Mamai may refer to Mamai , a powerful military commander of the Blue Horde in the 14th century Mamai, Armenia dab Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ru uk ... more details
coord 41 17 02 N 44 48 50 E display title Infobox settlement official name Mamai native name pushpin map Armenia mapsize 150px coordinates region AM subdivision type Country subdivision name Armenia subdivision type1 Administrative divisions of Armenia Marz Province subdivision name1 Tavush leader title leader name Fernando established title established date area total km2 area footnotes population as of population total population density km2 timezone utc offset 4 timezone DST utc offset DST 5 latd 41 latm 17 lats 02 latNS N longd 44 longm 48 longs 50 longEW E elevation m area code website Mamai also Mamay formerly Kirovka is a town in the Tavush Tavush Province of Armenia near the border to Georgia country Georgia . References GEOnet2 32FA881E51BF3774E0440003BA962ED3 Category Populated places in Tavush Province Tavush geo stub ... more details
Mamay may refer to Mamay film Mamay film , 2003, Ukrainian See also Mamai fl. c. 1370 , East European soldier and ruler Cossack Mamay , legendary character in Ukrainian folklore Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages disambig ... more details
, actual ruler was MamaiMamai Khan Murad Khan of Golden Horde Murad 1362 1367 , actual ruler was MamaiMamai Khan Aziz Khan of Golden Horde Aziz 1367 1369 , actual ruler was MamaiMamai Khan Jani Beg II 1369 1370 , actual ruler was MamaiMamai Khan Muhammad Bolak 1370 1379 , actual ruler was MamaiMamai Khan Tulun Beg Khanum 1370 1373 , actual ruler was MamaiMamai Khan Aig Beg 1373 1376 , actual ruler was MamaiMamai Khan Arab Shaykh 1376 1379 , actual ruler was MamaiMamai Khan Kagan Beg 1375 1376 , actual ruler was MamaiMamai Khan Ilbani 1373 1376 , actual ruler was MamaiMamai Khan Hajji Cherkes 1375 1376 , actual ruler was MamaiMamai Khan Urus Khan 1376 1378 , Urus was also Khan of the White ... Horde Abdallah 1362 1370 , actual ruler was MamaiMamai Khan Ilkhans of Ilkhanate Il Khanate ... more details
Kirovka may refer to Kirovka, Bilasuvar , a village in Bilasuvar Rayon of Azerbaijan Kirovka 40 44 N 48 39 E , Shamakhi , a village in Shamakhi Rayon of Azerbaijan Kirovka 40 31 N 48 39 E , Shamakhi , a village in Shamakhi Rayon of Azerbaijan Kirovka, Kursk Oblast , a village in Kursk Oblast , Russia Kirovka, Primorsky Krai , a village selo in Primorsky Krai , Russia Kirovka, Smolensk Oblast , a village in Smolensk Oblast , Russia Kirovka , former name of Mamai, Armenia , a town Kirovka , former name of H s nsu , a village in Azerbaijan See also Kirov Kirovsk Kirovsky Geodis ... more details
when he leads the victory over Mamai in the Battle of Kulikovo. Roles File Donskoi.jpg right 225px thumb Mamai at the feet of Dmitry Donskoi, Millennium of Russia Millennium Monument in Novgorod ... Dervish Pavel Bulakhov Mamai baritone Semen Hulak Artemovsky References Notes Reflist Sources Philip ... more details
Dmitri Ivanovich of Moscow commander2 Mamai strength1 50,000 60,000 ref name razin . ..., , was fought between Tatars Tatar Mamai and Muscovy ... Abdulla the Tatar, warlord temnik Mamai took control of the Golden Horde as a regent appointed ... power not only over Kiev but also parts of the northern Black Sea coast. As Mamai was not a Descent ... Duchy of Vladimir, which he had possessed since 1362. In 1371, Mamai passed it to the Prince of Tver ..., a friend of Mamai Arpash raided Nizhniy Novgorod and Ryazan , after defeating the Suzdal Moscow united army of Dmitri at the Battle on Pyana River Battle of Pyana River . Mamai sought to affirm ... years later Mamai himself led his armies to Rus. Prior to invading, he conducted negotiations with Prince ... of Lithuania and Ryazan were sent to join the Tatars. Mamai established his camp on the bank of the Don ... armies of Lithuania and Ryazan and decided not to wait but to attack Mamai immediately, before he ... in 1848 File Peresv b.jpg thumb 250px The duel of Alexander Peresvet and Mamai s champion. By Victor ... Tatar force under the command of Mamai , a strongman of the Golden Horde. Mamai s allies, Grand Prince ... victory over the Horde forces. Mamai escaped to the Crimea , where he was assassinated by his enemies ... , sees in Mamai a representative of economic and political interests from outside, particularly Western ... more details
Mukhsha Ulus or Naru at Duchy Tatar language Mux a ol s or Naru at b klege was a subdivision of Golden Horde at the place of modern Mordovia , Penza Oblast and Tambov Oblast of Russia in 13th 15th centuries with the capital in Mukhsha . The main territory of the ulus district was situated between rivers Sura River Sura and Tsna River Moksha basin Tsna . The previous population were Mordvins and Burtas . Population was mainly Tatars Mi rs Mi r Tatars , and Moksha Mordvins . In 1313 1367 years coined own money. Population was mostly agricultural. Some were cattle breeders and craftsmen. In 1360 Ta ay beg conquered the ulus . It became a semi independent duchy. In 1367 Mamai conquered that duchy. In the end of 14th century duchy declined and in the beginning of 15th century Russians conquered it. Naru at Duchy was a place where Mi r Tatars and Mi r dialect were formed. See also Mishar Yurt References TES Russia hist stub Category Golden Horde Category Tatar states Category States and territories established in the 12th century tt Mux a ol s uk ... more details
unreferenced date December 2007 infobox military conflict conflict Siege of Moscow partof the List of Tatar and Mongol raids against Rus Tatar Yoke image file tokhtamysh moscow.jpg 250px caption Tokhtamysh in front of Moscow, 1382 date August 23 27, 1382 place Moscow coordinates map type latitude longitude map size map caption map label territory result Tatars sacked Moscow status combatant1 Golden Horde combatant2 Grand Duchy of Moscow commander1 Tokhtamysh commander2 Ostej grandson of Algirdas units1 units2 strength1 strength2 casualties1 casualties2 notes The Siege of Moscow in 1382 was a battle between Tokhtamysh , khan of the Golden Horde , and the Muscovite forces. Background After the death of Berdibeg , the Blue Horde fell into anarchy, with local khans in various places of the Horde s domains. During this time, Mamai Mamai Khan emerged as a kingmaker in the political scenario of the Blue Horde. However, in 1380 Mamai was defeated by Dmitri Donskoi in the Battle of Kulikovo , and shortly after was assassinated in Caffa . However, in 1378 Tokhtamysh, descendant of Orda Khan and ally of Tamerlane , assumed the power in the White Horde , and then annexed Blue Horde by fording across the Volga and quickly annihilated an army sent by Muscovy. After that he united the hordes and formed the Golden Horde. The siege After uniting the two hordes, Tokhtamysh promoted a military campaign to restore the tatar power in Russia. After ravaging some small cities, he besieged Moscow on 23 August. However his attack was beaten off by the Muscovites, who used firearms for the first time in Russian history. Three days later, two sons of Tokhtamysh s supporter Dmitry of Suzdal, dukes of Suzdal and Nizhny Novgorod Vasily and Semyon, who were present in Tokhtamysh s forces, persuaded Muscovites to open the city gates, promising that forces would not harm the city in this case. This allowed Tokhtamysh s troops to burst in and ravage Moscow, killing around 24,000 people. Aftermath Th ... more details
Berdi Beg or Berdibek was Khan of the Golden Horde from 1357 till 1359, succeeding his father Jani Beg of whom Berdi Beg may have been behind the poisoning. His reign was marked by turmoil and political murders, and in 1359 he was assassinated by his brother Qulpa , after which the Golden Horde fell apart. He had one unnamed daughter who was the wife of Mamai . See also List of Khans of the Golden Horde References David Morgan historian David Morgan , The Mongols S start succession box title List of Khans of the Golden Horde Khan of the Golden Horde after Qulpa before Jani Beg years 1357 1359 S end Mongol Empire Persondata name Beg, Berdi alternative names short description date of birth place of birth date of death 1359 place of death DEFAULTSORT Beg, Berdi Category 1359 deaths Category Borjigin Category Khans of the Golden Horde Category 14th century monarchs in Europe Category Mongol Muslims Asia royal stub CAsia hist stub ca Berdibeg ko it Mehemmet Birde Bek mn ja pt Per odo de anarquia Horda de Ouro ru uk zh ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2010 Expert subject Islam date February 2012 Nawruz Beg was a son of Jani Beg and Khan of the Blue Horde . He succeeded to the throne after murdering his brother Qulpa , though like his brothers, his reign lasted a year before he himself died the cause of his death it unknown. Nawruz Beg s death precipitated the period of anarchy in which over twenty khans succeeded in the Horde the first of them was Khidr Khan of Golden Horde Khidr or in various parts of the Horde , many of them concurrent, and having no real claim to the throne. Some of khans reigned only de jure supreme military rulers ruled de facto Mamai being the most capable and famous of these. See also List of Khans of the Golden Horde s start succession box title List of Khans of the Golden Horde Khan of the Golden Horde after Khidr Khan ibn Sasibuqa Khan before Qulpa years 1360 1361 s end Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Nawruz Beg ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION Khan of the Blue Horde DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 1361 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Nawruz Beg Category 1361 deaths Category Khans of the Golden Horde Category Borjigin Category 14th century monarchs in Europe Asia royal stub CAsia hist stub ca Nuruzbeg mn ru zh ... more details
multiple issues unreferenced April 2012 wikify April 2012 Mykola Karpov was a Ukrainian playwright. He as born July 8, 1929 in Poltava and died on April 6, 2003 in Kyiv. Early life Karpov took part in the Great Patriotic War World War II , being a sea cadet in the Black Sea Fleet at the age of 14. He graduated from the Central Komsomol School Department of Journalism in 1956 and from the Taras Shevchenko Kyiv State University History Department in 1961. Government career Karpov worked for komsomol and the party. He was editor in chief of the central administrative board in film production of Ministry of Culture of the Ukrainian SSR. From 1976 to 2000 he was a secretary of the Committee of National Union of cinematographers of Ukraine. Works Karpov was the author of numerous films, including The Duty of Everyone Landing Force to Immortality 1965 Commander Dybenko 1966 Mamai Barrow Brest Fortress Ships are Going 1969 We are Communists 1971 Four Orders of Commander Fedko The First Flag of soviet Fleet 1979 Young Chief 1982 His books include Young Chief 1958 Towards Storm 1960 Through Gales and Storms 1961 Mysterious Olena 1962 Persondata NAME Karpov, Mykola ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1929 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Karpov, Mykola Category Ukrainian dramatists and playwrights Category 1929 births Category 2003 deaths ... more details
unreferenced date June 2008 Infobox Military Conflict conflict Battle of the Vozha River partof image Image Battle of the Vozha River 1378.PNG 300px caption date August 11, 1378 place Vozha River Ryazan Oblast result Russian victory combatant1 Grand Duchy of Moscow combatant2 The Golden Horde commander1 Dmitri Donskoi Dmitri Ivanovich of Moscow commander2 Murza Begich warlord Begich strength1 unknown strength2 unknown casualties1 unknown casualties2 Almost entire army killed Campaignbox Mongol invasion of Rus Battle of the Vozha River Russian language Russian was a battle fought between the Grand Duchy of Moscow and the Golden Horde on August 11, 1378. Mamai sought to punish the Russians for disobedience. The Russians were led by Prince Dmitri Donskoi Dmitri Ivanovich of Moscow who has not yet received his nickname Donskoi. The Tatars were commanded by murza Begich warlord Begich . The two armies met near the Vozha River river Vozha , a tributary of the Oka River Oka . After successful reconnaissance Dmitri managed to block the ford which the Tatars intended to use for the crossing of the river. He occupied a good position for his troops on a hill. The Russians formation had a shape of a bow with Donskoy leading the center the flanks under the command of Timofey Velyaminov and Andrei of Polotsk . After waiting a long time, Begich decided to cross the river and to encircle the Russians from both sides. However, the attack of the Tatar cavalry was repelled and the Russian went over to a counter attack. The Tatars left their tracks and began retreating in disorder, many of them drowned in the river. Begich himself was killed. The Vozha battle was the first serious victory of the Russians over a big army of the Golden Horde. It had a big psychological effect before the famous Battle of Kulikovo because it demonstrated the vulnerability of the Tatar cavalry which was unable to overcome tough resistance or withstand determined counter attacks. For Mamai ... more details
unreferenced date January 2010 notability Biographies date January 2010 Infobox person name Deekirikewagela Saradiyel birth date birth place Mawanella death date death place Kandy, Sri Lanka alma mater image caption Uthuwankande Soora Saradiyel other names Uthuwankande Soora Saradiyel movement Freedom fight against British organization monuments awards religion Buddhist influences influenced 1817 18 Uva Rebellion Great Uva Rebellion footnotes Deekirikewagela Saradiyel better known as Uthuwan Kande Soora Saradiyel Saradiel was a Sri Lanka n Sinhalese people Sinhalese native who lived in Mawanella . From his hideout a small hill known as Uthuwan Kanda, Saradiyel fought fiercely against British colonialism. He is known as the Robin Hood of Ceylon Sri Lanka as he looted the wealth from British officers and their local counterparts only to distribute it among the poor villagers. Early life Deekirikewagela Saradiyel was born in 1832 to his father Deekirikewage Adasi Appu a bullocart driver and Molligoda Pichohami a small coffee shop owner. The natives were under heavy economical and political pressure from unfair taxes under British rule and were rebelling against as best way they could. Saradiyel was accompanied by fellow natives namely Mammale Marikkar, his sister, Abdul Cader, Nazarudeen, Samad etc. In popular culture There are many songs, movies and television series associated with the biography of Soora Saradiyel. H. R. Jothipala H. R. Jothpala Song titled Uthuwan Kande Soora Saradiel Mamai 1986 10 24 Anton Gregory Movie titled Soora Saradiyel Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Saradiyel, Uthuwankande Soora ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH Mawanella DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH Kandy, Sri Lanka DEFAULTSORT Saradiyel, Uthuwankande Soora Category People of British Ceylon ... more details
Khan under Mamai small br 1367 1368 C.E. small 1st reign small align center align center Hassan Khan Golden Horde Hassan Khan br small Nastaliq small br small As a puppet Khan under Mamai ... Khan br small Nastaliq small br small As a puppet Khan under Mamai small ... small br small As a puppet Khan under Mamai small br 1369 1370 C.E. align center align center Muhammad Bolaq br small Nastaliq small br small As a puppet Khan under Mamai & regency ... center Hajji Circassia br small Nastaliq small br small As a puppet Khan under Mamai small ... center Muhammad Bolaq br small Nastaliq small br small As a puppet Khan under Mamai small ... Shah Muzaffar br small Nastaliq small br small As a puppet Khan under Mamai small br ... more details
doubled territory of Moscow principality. Struggle against Mamai File Yvon kremlin.jpg thumb left ... the first Russian military victory over the Mongols. Mamai , a Mongol general and claimant to the throne, tried to punish Dmitry for attempting to increase his power. In 1378 Mamai sent a Mongol army, but it was defeated by Dmitry s forces in the Battle of Vozha River . Two years later Mamai personally ... Mamai was presently dethroned by a rival Mongol general, Tokhtamysh . That khan reasserted Mongol rule over parts of what now is Russia and overran Moscow for Dmitry s resistance to Mamai. Dimitry ... more details
Image Peresv b.jpg thumb right 300px A single combat of Peresvet against Chelubei before the Battle of Kulikovo Viktor Vasnetsov , 1914 Alexander Peresvet , also spelled Peresviet Russian , was a Russian Orthodox Christian monk who fought in a single combat with the Tatar champion Temir murza known in most Russian sources as Chelubey or Cheli bey at the opening of the Battle of Kulikovo 8 September 1380 , where they killed each other. He is believed to have hailed from the Bryansk area and took the monastic habit at the Rostov Borisoglebsky Monastery of Saints Boris and Gleb . Later he moved to the Monastery of Pereslavl Zalessky under the service of Dmitri Donskoi . He later moved to the Troitse Sergiyeva Lavra Trinity Abbey where he became a follower of Sergius of Radonezh . Alexander and his friend Rodion Oslyabya joined Russian troops approaching to fight against Mamai invasion. The battle of Kulikovo was opened by single combat between the two champions. The Russian champion was Alexander Peresvet. The Horde champion was Temir murza. The champions killed each other in the first run, though according to a Russian legend, Peresvet did not fall from the saddle, while Temir murza did. Peresvet s body, together with that of his brother in arms Oslyabya , were brought to Moscow, where they lie buried at the 15th century Theotokos Church in Simonov Monastery Simonovo . Commemoration Image C0019 Macarius Head arrives to Kstovo.jpg thumb MV Alexander Peresvet carrying the holy relics of Macarius of Unzha Venerable Macarius stops in Kstovo , on its way from Nizhny Novgorod to Makaryev Monastery The Russian Peresviet class battleship Peresviet battleship class , ships of which saw action in Russo Japanese War A Volga boat is named Alexander Peresvet The town of Peresvet near Moscow A fast train running between Moscow and St. Petersburg since 2003. References In Russian Language . . . ., 1885 ... more details
Infobox person bgcolour name Hiran Chatterjee image caption birth date birth date and age 1975 12 19 birth place Kolkata , India spouse s Mamai height 175 cm 5 9 website http www.herohiran.com yearsactive 2007 present notable role Arko in Jackpot Hiran Chatterjee lang bn Born December 19, 1976 is a Bengali people Bengali India n male actor. ref cite news url http www.telegraphindia.com 1081225 jsp entertainment story 10297638.jsp title The Telegraph ref Early life Hiran has done School Final from Uluberia High School, Master degree in English Literature from Rabindra Bharati University and is also an MBA. ref cite news url http timesofindia.indiatimes.com articleshow 2139533.cms title With a Haranath project, people are bound to take notice date 22 June 2007 accessdate 25 December 2008 author Roshni Mukherjee publisher Times of India ref Filmography 1. Nabab nandini 2007 directed by Haranath Chakraborty with Koyel Mallick 2. Bhalobasa Bhalobasa 2008 film directed by Ravi Kinnagi with Shrabanti Chatterjee Biswas 3. Chirosaathi 2008 directed by Haranath Chakraborty with Koyel Mallick 4. Jackpot 2009 directed by Koushik Ganguly with Koyel Mallick,Rahul Banerjee,Sohini Paul 5. Maa amar maa 2009 directed by Haranath Chakraborty with Dipanwita Patra 6. Olot palot 2009 directed by Swapan Saha with Shriya,Rishi,Sudipta 7. Risk 2009 directed by Ringo with Priyanka Sarkar 8. Mon je kore uru uru 2010 directed by Sujit Guha with Koyel Mallick r maUpcoming movies 10. Le halua le with Payel 11. Macho Mustana 2012 directed by Reshmi Mitro with Puja 12.untitel flim with Priyanka sarkar References Reflist External links imdb name s start s ach colspan 3 style background DAA520 Anandalok Awards s bef before Anubhab Mohanty br for Kalisankar s ttl title Anandalok Best Action Hero Award Best Action Hero br for Nabab Nandini years 2008 s aft after TBD end Cinema of Bengal Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Chatterjee, Hiran ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIP ... more details
Weasel date March 2011 Vasiliy Sad born in 1948 is an established Ukrainians Ukrainian abstract painter . Early artistic career Born in the Rivne oblast in Ukraine in 1948, Vasiliy Sad moved to Odessa where he then graduated from the Grekov College of Arts in 1977. Shortly after his graduation he joined the Mamai group, ref cite web url http today.od.ua tvorcheskoe obedinenie Mamaj title , , publisher Today.od.ua date accessdate 2011 03 31 ref a collective of non conformist abstract painters named after Ukraine s national hero. From the early 1970s, the members of the group took an active part in the dissident Odessa Group . They displayed their art on the occasion of illegal apartment exhibitions in Odessa and Moscow, as they championed Soviet Nonconformist Art in the Ukraine. ref cite web author artodessa.com url http www.artodessa.com title Art of Odessa Gallery of Fine Paintings For Sale Online publisher Artodessa.com date 2004 06 07 accessdate 2011 03 31 ref ref cite web author russianartgallery.com url http www.russianartgallery.com index.php?page odessaartists title Odessa Group publisher Russian Art Gallery date accessdate 2011 03 31 ref Vasiliy Sad participated in these apartment exhibitions until the Perestroika allowed a more widespread recognition of the underground art movement. Recognition Influenced by the French impressionists, Vasiliy Sad s early work is figurative. However, the 1980s mark a distinctive evolution in the artist s practice as he moves toward pure abstraction. The artist therein finds his unique voice. He produces vibrant layered compositions on canvas which express his strong interest in colours and texture and show his admiration of traditional Carpathian craftsmanship. Most recently, he experimented with metal. Vasiliy Sad has exhibited extensively in Ukraine s leading museums as well as internationally. He continues developing his practice in Odessa where he current ... more details
Other uses Kingmaker is a term originally applied to the activities of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick Warwick the Kingmaker during the Wars of the Roses in England . ref http news.bbc.co.uk 1 hi magazine 8568319.stm BBC News What is a kingmaker ? ref The term has come to be applied more generally to a person or group that has great influence in a monarchy royal or political succession, without being a viable candidate. Kingmakers may use political, monetary, religious, and or military means to interfere in the succession. They may also be assigned as Minister of State without Portfolio . Examples include Chanakya in the Mauryan Empire . Sayyid Brothers in the Mughal Empire . Vidyaranya in the Vijayanagara Empire . Ricimer in the Late Western Roman Empire . Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick in the Wars of the Roses . Nogai Khan , Mamai Mamai Khan , and Edigu Edigu Khan in the Golden Horde . Carl Otto M rner Baron Carl Otto M rner in the House of Bernadotte King of Sweden . Godwin, Earl of Wessex in late Anglo Saxon England . Wiremu Tamihana in the M ori King Movement . Citizens of West Africa s sub national Monarchy monarchies often use the word kingmaker to refer to the members of the electoral colleges that choose their sovereigns because they also usually officiate during the coronation rituals and rites of purification, the word in this particular case taking on a literal meaning i.e. a Maker of the king. In game theory main Kingmaker scenario In game theory , a kingmaker is a player who lacks sufficient resources or position to win at a given game, but possesses enough remaining resources to decide which of the remaining viable players will eventually win. Contemporary usage By analogy, Kingmaker is also used in some countries to refer to those individuals with the ability to influence the selection of political leaders. The term though always unofficial, has tended to gain more importance in places of power struggle e.g. politics, sports organization ... more details
For the collection of poems by Taras Shevchenko Kobzar book Image Kobzars Kravchenko Dremchenko.jpg thumb right 200px Slobozhan kobzar P. Drevchenko and Poltava kobzar M. Kravchenko in Kharkiv 1902 Image Kozak Mamay.jpg thumb left.jpg 200px Kozak Mamai playing a kobza A Kobzar lang ua , plural pl. kobzari lang ua was an itinerant Ukrainian bard who sang to his own accompaniment. Tradition Kobzars were often blind and became predominantly so by the 1800s. Kobzar literally means kobza player , a Ukrainian stringed instrument of the lute family, and more broadly a performer of the musical material associated with the kobzar tradition. ref Volodymyr Kushpet Startsivstvo , 500pp, Kyiv Tempora 2007 ref ref Rainer Maria Rilke, Susan Ranson, Ben Hutchinson 2008 , http books.google.com books?id z3SBPqzapVEC&pg PA215&dq Kobzar blind&hl cs&ei pFCjTIO7OsjIswbBo nHCg&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 10&ved 0CFMQ6AEwCQ v onepage&q Kobzar 20blind&f false Rainer Maria Rilke s The book of hours , Camden House. p. 215. ISBN 1571133801 ref The kobzar tradition was established during the Cossack Hetmanate Hetmanate Era around the sixteenth century in History of Ukraine Ukraine . Kobzars accompanied their singing with a musical instrument known as the kobza , bandura or lira instrument lira . Their repertoire primarily consisted of para liturgical psalms and kanty , and also included a unique epic form known as Duma epic dumas . At the turn of the nineteenth century there were three regional kobzar schools Chernihiv kobzars Chernihiv , Poltava kobzars Poltava , and Slobozhan kobzars Slobozhan , which were differentiated by repertoire and playing style. Guilds In Ukraine, kobzars organized themselves into regional guilds or brotherhoods, known as Kobzars kyj Tsekh tsekhs . They developed a system of rigorous apprenticeships usually three years in length before undergoing the first set of open examinations in order to become a kobzar. These guilds were thought to have b ... more details
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