Infobox Muscle Name Muscles of mastication Latin musculi masticatorii GraySubject 109 GrayPage 385 Image Gray781.png Caption Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve. Image2 Caption2 Origin Insertion Blood Nerve mandibular nerve Action Antagonist DorlandsPre m 22 DorlandsSuf 12549778 During mastication , four muscles of mastication or musculi masticatorii are responsible for adduction and lateral motion of the jaw. Other muscles, usually associated with the hyoid such as the sternohyomastoid , are responsible for opening the jaw. Muscles The masseter The temporalis the sphenomandibularis is considered a part of the temporalis by some sources, and a distinct muscle by others The Medial pterygoid muscle medial pterygoid The lateral pterygoid Each of these primary muscles of mastication is paired, with each side of the mandible possessing one of the four. Innervation and embryological origin Unlike most of the other facial muscles, which are innervated by the facial nerve or CN VII , the muscles of mastication are all innervated by the trigeminal nerve or CN V . More specifically, they are innervated by the mandibular nerve mandibular branch , or mandibular nerve V sub 3 sub . This is a testament to their shared embryological origin from the first branchial arch . The muscles of facial expression , on the other hand, derive from the second branchial arch. Origin and insertion In humans, the Human mandible mandible , or lower jaw, is connected to the temporal bone of the skull via the temporomandibular joint , an extremely complex joint which permits movement in all planes. The muscles of mastication originate on the skull and insert into the mandible, thereby allowing for jaw movements during contraction. Function The mandible is the only bone that moves during mastication and other activities, such as talking. While these four muscles are the primary participants in mastication, other muscles are usually if not always helping the process, such as those of the tongue ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2007 image Tooth Picturewlabels.jpg thumb 500px left Right upper molar showing the four main upper molars cusps. The metacone is a cusp dentistry cusp on the molars of the upper dentition in hominids . It is found at the buccal distal area of the tooth. The crests between the cusps are adaptations for slicing food during occlusion or mastication chewing . Other cusps of the upper dentition of hominids include the paracone , hypocone , and the protocone . Category Parts of tooth dentistry stub ... more details
unreferenced date January 2009 Primary enamel cuticle , also called Nasmyth s membrane , is thin Biological membrane membrane of tissue also known as reduced enamel epithelium produced by the ameloblast , that covers the tooth once it has erupted. This tissue is primarily basal lamina . It is usually worn away by mastication and cleaning. External links Tooth development References Oral Pathology Handbook 2008 2009 L.C. Schneider DEFAULTSORT Primary Enamel Cuticle Category Anatomy ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2006 Branchiomeric muscles are striated muscle s of the head and neck. Unlike skeletal muscles that developmentally come from somites , branchiomeric muscles are developmentally formed from the branchial arches . Most of the skeletal musculature supplied by the cranial nerves special visceral efferent is branchiomeric. Exceptions include, but are not limited to, the extraocular muscles and some of the muscles of the tongue. These exceptions receive general somatic efferent fibers general somatic efferent innervation. Branchiomeric muscles from each branchial arch First arch All of the branchiomeric muscles that come from the first branchial arch are innervated by the trigeminal nerve . These muscles include all the Mastication Muscles of mastication muscles of mastication , the anterior belly of the digastric , the mylohyoid , tensor tympani , and tensor veli palatini . Second arch All of the branchiomeric muscles of the second branchial arch are innervated by the facial nerve . These muscles include the facial muscles muscles of facial expression , the posterior belly of the digastric , stylohyoid muscle, and the stapedius muscle of the middle ear. Third arch There is only one muscle of third branchial arch, the stylopharyngeus . The stylopharyngeus and other structures from the third brachial arch are all innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve . Fourth & Sixth arches All the brachial muscles of the fourth and sixth arches are innervated by the vagus nerve . These muscles include all the muscles of the palate exception of the tensor veli palatini which is innervated by the trigeminal nerve , all the muscles of the pharynx except stylopharyngeus which is innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve , and all the muscles of the larynx. See also branchial arches DEFAULTSORT Branchiomeric Musculature Category Muscles of the head and neck Category Developmental biology Category Embryology ... more details
Infobox Brain Name Caudal pontine reticular nucleus Latin nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis GraySubject GrayPage Image Caption Image2 Caption2 IsPartOf Components Artery Vein BrainInfoType hier BrainInfoNumber 561 MeshName MeshNumber NeuroLex Caudal Pontine Reticular Nucleus NeuroLexID birnlex 792 DorlandsPre n 11 DorlandsSuf 12583092 The caudal pontine reticular nucleus or nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis is composed of gigantocellular neurons. In rabbits and cats it is exclusively giant cells, however in humans there are normally sized cells as well. The nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis is rostral to the gigantocellular nucleus and is located in the caudal pons , as the name would indicate. The nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis has been known to mediate head movement, in concert with the nucleus gigantocellularis and the superior colliculus ref Sasaki S, The neural control of orienting role of multiple branching reticulospinal neurons. Prog Brain Res. 2004 143 383 9. ref . The neurons in the dorsal half of this nucleus fire rhythmically during mastication , and in an anesthetized animal it is possible to induce mastication via electrical stimulation of the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis or adjacent areas of the gigantocellular nucleus ref Scott G, Effect of lidocaine and NMDA injections into the medial pontobulbar reticular formation on mastication evoked by cortical stimulation in anaesthetized rabbits. Eur J Neurosci. 2003 May 17 10 2156 62. ref . The nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis is also thought to play a role in the grinding of teeth during sleep. References references External links http www.neuinfo.org nif nifgwt.html?query 22Caudal 20pontine 20reticular 20nucleus 22 NIF Search Caudal Pontine Reticular Nucleus via the Neuroscience Information Framework Reticular formation Pons DEFAULTSORT Caudal Pontine Reticular Nucleus Category Pons neuroanatomy stub ... more details
a form of mastication , usually performed in concert with the Medial pterygoid muscle medial pterygoids . Unlike the other three muscles of mastication, the lateral pterygoid is the only muscle of mastication ... more details
Lingual may refer to Tongue , a muscular hydrostat on the floors of the mouths of most vertebrates which manipulates food for mastication Lingual artery , arises from the external carotid between the superior thyroid and facial artery Lingual veins , begin on the dorsum, sides, and under surface of the tongue, and, passing backward along the course of the lingual artery, end in the internal jugular vein Lingual gyrus , of the occipital lobe lies between the calcarine sulcus and the posterior part of the collateral sulcus Lingual bone Lingual nerve , a branch of the mandibular nerve HT Lingual disambig ... more details
Gnathology is the study of mastication masticatory system , including its physiology , functional disturbances, and therapy treatment . Because it is not part of dentistry dental school training, most is learned by participating in study clubs with mentors with much experience. Citation needed date October 2010 Gnathology is doing extremely accurate dentistry , verifying the work as it progresses, applying all well founded gnathological principles, and rechecking the work continually. External links http cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk cgi bin omd?gnathology Definition http www.gnathologyusa.org International Academy of Gnathology Category Dentistry branches dentistry stub de Gnathologie eo Gnatologio fr Gnathologie it Gnatologia hu Gnathol gia ja pt Gnatologia ru ... more details
Refimprove date December 2007 Image Tooth Picturewlabels.jpg thumb 250px Right upper molar showing the four main upper molars cusps The hypocone is the name for a main cusp dentistry cusp found on the Molar tooth molars of the upper dentition of hominids . It is found on the distal lingual side of the tooth. It fits into the grooves of the lower dentition and is an adaptation for the overall grinding and tearing of foods using the Occlusion dentistry occlusal chewing side of the tooth surface during occlusion or mastication chewing . Its strength is due to the thickness of the Tooth enamel enamel which differs among species of hominids. The hypocone has apparently independently evolved 20 in mammals. ref name The hypocone as a key innovation in mammalian evolution http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc articles PMC40683 ref references Category Teeth dentistry stub ca Hipocon ... more details
image Tooth Picturewlabels.jpg thumb 500px right Right upper molar showing the four main upper molars cusps. The protocone is a cusp dentistry cusp of the molars of the upper dentition in Placental and Marsupial vertebrates ref Gavin Prideaux, Systematics and Evolution of the Sthenurine Kangaroos April 1, 2004 . UC Publications in Geological Sciences. Paper vol 146. http repositories.cdlib.org ucpress ucpgs vol 146 p.16 ref .It is found at the mesiolingual area of the tooth. The crests between the cusps are adaptations for slicing food during occlusion dentistry occlusion or mastication chewing . Other cusps of the upper dentition of hominids include the paracone , hypocone , and the metacone . References references Category Parts of tooth dentistry stub ... more details
Expert subject date July 2008 Crispiness or crispness is the gustatory sensation of brittleness in the mouth , such that the food item shatters immediately upon mastication . Crispiness differs from crunchiness in that a crunchy food continues to provide its material sensation after a few chews. On the other hand, a crispy food quickly loses the taut equilibrium of its material, such as a tightly wrapped sausage . A delicately wrapped item is usually crisp, unlike such food items as loosely or unwrapped unfresh fruit or a wax coated cheese . Crisp and crunch can be concomitant or mutually exclusive . Crispy foods Crispy foods include Potato chip s Toast The first bite of an apple A tightly wrapped sausage Baklava Taquitos when properly prepared References references Category Gustatory system Category Gustation food stub ... more details
about the Buccal branch of the Trigeminal Nerve the branch of the facial nerve Buccal branch of the facial nerve Infobox Nerve Name Buccal nerve Latin nervus buccalis GraySubject 200 GrayPage 895 Image Gray784.png Caption Sensory areas of the head, showing the general distribution of the three divisions of the fifth nerve. Buccal nerve labeled at center left. Image2 Gray781.png Caption2 Mandibular division of the trifacial nerve. Innervates lateral pterygoid muscle , cheek BranchFrom mandibular nerve BranchTo MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre n 05 DorlandsSuf 12565268 The buccal nerve also called the long buccal nerve, is a nerve in the face. It is a branch of the mandibular nerve which is itself a branch of the trigeminal nerve and transmits sensory information from skin over the buccal membrane in general, the cheek and from the second and third Molar tooth molar teeth . Course It courses between the two heads of the lateral pterygoid muscle , underneath the tendon of the temporalis muscle , and then under the masseter muscle to connect with the buccal branch of the facial nerve buccal branches of the facial nerve on the surface of the buccinator muscle . Target Small branches of the buccal nerve innervate the lateral pterygoid muscle . It also gives sensory branches to the cheek . Related nerves The facial nerve CN VII also has buccal branches , which carry motor innervation to the buccinator muscle, a muscle of facial expression . This should not be confused with the buccal branch of the trigeminal nerve, which supplies motor innervation to the lateral pterygoid, a muscle of mastication. This follows from the trigeminal V3 supplying all muscles of mastication and the facial VII supplying all muscles of facial expression. Additional images gallery Image Gray790.png The nerves of the scalp, face, and side of neck. gallery References Nerve, buccal. Stedman s Medical Dictionary, 27th ed. 2000 . ISBN 0 683 40007 X Gray s Anatomy The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practic ... more details
one source date February 2010 Orphan date December 2007 The Nociceptive Trigeminal Inhibition Tension Suppression System ref http www.biomedcentral.com 1472 6831 8 22 ref is a device that is claimed to prevent headache and migraine by reducing night time teeth clenching. This often intense nocturnal activity is purported to lead to a hyperactivity of the trigeminal nerve , often triggering typical migraine events. The objective of the NTI is to relax the muscles involved in clenching and mastication, thus diminishing the chances for migraines and tension headache s to develop. The NTI is a small transparent plastic device which is, in its most widely used form, worn over the two front teeth at night to prevent contact of the canines and molars. It is normally fitted by a dentist trained in the technique. It does not involve any drugs, shots, or surgery. References reflist External links http www.nti tss.com NTI Tension Suppression System Treatment stub Category dentistry ... more details
. Innervation Like the Lateral pterygoid muscle lateral pterygoid , and all other muscles of mastication ... muscle is not a muscle of mastication instead it is classified as a facial muscle. Actions ... Assistance in mastication Excursion of the mandible contralateral excursion occurs with unilateral contraction ... more details
Infobox Brain Name PAGENAME Latin nucleus motorius nervi trigemini GraySubject 187 GrayPage 787 Image Gray696.png Caption The cranial nerve nuclei schematically represented dorsal view posterior . Motor nuclei in red sensory in blue. Trigeminal nerve nuclei are at V . Image2 Caption2 IsPartOf Components Artery Vein BrainInfoType hier BrainInfoNumber 551 MeshName Trigeminal nuclei MeshNumber A08.186.211.132.931 DorlandsPre n 11 DorlandsSuf 12581906 The trigeminal motor nucleus contains motor neurons that innervate muscles of the first branchial arch , namely the muscles of mastication , the tensor tympani , tensor veli palatini , mylohyoid muscle mylohyoid , and anterior belly of the digastric . This nucleus is located in the mid pons i.e. in the middle of the pons going inferior to superior . ref http thalamus.wustl.edu course brstem.html Brainstem Nuclei of the Cranial Nerves at wustl.edu ref Reflist External links http thalamus.wustl.edu course brstem.html Washington University Pons Cranial nerves Category Cranial nerves anatomy stub zh ... more details
A gnathodynamometer or occlusometer is an instrument for measuring the force exerted in closing the mouth. A bimeter gnathodynamometer is one with an adjustable central bearing point. As per the inventor s design study, the instrument works well in measuring maximal bite force and masticatory efficiency of incisor and Molar tooth molar teeth , respectively. Shark s are baited into biting hard plastic sheets, which are brought to the laboratory. The depth of the indentations shows the force of the bite. The inventor is J. N. Snodgrass . Please expand article with cite journal author Ortu G title A new device for measuring mastication force Gnathodynamometer journal Ann. Anat. volume 184 issue 4 pages 393 6 year 2002 month July pmid 12201050 http www.elasmo research.org education topics r bites.htm http animal.discovery.com convergence safari shark expert expert14.html Category Medical testing equipment it Gnatodinamometro ... more details
Chewiness is the mouthfeel sensation of labored mastication due to sustained, Elasticity physics elastic resistance from a foodstuff . Canonically chewy foods include caramel , Temperature meat rare steak , and such eponymously chewy items as chewing gum , Charleston Chew , and Chewy Granola Bars . Chewiness is empirically measured by the metrics of Chew Count ref name Harrington, G., & Pearson, A.M. 1962 , Harrington, G., & Pearson, A.M. 1962 . Chew count as a measure of tenderness of pork loins with various degrees of marbling. Journal of Food Science, 27, 106 110 ref and Chew Rate. Citation needed date July 2009 External links http www.stablemicrosystems.com tpa.htm Comments on the use of the word chewiness by Alina Surmacka Szczesniak , formerly Principal Scientist, General Foods Technical Center, and founding editor of Journal of Texture Studies http jds.fass.org cgi content abstract 82 11 2274 Postmelt Chewiness of Mozzarella Cheese from the Journal of Dairy Science References Reflist Category Gustatory system Category Gustation food stub ... more details
refimprove date January 2009 File Toothbrush regurgitated by albatross on Tern Island, Hawaii 20060614.jpg thumb right 220px This bolus from an albatross has several ingested flotsam items, including monofilament from fishing net s and a discarded toothbrush , Tern Island , French Frigate Shoals In digestion , a bolus from Latin bolus, ball is a mass of food that with animals that can chew has been Mastication chewed at the point of swallowing. Under normal circumstances, the bolus then travels to the stomach for further digestion. ref cite web url http www.merriam webster.com dictionary bolus title Bolus Definition and More from the Free Merriam Webster Dictionary publisher Merriam webster.com date accessdate 2012 02 21 ref ref cite web url http www.britannica.com EBchecked topic 72436 bolus title bolus biology Britannica Online Encyclopedia publisher Britannica.com date accessdate 2012 02 21 ref See also Chyme References reflist Category Digestive system digestive stub ca Bol alimentari bs Zalogaj es Bolo alimenticio no Bolus ru fr Bol alimentaire ... more details
unreferenced date March 2008 Infobox Brain Name PAGENAME Latin Lemniscus trigeminalis GraySubject GrayPage Image Caption Image2 Caption2 IsPartOf Components Artery Vein BrainInfoType ancil BrainInfoNumber 717 MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre DorlandsSuf The Trigeminal lemniscus is a part of the brain that conveys tactile, pain, and temperature impulses from the skin of the face, the mucous membrane s of the nasal and oral cavities, and the eye, as well as proprioceptive information from the facial and Mastication masticatory muscles . It is the ascending axonal tract in the brainstem that carries tactile and proprioceptive information from the contralateral principal chief sensory nucleus of the trigeminal system to the ventral posterior medial nucleus of the thalamus. This tract is sometimes considered a cephalic division of the medial lemniscus . Synonym lemniscus trigeminalis External links http www.sylvius.com index t trigeminal lemniscus.html Sylvius Neuroanatomical Reference Trigeminal lemniscus http cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk cgi bin omd?trigeminal lemniscus Trigeminal lemniscus from Online medical Dictionary medicine stub Pons Neural tracts Category Somatic sensory system Category Central nervous system pathways de Lemniscus trigeminalis ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Pterygospinous ligament Latin ligamentum pterygospinale GraySubject 111 GrayPage 388 Image Caption Image2 Caption2 Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber The pterygospinous ligament stretches from the upper part of the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate to the spinous process of the Sphenoid bone sphenoid . It occasionally ossifies, ref name pmid11424204 cite journal author Peuker ET, Fischer G, Filler TJ title Entrapment of the lingual nerve due to an ossified pterygospinous ligament journal Clin Anat volume 14 issue 4 pages 282 4 year 2001 month July pmid 11424204 doi 10.1002 ca.1048 ref and in such cases, between its upper border and the base of the skull, a foramen is formed pterygospinous foramen Civinini which transmits the branches of the mandibular nerve to the muscles of mastication . References reflist Gray s Cranial fibrous joints musculoskeletal stub Category Joints anatomy stub ... more details
http medical dictionary.thefreedictionary.com masticatory force Masticatory force or force of mastication is defined as a force , which is created by the dynamic action of the masticatory muscles during the physiological act of chewing. Masticatory muscles Image Musculusmasseter.png thumb 300px right Muscles of the head, face, and neck. The muscles that power the jaw movements during chewing are known as the muscles of mastication or masticatory muscles and are functionally classified as ref Crispian Scully, 2002 Oxford Handbook of Applied Dental Sciences , Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 851096 3 p. 151 ref Jaw elevators the Masseter muscle masseter , Temporalis muscle temporalis , Medial pterygoid muscle medial pterygoid , and superior belly of the Lateral pterygoid muscle lateral pterygoid Jaw depressors the anterior Digastric muscle digastrics , Geniohyoid muscle geniohyoid , Mylohyoid muscle mylohyoid and inferior belly of the Lateral pterygoid muscle lateral pterygoid . Measuring masticatory force The first device for measuring masticatory force gnathodynamometer was created by Dr. Bleck. Dr. Bleck found out that periodontal tissue is an important issue, which impact the amount of force in individuals. Dr. Morill found out that masticatory muscles will stop their contraction by appearance the first pain signals from the periodontal tissue differently. ref name Juliev. E.N. 2000 P53 Juliev, E.N. . . 2000 Fixed prosthetics Nijnegorodskoi Gosudarstveni Medisinskoi Akademi . Novogorad, ISBN 5 7032 0330 9, P53 ref Dr. Shreder used local anaesthesia to ignore the periodontal response to measure the maximum force of mastication ... system controls automatically the measure of mastication force in mentioned process. The jaw elevator muscles develop the main forces used in mastication. The force generated during routine mastication of food like carrots or meat is about convert 70 to 150 N lbf lk out . The maximum biting ... more details
wiktionary bite A bite is a wound received from the mouth of an animal or human. Relating to that meaning is Occlusion dentistry , the contact between teeth Mastication also known as chewing Bite or bitten may also refer to Film, television and theatre BiteTV , a Canadian television channel Bitten film Bitten film , a 2008 film BITE show , a topless vampire show at the Stratosphere Las Vegas in Las Vegas, Nevada BITE, an acronym for Barbican International Theatre Events at the Barbican Centre , London Music Bite album Bite album , 1983 album by Altered Images Bites album Bites album , a 1985 album by Skinny Puppy Literature Bitten Armstrong novel Bitten Armstrong novel , a 2001 novel by Kelley Armstrong Bitten novel Bitten is the name of a RL Stine book that contains Dangerous Girls and The Taste of Night Other Uses Built In Test Equipment , a concept in aviation Bitten, a fashion line created by actress Sarah Jessica Parker Personal style Sarah Jessica Parker BiTE , an acronym for bi specific T cell engagers , a class of specific modified antibodies that direct a host s T cells against diseased cells e.g. cancer cells See also Mordida Byte Bight disambiguation WP BITE Don t bite the newcomers , a guideline on retaining good editors on Wikipedia disambiguation fr Bite lv Bite ... more details
Refimprove date April 2007 In Anatomy , the Curve of Spee called also von Spee s curve or Spee s curvature is defined as the curvature of the mandibular occlusal plane beginning at the tip of the lower cuspid and following the buccal cusp dentistry cusp s of the posterior teeth , continuing to the terminal Molar tooth molar . According to another definition Curve of Spee is an anatomic curvature of the occlusal alignment of teeth, beginning at the tip of the lower canine, following the buccal cusps of the natural premolars and molars, and continuing to the anterior border of the ramus. Ferdinand Graf von Spee, German embryologist, 1855 1937 was first to describe anatomic relations of human teeth in the sagittal plane. The pull of the main muscle of mastication, the masseter , is at a perpendicular angle with the curve of Spee to adapt for favorable loading of force on the teeth. The Curve of Spee is, essentially, a series of slipped contact points. It is of importance to orthodontists as it may contribute to an increased overbite. Larry Andrews, in his important paper Six Keys to Normal Occlusion 1972 , stated that a flat or mild curve of Spee was essential to an ideal occlusion. The curve of Spee should not be confused with the curve of Wilson, which is the upward i.e. U shaped curvature of the maxillary and mandibular occlusal planes in the coronal plane. Category Teeth dentistry stub musculoskeletal stub de Spee Kurve ... more details
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