Image ProteinStructure.jpg thumb 300px Illustration of a polypeptide macromolecule A macromolecule is a very large molecule commonly created by polymerization of smaller subunits. In biochemistry , the term is applied to the four conventional biopolymers nucleic acid s, protein s, carbohydrate s, and lipid s , as well as non polymeric molecules with large molecular mass such as macrocycles . The individual constituent molecules of macromolecules are called monomers mono single, meros part . Usage The term macromolecule was coined by Nobel Prize Nobel laureate Hermann Staudinger in the 1920s, although his first relevant publication on this field only mentions high molecular compounds in excess of 1,000 atoms . ref Staudinger, H. Fritschi, J. ber die Hydrierung des Kautschuks und ber seine Konstitution . Helv. Chim. Acta 1922 , 5, 785 806. ref At that time the phrase polymer , as introduced by J ns Jakob Berzelius Berzelius in 1833, had a different meaning from that of today it simply was another form of isomerism for example with benzene and acetylene and had little to do with size. ref name Jensen cite journal doi 10.1021 ed085p624 title The Origin of the Polymer Concept year 2008 last1 Jensen first1 William B. journal Journal of Chemical Education volume 85 pages 624 issue 5 ref Usage of the term to describe large molecules varies among the disciplines. For example, while biology refers to macromolecules as the four large molecules comprising living things, in chemistry , the term ... definition, the term macromolecule as used in polymer science refers only to a single molecule. For example,a single polymeric molecule is appropriately described as a macromolecule or polymer molecule ... of a polyphenylene dendrimer macromolecule reported by M llen, et al. ref cite journal doi 10.1002 1521 ... free introductory macromolecule related internet based courses http google.com search?q cache AJ5BmEhDD0sJ ... simple Macromolecule sk Makromolekula sl Makromolekula sr Makromolekul sh Makromolekula su Makromolekul ... more details
A macromonomer is a macromolecule with one end group that enables it to act as a monomer . Macromonomers will contribute a single monomeric unit to a chain of the completed macromolecule. ref name iupac cite web title Macromonomer molecule url http old.iupac.org goldbook M03670.pdf work IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology publisher IUPAC accessdate 12 October 2010 ref ref cite web title Molecules and Molecular Structure url http old.iupac.org reports 1996 6812jenkins molecules.html accessdate 12 October 2010 ref References reflist Biochem stub Category Polymer chemistry ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Cytochemistry is the biochemistry of cell biology cell s, especially that of the macromolecule s responsible for cell structure and Cell biology Cell .CYTOCHEMISTYR IS USD IN ALL diagnosisfunctions function Category Biochemistry Biochem stub es Citoqu mica it Citochimica pt Citoqu mica ... more details
An end group in polymer chemistry is a constitutional unit that is an extremity of a macromolecule or oligomer molecule. For example the end group of a PET polyester may be an alcohol group or a carboxylic acid group. End groups in macromolecules may have special reactivity in follow up reactions, see graft copolymer s, or end groups can be used to determine molar mass . References IUPAC recommendations Category polymer chemistry ar ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 A sequence in biology is the one dimensional ordering of monomer s, covalent bond covalently linked within a biopolymer it is also referred to as the primary structure of the biological macromolecule . See also Protein sequence DNA sequence Self incompatibility in plants List of geneticists Human Genome Project Dot plot bioinformatics Multiplex Ligation dependent Probe Amplification Sequence analysis DEFAULTSORT Sequence Biology Category Molecular biology Biology stub fa fr S quence biologique ... more details
Multiple issues orphan February 2009 unreferenced February 2007 Elastolefin is a fibre composed of at least 95 by weight of macromolecule s partially cross linked, made of ethylene and at least one other olefin . When stretched to one and a half times its original length, it recovers rapidly to its original length. It therefore will stretch up to 50 and recover. Recent updates to EU fabric labelling directive to include elastolefin in Anex I and II. Category Materials Material stub ... more details
Image Carboxylic acid dimers.png thumbnail 200px Acetic acid Dimer chemistry dimer s. The term supermolecule or supramolecule, was introduced by K.L. Wolf bermolek le in 1937 to describe hydrogen bonding hydrogen bonded acetic acid Dimer chemistry dimer s. ref Wolf, K. L. , Frahm, H. Harms, H. 1937 . Z Phys. Abt. B 36, 237.Chem. ref ref http media.wiley.com product data excerpt 55 35273150 3527315055.pdf Historical Remarks on Supramolecular Chemistry PDF 16 pg. paper ref The study of non covalent association of complexes of molecules has since developed into the field of supramolecular chemistry . The term supermolecule is sometimes used to describe supramolecular assemblies , which are complexes of two or more molecule s often macromolecule s that are not covalently bonded. ref http www.thefreedictionary.com supermolecule Supermolecule thefreedictionary.com ref ref cite book last Lehn first Jean Marie title Supramolecular Chemistry publisher VCH year 1995 isbn 3 527 29311 6 ref The term supermolecule is also used in biochemistry to describe complexes of biomolecule s, such as peptide s and oligonucleotide s composed of multiple strands. ref Lehninger, A. L. 1966 . Naturwiss. 53, 57. ref See also Supramolecular chemistry Molecular self assembly Supramolecular assembly Macromolecule References references Category Supramolecular chemistry ja ... more details
about the scientific journal Macromolecules a macromoleculeMacromolecule italictitle Infobox Journal title Macromolecules cover File Macro cover.jpg 150 px editor Timothy P. Lodge discipline Macromolecular science abbreviation Macromolecules publisher American Chemical Society country United States frequency Bimonthly history 1968 present impact 4.837 impact year 2010 website http pubs.acs.org journal mamobx RSS http pubs.acs.org action showFeed?ui 0&mi qjmolc&ai 53h&jc mamobx&type etoc&feed rss CODEN mamobx ISSN 0024 9297 eISSN 1520 5835 Macromolecules is a Peer review peer reviewed scientific journal that has been published since 1968 by the American Chemical Society . ref http pubs.acs.org American Chemical Society ref Macromolecules is currently indexed in Scopus , EBSCO Publishing EBSCOhost , PubMed , Ovid , Web of Science , and SwetsWise. The editor in chief is Timothy P. Lodge. ref http pubs.acs.org page mamobx profile.html Editor profile ref References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Macromolecules Journal Category American Chemical Society academic journals Category Bimonthly journals Category Chemistry journals Category English language journals Category Publications established in 1968 es Macromolecules fr Macromolecules nl Macromolecules ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 A hydrogen carrier is an organic compound organic macromolecule that transports atom s of hydrogen from one place to another inside a cell or from cell to cell for use in various metabolical processes. An example is NADPH in photosynthesis also called NAD along with it FAD is also one of the hydrogen carriers.The main role of these is to transport hydrogen atom to electron transport chain which will change ADP to ATP by adding one phosphate. External links http www.biology online.org 1 3 respiration.htm http student.ccbcmd.edu gkaiser biotutorials energy oxphos.html See also Electron carrier Light reactions Photosynthesis Cellular respiration DEFAULTSORT Hydrogen Carrier Category Hydrogen biology Biochem stub ja ... more details
ETF may refer to Exchange traded fund , an investment vehicle European Training Foundation , a vocational training organization International Transport Workers Federation European Transport Workers Federation Emergency Task Force TPS Emergency Task Force , a tactical unit of the Toronto Police Enriched text format Environmental Technologies Fund , a UK based venture and growth capital fund Escape the Fate , a post hardcore band Electron transferring flavoprotein , a metabolic macromolecule Early termination fee, a type of contractual termination fee Enemy Territory Fortress , a software modification of Wolfenstein Enemy Territory Modifications Wolfenstein Enemy Territory Electrothermal feedback Elektrotehnicki fakultet disambig Category Initialisms cs ETF de ETF fr ETF ko ETF it ETF nl ETF ja ETF pl ETF ... more details
orphan date September 2008 SCP ISM , or Screened Coulomb Potentials Implicit Solvent Model is a continuum approximation of solvent effects for use in computer simulations of biology biological macromolecule s, such as protein s and nucleic acid s, usually within the framework of molecular dynamics . It is based on the classic theory of Intermolecular force polar liquid s, as developed by Peter Debye and corrected by Lars Onsager to incorporate reaction field effects. The model can be combined with Quantum chemistry quantum chemical calculations to formally derive a continuum model of solvent effects suitable for computer simulations of small and large molecular systems. External links http cmm.cit.nih.gov mago scpism qualitative.html An essay on SCP ISM http www.charmm.org CHARMM website Category Molecular dynamics simulation software stub science software stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Colloidal particle is a small amount of matter having size typical for colloid s and with a clear phase boundary colloid phase colloid phase colloids . A group of such particles aggregate, agglomerate or being a macromolecule e.g. solution of polymer molecule s is a colloid molecular colloid or a molecular aggregate e.g. micelle . A colloidal sized particle is defined in diameter from 1 1000 nanometers. Soluble particles smaller than this will form a solution as opposed to a colloid. External links DEFAULTSORT Colloidal Particle Category Colloidal chemistry Category Materials science Chem stub ... more details
RNA stands for ribonucleic acid, a biological macromolecule. RNA may also refer to RNA journal RNA journal , a scientific journal Religion Newswriters Association Republic of New Afrika , a black nationalist community and political lobby group Rochester Numismatic Association Romantic Novelists Association The Royal National Agricultural and Industrial Association of Queensland , organiser of the Ekka Royal Navy Association , a form of auxiliary for the Royal Navy United Kingdom Royal Nepalese Army Royal Nepal Airlines Radio Nacional de Angola , Angola National Radio disambig Category Initialisms es RNA desambiguaci n eo RNA apartigilo fr RNA gl RNA it RNA disambigua nl RNA pt RNA desambigua o zh RNA ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 File 1axc tricolor.png thumb right Assembled human Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen PCNA PDB PDBe 1AXC , a sliding DNA clamp protein that is part of the DNA replication complex and serves as a processivity factor for DNA polymerase. The three individual polypeptide chains that make up the trimer are shown. In biochemistry , a trimer is a macromolecular Complex chemistry complex formed by three, usually covalent bond non covalently bound , macromolecule s like protein s or nucleic acid s. A homo trimer would be formed by three identical molecule s. A hetero trimer would be formed by three different macromolecules. Collagen is an example of homo trimeric protein. See also Protein quaternary structure DEFAULTSORT Protein Trimer Category Proteins Biochem stub sr Proteinski trimer ... more details
Electroelution is a method used to extract a nucleic acid or a protein sample from an electrophoresis gel by applying a negative current in the plane of the smallest dimension of the gel, drawing the macromolecule to the surface for extraction and subsequent analysis. Electroblotting is based upon the same principle. DNA extraction Using this method DNA fragments can be recovered from a particular region of agarose or polyacrylamide gels. The gel piece containing the fragment is excised cut out from the whole gel and placed in a dialysis bag with buffer. Electrophoresis causes the DNA to migrate out of the gel into the dialysis bag buffer. The DNA fragments are recovered from this buffer and purified, using phenol chloroform extraction followed by ethanol precipitation . This method is simple, rapid and yields high recovery of DNA fragments from gel pieces. Category Genetics experiments Genetics stub ... more details
Association theory also aggregate theory is a discredited theory first advanced by chemist Thomas Graham chemist Thomas Graham in 1861 to describe the molecular structure of substances such as cellulose and starch , now understood to be polymer s. Association theory postulates that such materials are composed of a collection of smaller molecules bound together by an unknown force. Graham termed these materials colloids . Prior to the development of macromolecule macromolecular theory by Hermann Staudinger in the 1920s, association theory remained the most prevalent model of polymer structure in the scientific community. Bibliography Morawetz, Herbert Polymers The Origins and Growth of a Science John Wiley and Sons, 1985. Utracki, L.A. Commercial Polymer Blends London Chapman and Hall, 1998. Category Obsolete scientific theories Category Polymer chemistry Category History of chemistry polymer stub March 2007 ... more details
Corrin may refer to Corrin , a cyclic macromolecule related to the porphyrin ring in hemoglobin Corrin language , a fictional language featured in the unpublished novel, My Friends Wahoo, Thawah and Chawm. Corrin is a place within the fictional Dune universe Dune series by Frank Herbert Corrin Dune The Battle of Corrin from the Dune series Dune The Battle of Corrin Corrin is a surname, and may refer to Brian Corrin 1945 a Canadian Politician Penelope Corrin 1975 a Canadian actor and writer John Corrin 1934 2005 a Manx Politician and Government Minister surname Corrin disambig ru ... more details
In medicinal chemistry and pharmacology , a binding coefficient is a quantity representing the extent to which a chemical compound will Binding molecular bind to a macromolecule . ref Schurr JM, Rangel DP, Aragon SR. 2005 http www.biophysj.org cgi content full 89 4 2258 A Contribution to the Theory of Preferential Interaction Coefficients. Biophysical Journal. 89 2258 2276. ref ref Shulgin IL, Ruckenstein E 2006 http www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov articlerender.fcgi?artid 1367075 A Protein Molecule in a Mixed Solvent The Preferential Binding Parameter via the Kirkwood Buff Theory. Biophysical Journal. 90 704 707. ref See also Binding constant Partition coefficient References references Medicinal chemistry pharma stub Category Pharmacology Category Medicinal chemistry ... more details
The hydrodynamic radius of a macromolecule or colloid particle has two meanings. Some books use it as a synonym for the Stokes radius . ref cite book author Gert R. Strobl title The Physics of Polymers Concepts for Understanding Their Structures and Behavior publisher Springer Verlag year 1996 isbn 3 540 60768 4 Section 6.4 page 290. ref Others books define a theoretical hydrodynamic radius math R hyd math . They consider the macromolecule or colloid particle to be a collection of math N math subparticles. This is done most commonly for polymer s the subparticles would then be the units of the polymer. math R hyd math is defined by math frac 1 R hyd stackrel mathrm def frac 1 N 2 langle sum i neq j frac 1 r ij rangle math where math r ij math is the distance between subparticles math i math and math j math , and where the angular brackets math langle ldots rangle math represent an ensemble average . ref cite book author J. Des Cloizeaux and G. Jannink title Polymers in Solution Their Modelling and Structure publisher Clarendon Press year 1990 isbn 0 19 852 036 0 Chapter 10, Section 7.4, pages 415 417. ref The theoretical hydrodynamic radius math R hyd math was originally an estimate by John Gamble Kirkwood of the Stokes radius of a polymer. The theoretical hydrodynamic radius math R hyd math arises in the study of the dynamic properties of polymers moving in a solvent . It is often similar in magnitude to the radius of gyration . Notes references References Grosberg AY and Khokhlov AR. 1994 Statistical Physics of Macromolecules translated by Atanov YA , AIP Press. ISBN 1 56396 071 0 fi Hydrodynaaminen s de Category Polymer physics ... more details
A network solid or covalent network solid is a chemical compound in which the atoms are bonded by covalent bond s in a continuous network. In a network solid there are no individual molecule s and the entire crystal may be considered a macromolecule . Formulas for network solids as those for ionic compound s are simple ratios of the component atoms represented by a formula unit . Examples of network solids include diamond with a continuous network of carbon atoms and silicon dioxide or quartz with a continuous three dimensional network of SiO sub 2 sub units. Graphite and the mica group of silicate mineral s structurally consist of continuous two dimensional layers covalently bonded within the layer with other bond types holding the layers together. Properties Electrical conductivity Poor, as there are no delocalized electrons. When molten, unlike ionic compounds, the substance is still unable to conduct electricity as the macromolecule consists of uncharged atoms, not ions as seen in previously mentioned ionic compounds, which is also contrary to most forms of metallic bonds. Graphite is an allotrope of carbon. In this allotrope, each atom of carbon forms three covalent bonds, leaving one electron in each outer orbital delocalized, creating multiple free electrons within each plane of carbon. This grants graphite electrical conductivity. Melting point High, due to the large amount of energy required to rearrange the covalent bonds. Hardness Hard, due to the strong covalent bond throughout the lattice however, the layers of carbon atoms in graphite can be easily displaced, allowing the substance to be malleable . Solubility Generally insoluble in any solvent due to the difficulty of solvating a very large molecule. Examples Quartz SiO sub 2 sub Diamond carbon Silicon carbide moissanite, SiC Graphite carbon Category Chemical bonding chemistry stub de Atomgitter et Aatomv re hu Atomr cs nl Covalent netwerk ... more details
Orphan date November 2006 A toxicophore is a feature or group within a chemical structure that is thought to be responsible for the toxic properties, either directly or via metabolic activation. A toxic substance exerts its toxicity through interaction covalent bond ing or oxidation with a cellular macromolecule , such as a protein or DNA . This causes changes in the normal cellular biochemistry and physiology eliciting toxic effects. Occasionally, the toxicophore requires Biological activity bioactivation , modified by an enzyme , to produce a more reactive chemical species that is able to covalently bind to cellular macromolecules. Generally, different chemical compounds that contain the same toxicophore elicit similar toxic effects within the same organ system or area of the body. ref cite book last Williams first D.P. coauthors Naisbitt, D.J. title Toxicophores Groups and Metabolic Routes Associated with Increased Safety Risk year 2002 pages 104 115 location Curr. Opin. Drug. Discov. Devel. ref References references chem stub Category Toxicology es Toxic foros ... more details
Orphan date April 2012 unreferenced date October 2010 The Hopp Woods hydrophilicity scale of amino acid s is a method of ranking the amino acids in a protein according to their water solubility in order to search for surface locations on proteins, and especially those locations that tend to form strong interactions with other macromolecule s such as proteins, DNA , and RNA . Given the amino acid sequence of any protein, likely interaction sites can be identified by taking the moving average of six amino acid hydrophilicity values along the polypeptide chain , and looking for local peaks in the data plot . In subsequent papers after their initial publication of the method, Hopp and Woods demonstrated that the data plots, or hydrophilicity profiles, contained much information about protein folding , and that the hydrophobic valley s of the profiles corresponded to internal structures of proteins such as beta strand s and Alpha helix alpha helices . Furthermore, long hydrophobic valleys were shown to correspond quite closely to the membrane spanning helices identified by the later published Kyte and Doolittle hydropathic plotting method. Category Proteins Category Amino acids biochemistry stub ... more details
refimprove date March 2009 In biochemistry , a macromolecule exhibits cooperative binding if its Affinity pharmacology affinity for its ligand biochemistry ligand changes with the amount of ligand already bound. Cooperative binding is a special case of allostery . Cooperative binding requires that the macromolecule have more than one binding site, since cooperativity results from the interactions between binding site s. If the binding of ligand at one site increases the affinity for ligand at another site, the macromolecule exhibits positive cooperativity . Conversely, if the binding of ligand at one site lowers the affinity for ligand at another site, the protein exhibits negative cooperativity . If the ligand binds at each site independently, the binding is non cooperative . The Hill coefficient main Hill equation biochemistry The Hill coefficient math n math provides a quantitative method for characterizing binding cooperativity. The macromolecule is assumed to bind to math n math ligands simultaneously where math n math is to be determined math mathrm P n mathrm L leftrightarrow mathrm C math to form the complex C. Hence the dissociation constant equals math K d frac left mathrm P right left mathrm L right n left mathrm C right math Let the variable math theta math represent the fraction of binding sites that are occupied on the macromolecule. Then, math 1 theta math represents the fraction of binding sites that are not occupied, giving the ratio math frac theta 1 theta frac left mathrm C right left mathrm P right frac left mathrm L right n K d math Taking the logarithm yields an equation linear in math n math math log left frac theta 1 theta right n log left mathrm L right log K d math Hence, the slope of this line yields math n math , whereas its intercept is determined by math log K d math . More generally, plotting math log left frac theta 1 theta right math versus math log left mathrm L right math and taking the slope gives the effective number of ligands math ... more details
. br The linear macromolecules reptate, if the length of macromolecule M is bigger than ten times the length of macromolecule between adjacent entanglements M sub e sub . There is no reptation motion ... times of macromolecules depend on the length of macromolecule as M sup 2 sup and M sup 3 sup , correspondingly ... of the reptation tube dynamics of a linear macromolecule in the mesoscopic approach. Physica ... more details
wiktionary sequence A sequence is a logically ordered set of elements. Sequence may also refer to Sequence poetry , a medieval Latin poem or its musical setting which became part of the Mass Sequence music , a passage which is successively repeated at different pitches Sequence 1980 short film , 16 minute film directed by David Winning Sequence filming , a series of shots or scenes, edited together in succession Sequence journal Sequence journal , a film journal Sequence game Sequence game , a board and card game distributed by Jax Ltd., Inc. Sequence geology , a succession of geological events Sequence biology , the primary structure of a biopolymer Primary sequence , the sequence of a biological macromolecule Sequencing , determining the primary structure of an unbranched biopolymer DNA sequencing , determining the order of the nucleotide bases in a DNA molecule Sequence medicine S quences , a Quebec film magazine The Sequence , a 1980s all female hip hop funk trio Archaeological sequence Sequence diagram Sequence Diagram , a kind of UML diagram See also Sequencer disambiguation disambig an Seq encia bs Niz vor de Sequenz es Secuencia fr S quence pt Sequ ncia ru uk ... more details
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