. To this day Moe Cipher maintains a vegan lifestyle. In 1998 Cipher s music took on a distinctly revolutionary racial consciousness and an explicitly anti racist bent. By 2000 Cipher s politics had become more oppositional in nature and more urgent in its push for dramatic social change . At this point, Cipher s politics had matured to a balanced ... in this period of Cipher s political development was a pronounced gender critique. This enhanced feminist ... more details
No footnotes date April 2011 A polyalphabetic cipher is any cipher based on substitution cipher substitution , using multiple substitution alphabets. The Vigen re cipher is probably the best known example of a polyalphabetic cipher, though it is a simplified special case. The Enigma machine is more complex but still fundamentally a polyalphabetic substitution cipher. History The Alberti cipher by Leon Battista Alberti around 1467 was believed to be the first polyalphabetic cipher. Alberti used a mixed alphabet to encrypt a message, but whenever he wanted to, he would switch to a different alphabet, indicating that he had done so by including an uppercase letter or a number in the cryptogram. For this encipherment Alberti used a decoder device, his cipher disk , which implemented a polyalphabetic substitution with mixed alphabets. Although Alberti is usually considered the father of polyalphabetic cipher, it has been claimed that polyalphabetic ciphers may have been developed by the Arab cryptologist Al Kindi 600 years before Alberti. ref Citation last Maclean first Donald title Al Kindi url http donaldmaclean.wordpress.com 2012 02 20 al kindi accessdate 13 April 2012 ref Johannes Trithemius , in a book published after his death, invented a progressive key polyalphabetic cipher called the Trithemius cipher . Unlike Alberti s cipher, which switched alphabets at random intervals, Trithemius switched alphabets for each letter of the message. He started with a tabula recta , a square .... Alberti s cipher disk implemented the same scheme. It had two alphabets, one on a fixed outer ring ..., and the user rotated the disk by one letter after encrypting each letter. The cipher was trivial to break ... was poorly concealed from attackers. Even Alberti s implementation of his polyalphabetic cipher was rather ... everyone. Polyalphabetic substitution cipher designers seem to have concentrated on obscuring ... navbox classical DEFAULTSORT Polyalphabetic Cipher Category Classical ciphers ar ... more details
A cipher suite is a named combination of authentication , encryption , and message authentication code MAC algorithm s used to negotiate the security settings for a network connection using the Transport Layer Security TLS or Secure Sockets Layer SSL network protocol . The structure and use of the cipher suite concept is defined in the documents that define the protocol RFC 5246 standard for TLS version 1.2 . A reference for named cipher suites is provided in RFC 2434, the TLS Cipher Suite Registry. Use When a TLS connection is established, a handshaking , known as the TLS Handshake Protocol, occurs. Within this handshake, a client hello ClientHello and a server hello ServerHello message is passed. RFC 5246, p. 37 First, the client sends a cipher suite list, a list of the cipher suites that it supports, in order of preference. Then the server replies with the cipher suite that it has selected from the client cipher suite list. RFC 5246, p. 40 In order to test which TLS ciphers that a server supports an SSL TLS Scanner may be used. Detailed description Each named cipher suite defines a key exchange algorithm , a bulk encryption algorithm , a message authentication code MAC algorithm ... aa374757 VS.85 .aspx title Cipher Suites in Schannel publisher Microsoft MSDN accessdate 20 November ... RSA algorithm RSA , Digital Signature Algorithm DSA , Elliptic Curve DSA ECDSA bulk ciphers RC4 cipher ... , Data Encryption Standard DES , or Camellia cipher Camellia . In older versions of SSL, RC2 was also .... Programming references Programatically, a cipher suite is referred to as CipherSuite cipher suites a list of the cryptographic options supported by the client RFC 5246, p. 41 CipherSuite cipher suite the cipher suite selected by the server and revealed in the ServerHello message RFC 5246, p. 42 ... tls parameters.xhtml tls parameters 3 TLS Cipher Suite Registry at http www.iana.org IANA Category ... Secure communication de Cipher Suite ... more details
For the United Kingdom British code word for World War II Germany German stream cipher teleprinter secure communications devices, see Fish cryptography . The FISH FIbonacci SHrinking stream cipher is a fast software based stream cipher using Lagged Fibonacci generator s, plus a concept from the shrinking generator cipher. It was published by Siemens AG Siemens in 1993. FISH is quite fast in software and has a huge key length . However, in the same paper where he proposed Pike cipher Pike , Ross J. Anderson Ross Anderson showed that FISH can be broken with just a few thousand bit s of known plaintext . References citation first1 Uwe last1 Bl cher first2 Markus last2 Dichtl contribution Fish A fast software stream cipher title Proc. Fast Software Encryption 1993 year 1994 series Lecture Notes in Computer Science publisher Springer Verlag volume 809 pages 41 44 doi 10.1007 3 540 58108 1 4 . citation first Ross J. last Anderson contribution On Fibonacci keystream generators title Proc. Fast Software Encryption 1994 year 1995 series Lecture Notes in Computer Science publisher Springer Verlag volume 1008 pages 346 352 doi 10.1007 3 540 60590 8 26 . Cryptography navbox stream Category Stream ciphers Category Fibonacci numbers Crypto stub ... more details
Infobox block cipher name Xenon designers Chang Hyi Lee publish date 2000 derived from derived to related to Zodiac cipher Zodiac key size 128, 192, or 256 bits block size 128 bits structure Feistel cipher Feistel network rounds 16 cryptanalysis In cryptography , Xenon is a block cipher designed in the year 2000 by Chang Hyi Lee for the Korean firm SoftForum. The algorithm uses a key size of 128, 192, or 256 bits. It operates on blocks of 128 bits using a 16 round Feistel cipher Feistel network structure with key whitening . Designed for speed, Xenon s round function doesn t use any substitution box S boxes . The only operations it uses are XOR , addition, multiplication, and bit shifts. References wayback www.softforum.com english download Xenon V1.0.pdf Xenon Technical Material PDF Further reading cite journal title Linear Cryptanalysis of Block Cipher Xenon author Toshio TOKITA and Mitsuru MATSUI journal IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences volume E86 A issue 1 pages 13&ndash 18 date 1 January 2003 Cryptography navbox block Category Broken block ciphers Category Feistel ciphers crypto stub ... more details
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