as the final end products. A Metabolism metabolicpathway involves the step by step modification ... ways To be used immediately, as the end product of a metabolicpathway To initiate another metabolicpathway, called a flux generating step To be stored by the cell A molecule called a Substrate biochemistry substrate enters a metabolicpathway depending on the needs of the cell and the availability ... intermediates and or end products may influence the metabolic rate for that particular pathway. Overview Each metabolicpathway consists of a series of biochemical reactions that are connected by their intermediates ... reactions in the glycolysis pathway are reversible and participate in the re synthesis of glucose gluconeogenesis . Glycolysis was the first metabolicpathway discovered As glucose enters a cell, it is immediately ... A novel visualization for a MetabolicPathway http david.abcc.ncifcrf.gov DAVID Visualize ... ConsensusPathDB metabolism DEFAULTSORT MetabolicPathway Category Metabolism ar ...nofootnotes date March 2011 In biochemistry , metabolic pathways are series of chemistry chemical reactions occurring within a cell biology cell . In each pathway, a principal chemical is modified by a series ... chemicals a.k.a. metabolites that may be involved, metabolic pathways can be quite elaborate. In addition ... the metabolic network . Pathways are important to the maintenance of homeostasis within an organism ... reactions, and so on. Metabolic pathways are often considered to flow in one direction. Although ..., one pathway may be responsible for the synthesis of a particular amino acid, but the breakdown of that amino acid may occur via a separate and distinct pathway. One example of an exception ... pathway may run in reverse in order to produce glucose 6 phosphate which is then used for storage as glycogen or starch . Metabolic pathways are often Control theory regulated by feedback inhibition . Some metabolic pathways flow in a cycle wherein each component of the cycle is a substrate for the subsequent ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name The Pathway Type Album Artist Officium Triste Cover OT pathway.jpg Released 2001 Recorded April May 2001 Genre Doom metal Length 41 59 Label Displeased Records Producer Reviews Last album Ne Vivam br 1997 This album The Pathway br 2001 Next album Reason Officium Triste album Reason br 2004 The Pathway is the second album by Officium Triste , released on Displeased Records in 2001. Track listing Roses on My Grave 6 35 Pathway Of Broken Glass 6 17 Foul Play 4 43 Camouflage 4 27 Divinity 6 31 Deep Down 7 27 This Is Goodbye 5 56 Credits Pim Blankenstein Vocals Johan Kwakernaak Rhythm guitar Martin Kwakernaak Drums, Keyboards Gerard de Jong Lead guitar Lawrence Meyer Bass guitar DEFAULTSORT Pathway Category Officium Triste albums Category 2001 albums 2000s doom metal album stub ... more details
A metabolic network is the complete set of metabolic and physical processes that determine the physiology physiological and biochemistry biochemical properties of a cell. As such, these networks comprise the chemical reactions of metabolism as well as the regulatory interactions that guide these reactions. With the sequencing of complete genomes, it is now possible to reconstruct the network of biochemical reactions in many organisms, from bacteria to human. Several of these networks are available online Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes KEGG http www.genome.ad.jp , EcoCyc http www.ecocyc.org , BioCyc http biocyc.org and metaTIGER http www.bioinformatics.leeds.ac.uk metatiger . Metabolic networks are powerful tools, for studying and modelling metabolism. See also Metabolic network modelling Metabolicpathway metabolism Category Metabolism biology stub ca Xarxa metab lica fa nl Metabolisch netwerk zh ... more details
Metabolic intermediates refers to molecules which are the precursors or metabolites of biologically significant molecules. Although these intermediates are of relatively minor direct importance to cellular function, they can play important roles in the allosteric regulation of enzyme s. Clinical significance Some can be useful in measuring rates of metabolic processes for example, 3,4 dihydroxyphenylacetic acid or 3 aminoisobutyrate . Because they can represent unnatural points of entry into natural metabolic pathways, some such as AICA ribonucleotide are of interest to researchers in developing new therapies. See also metabolism Fructose and galactose metabolic intermediates Glycogenesis and glycogenolysis metabolic intermediates Pentose phosphate pathway intermediates Cholesterol metabolism intermediates Amino acid metabolism intermediates Nucleotide metabolism intermediates Neurotransmitter metabolism intermediates Heme metabolism intermediates Thyroid hormone intermediates Category Metabolism chem stub ja ... more details
in Metabolic Engineering. Cambridge University Press,p.ix x ref . However, one of the main problem with this technique was that the metabolicpathway for the production of that metabolite was not analyzed, and as a result, constraints to production and relevant pathway enzymes to be modified were unknown ref name Voit . In 1990s, a new technique called metabolic engineering emerged. This technique analyzes the metabolicpathway of a microorganism , and determines the constraints and their effects ... An analysis of metabolic flux can be found at Flux balance analysis Setting up a metabolicpathway ... close the organism s metabolicpathway is to the desired pathway, the maintenance costs associated ... pathway The completed metabolicpathway is modeled mathematically to find the theoretical yield of the product ... occurs. Simple metabolicpathway analysis can be done by hand, but most require the use of software .... Metabolic engineering is the practice of optimizing genetics genetic and regulatory processes within ... materials into molecules necessary for the cell s survival. Metabolic Engineering specifically seeks ..., K.Y., 1998 Genetic and Metabolic Engineering , Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, ISSN 07117 3458 ... goal of metabolic engineering is to be able to use these organisms to produce valuable ... , wine , cheese , pharmaceuticals , and other biotechnology products. Since cells use these metabolic ..., trade offs in metabolic engineering arise between the cells ability to produce the desired ... the genes that encode for metabolic enzymes, the current focus is to target the regulatory networks in a cell to efficiently engineer the metabolism. ref Vemuri, G.M, Aristidou, A.A, 2005 Metabolic ... Review vol. 69 197 216 ref History and applications of metabolic engineering In the past, to increase .... Some examples of successful metabolic engineering are the following i Identification of constraints ... . Metabolic Engineering Principles and Methodologies . San Diego Academic Press ref ii Engineering ... more details
The kynurenine pathway is a metabolicpathway leading to the production of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD from the degradation of the essential amino acid tryptophan . image KP pathway.jpg thumb The Kynurenine Pathway Kynurenine pathway and neurological diseases The kynurenine pathway is involved in physiological functions such as behavior, sleep, thermo regulation and pregnancy. There is evidence of kynurenine pathway involvement in neurotoxic mechanisms associated with several inflammatory neurological diseases, including AIDS dementia complex , Alzheimer s disease , Huntington s disease , Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis , Multiple sclerosis , Parkinson s disease , Cancer , Major depressive disorder Depression and Schizophrenia . Although the pathway is activated in these disorders, kynurenine and its metabolites can play both neurotoxic and neuroprotective roles by influencing neurotransmitter functions and inflammatory pathways peripherally and within the central nervous system. Category Metabolic pathways fr Voie de la kynur nine ... more details
The transsulfuration pathway is a metabolicpathway involving the interconversion of cysteine and homocysteine , through the intermediate cystathionine . In eukaryotes, such as humans, the transsulfuration pathway is critical for creating cysteine from the essential amino acid methionine. Methionine is first converted to homocysteine by demethylation, which is then converted to the amino acid cysteine via the transsulfuration pathway. While methionine is considered an essential amino acid, cysteine becomes an essential amino acid when the transsulfuration pathway is defective. In organisms that synthesize cysteine in sulfur assimilation such as bacteria and yeast, the transsulfuration pathway works in reverse. The production of homocysteine through transsulfuration allows the conversion of this intermediate to methionine , through a methylation reaction carried out by 5 Methyltetrahydrofolate homocysteine methyltransferase methionine synthase . biochemistry stub Category Nitrogen metabolism Category Sulfur metabolism Category Metabolic pathways vi Chu tr nh chuy n sunfua h a ... more details
Metabolic panel may refer to Blood test Basic metabolic panel Comprehensive metabolic panel disambig Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Longcomment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
Orphan date May 2011 unreferenced date March 2011 Metabolic Age refers to a number calculated by comparing your Basal metabolic rate Basal Metabolic Rate to the Basal Metabolic Rate average of your chronological age group . Chronological age is your age in calendar year s. Basal metabolic rate is the amount of energy consumed per unit of time when all environmental factors are considered neutral, the digestive system is in a post absorptive state meaning that the digestive system is inactive, which requires about twelve hours of fasting in humans , and the energy expenditure is only sufficient to support normal functioning of the vital organ s, the heart , lung s, nervous system , kidney s, liver , intestine , sex organ s, muscle s, and skin . Formulas for calculating basal metabolic rate take into account age, weight, height, activity level, body fat mass, and lean body mass. All the components in the body require various levels of energy to be maintained. Body fat requires much less energy than lean muscle , as lean muscle is much more metabolically active. Muscle is much more metabolically active, and therefore requires more energy expenditure to remain in homeostasis . If comparing two individuals, with all variables being equal, the person with more lean muscle mass will have a higher basal metabolic rate, and therefore, a lower metabolic age in comparison to those with the identical chronological age. An individual s metabolic age will vary depending how their calculated basal metabolic rate compares to others of the same chronological age. Metabolic age is a new term used in the health and fitness industry to describe overall physical fitness fitness and metabolic activity. Examining metabolic age will give insights to the overall level of health and wellness in comparison to those of the same age. Improving personal fitness is a main concern of most health conscious individuals. BMR and the metabolic age number are excellent ways to track your progress. Verify ... more details
Metabolic myopathies are Myopathy Myopathies that result from defects in biochemical metabolism that primarily affect muscle. They include 1 Glycogen storage diseases 2 Lipid storage disorder 3 Phosphocreatine stores disorder External links http www.emedicine.com neuro TOPIC672.HTM Metabolic Myopathies eMedicine PNS diseases of the nervous system Soft tissue disorders Category Muscular disorders Category Metabolic disorders disease stub ... more details
Metabolic typing is the term for a diet nutrition diet based upon the concept of metabolic type . Proponents claim that each person has a unique metabolism , and that therefore the nutrients which are appropriate for one person may be inappropriate for a second, and detrimental for a third. Metabolic ... of the body to assess different aspects of a person s metabolism and categorize them into broad metabolic types. In addition, some proponents of metabolic typing use tests such as hair analysis alternative medicine hair analysis to determine a person s metabolic type . ref name wolcott1 The Metabolic Typing Diet, Wolcott and Fahey, p.118 119 ref A number of somewhat different metabolic typing diet plans are currently marketed. The validity and effectiveness of metabolic typing have not been established ... , a metabolic typing firm, described by Quackwatch . Accessed April 27, 2007. ref Background Metabolic typing was introduced by William Donald Kelley, a dentist , in the 1960s. Kelley advocated ... therapy. He continued to promote a metabolic typing diet through the 1980s. ref name qw1 cite ... Kelley Gonzalez Metabolic Therapy accessdate April 27, 2007 publisher Quackwatch ref The practice has been further developed by others including Dr.Harold J. Kristal and William Wolcott. Metabolic ... 17, 2004 ref Effectiveness Although metabolic typing diets have been promoted to patients with cancer ... medicine, metabolic typing has come under fire by certain people in the traditional medical ..., Kelley, and Contreras metabolic therapies show no evidence of efficacy. ref name mskcc http www.mskcc.org mskcc html 69299.cfm Metabolic Therapies Information sheet from Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center . Accessed April 27, 2007. ref Some metabolic typing companies use a battery of blood .... He received 2 drastically different metabolic typing reports and dietary plans. Both plans involved ... reflist 2 Category Diets de Metabolic Typing ... more details
3 Hydroxypropionate Pathway is a CO sub 2 sub assimilatory pathway observed in bacteria. Inorganic CO sub 2 sub is fixed by acetyl CoA and propionyl CoA carboxylases thus forming malyl CoA and glyoxylate . Malyl CoA is further split into acetyl CoA to replenish this cycle . Researchers have demonstrated that this pathway was found only in Chloroflexus , a nonsulfur photosynthetic bacterium, however recent studies show that 3 Hydroxypropionate pathway is found in several chemotrophic archaea . See also Carbon fixation External links http krebbing.blogspot.com 2006 12 3 hydroxypropionate cycle.html Pathways DEFAULTSORT 3 Hydroxypropionate Pathway Category Metabolic pathways biochem stub de 3 Hydroxypropionatzyklus fr Cycle du 3 hydroxypropionate pl Cykl hydroksypropionowy ... more details
Infobox disease Name Metabolic alkalosis Image Davenport Fig 12.jpg Caption Davenport diagram DiseasesDB 402 ICD10 ICD10 E 87 3 e 70 ICD9 ICD9 276.3 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj med eMedicineTopic 1459 MeshID Metabolic alkalosis is a metabolic condition in which the pH of tissue is elevated beyond the normal range 7.35 7.45 . This is the result of decreased hydrogen ion concentration, leading to increased bicarbonate , or alternatively a direct result of increased bicarbonate concentrations. Terminology Alkalosis refers to a high pH in tissue . Alkalemia refers to a high pH in the blood . Causes There are five main causes of metabolic alkalosis. ref http www.emedicine.com MED topic1459.htm eMedicine Metabolic Alkalosis Article by Sameer Yaseen Bot generated title ref These can be divided into two categories, depending upon urine chloride levels. ref name urlAlkalosis, Metabolic eMedicine Pediatrics Cardiac Disease and Critical Care Medicine cite web url http emedicine.medscape.com article 906819 overview title Alkalosis, Metabolic eMedicine Pediatrics Cardiac Disease and Critical Care Medicine format work accessdate 2009 05 10 ref Chloride responsive 10 mEq L Loss of hydrogen ions Most often occurs via two mechanisms, either vomiting or via the kidney. Vomiting results in the loss ... further loss of potassium , leading to metabolic alkalosis. ref Hennessey, Iain. Japp, Alan ... reveal themselves putting the patient into metabolic alkalosis Chloride resistant 20 mEq L Retention ... . Excess sodium increases extracellular volume and the loss of hydrogen ions creates a metabolic ... Compensation for metabolic alkalosis occurs mainly in the lungs, which retain carbon dioxide ..., respiration rate would be decreased. Renal compensation for metabolic alkalosis, less effective ... it. See also hypokalemia Metabolic acidosis Respiratory acidosis Respiratory alkalosis References reflist Fluid, electrolyte, acid base metabolic pathology DEFAULTSORT Metabolic Alkalosis Category ... more details
Metabolic water refers to water created inside a living organism through their metabolism , by oxidizing energy containing substances in their food. Metabolism of fat produces about 110 grams of water per 100 grams, ref http www.nature.com nature journal v150 n3792 abs 150021a0.html ref protein 41.3 grams, and starch 55.1 g. ref http www.encyclopedia.com doc 1O39 metabolicwater.html ref Some organisms, especially xerocole xerocoles , animals living in the desert , rely exclusively on metabolic water. Migratory birds must rely exclusively on metabolic water production while making non stop flights. ref http dissertations.ub.rug.nl faculties science 2005 s.b.engel ref ref cite journal author Klaassen M title Metabolic constraints on long distance migration in birds journal J Exp Biol volume 199 issue Pt 1 pages 57 64 year 1996 pmid 9317335 doi url http jeb.biologists.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 9317335 ref Humans, by contrast, obtain only about 8 10 of their water needs through metabolic water production. ref name nutrientReq Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources BANR , Nutrient Requirements of Nonhuman Primates Second Revised Edition 2003 , p. 144. http books.nap.edu openbook.php?record id 9826&page 154 ref In mammals , the water produced from metabolism of protein roughly equals the amount needed to excrete the urea which is a byproduct of the metabolism of protein. ref name nutrientReq Birds, however, excrete uric acid and can have a net gain of water from the metabolism of protein. References reflist Category Metabolism Category Water ... more details
DiseasesDB 31955 MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D024821 Metabolic syndrome is a combination ... MedlinePlus Metabolic Syndrome Bot generated title ref Some studies have shown the prevalence ... author Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH year 2002 title Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among US ... 287 issue 3 pages 356 359 pmid 11790215 ref , and prevalence increases with age. Metabolic syndrome is also known as metabolic syndrome X , cardiometabolic syndrome , syndrome X , insulin resistance ... for metabolic syndrome set out by two different sources the International Diabetes Federation ref name idf.org The IDF consensus worldwide definition of the metabolic syndrome. http www.idf.org ... . These are very similar and they identify individuals with a given set of symptoms as having metabolic ..., the NCEP definition indicates that metabolic syndrome can be diagnosed based on other criteria ... name idf.org The IDF consensus worldwide definition of the metabolic syndrome 2006 Central obesity ... Participants. Definition of metabolic syndrome report of the National, Heart, Lung ... of the Metabolic Syndrome An American Heart Association National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute ... as a marker to predict coronary vascular diseases in metabolic syndrome and it was recently used as a predictor ... pmid 19271113 doi 10.1007 s00535 009 0002 5 url ref History The term metabolic syndrome dates back ... metabolic syndrome for associations of obesity , diabetes mellitus , hyperlipoproteinemia , hyperuricemia ... journal Diabetes volume 37 issue 12 pages 1595 607 pmid 3056758 ref The terms metabolic syndrome, insulin ... pathways of metabolic syndrome are not yet completely known. The pathophysiology is extremely complex ... factors are weight genetics ref Cite journal title Genetic determinants of the metabolic syndrome ... Genetic versus environmental aetiology of the metabolic syndrome among male and female twins url http ... title Genetics of the metabolic syndrome url http journals.cambridge.org action displayAbstract ... more details
Infobox Disease Name Metabolic acidosis Image Davenport Fig 12.jpg Caption Davenport diagram DiseasesDB 92 ICD10 ICD10 E 87 2 e 70 ICD9 ICD9 276.2 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus 000335 eMedicineSubj emerg eMedicineTopic 312 eMedicine mult eMedicine2 med 1458 eMedicine2 ped 15 MeshID In medicine , metabolic acidosis is a condition that occurs when the body produces too much acid or when the kidney s are not removing enough acid from the body. If unchecked, metabolic acidosis leads to acidemia , i.e., blood pH is low less than 7.35 due to increased production of hydrogen by the body or the inability of the body to form bicarbonate HCO sub 3 sub sup sup in the kidney. Its causes are diverse, and its consequences can be serious, including coma and death . Together with respiratory acidosis , it is one of the two ... term , muscle weakness and bone pain s. Those in metabolic acidosis may exhibit deep, rapid breathing .... Longstanding chronic metabolic acidosis leads to osteoporosis and can cause fracture s. Diagnosis ... levels are decreased 24 mmol l , metabolic acidemia is present, and metabolic acidosis is presumed ... of metabolic acidosis, a clinical tool called the anion gap is considered very useful. It is calculated ... is about 8 16 mmol l 12 4 . An elevated anion gap i.e. 16 mmol l can indicate particular types of metabolic ... sites entrez 17906597?dopt Abstract&holding f1000,f1000m,isrctn Causes Metabolic acidosis occurs .... There are several types of metabolic acidosis. The main causes are best grouped by their influence ... anion gap Main High anion gap metabolic acidosis Causes include lactic acidosis ketoacidosis chronic ... Compensatory mechanisms Metabolic acidosis is either due to increased generation of acid or an inability ... Renal compensation Buffer The decreased bicarbonate that distinguishes metabolic acidosis is therefore ... of death Metabolic alkalosis Respiratory acidosis Respiratory alkalosis References Refimprove date January 2008 reflist Fluid, electrolyte, acid base metabolic pathology Category Acid base disturbances ... more details
Metabolic imprinting refers to the epigenetic programming of metabolism during the pre natal and neo natal periods. Studies in both humans and animals have shown that the events during gestation and early post natal stages may have long term consequences for health. Fetal under nutrition is linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, obesity, type II diabetes and hypertension, amongst other diseases biology stub Category Epigenetics Category Metabolism ... more details
Metabolic Advantage is a term used in nutrition to describe the ability of a dieting diet to achieve greater weight loss or less weight gain ref http www.proteinpower.com drmike metabolism overfeeding and metabolic advantage Overfeeding and the Metabolic Advantage. Protein Power. ref than another diet of equivalent calories. ref cite journal author Eugene J Fine and Richard D Feinman title Thermodynamics of weight loss diets journal Nutrition & Metabolism volume 1 issue 1 pages 15 year 2004 month December pmid 15588283 doi 10.1186 1743 7075 1 15 url http www.nutritionandmetabolism.com content 1 1 15 pmc 543577 ref It is a claimed effect of low carbohydrate diet s and was popularised by the Atkins diet , but although several mechanisms exist to make it biologically plausible , it has yet to be definitively demonstrated as a significant factor in weight control. Some studies ref cite journal pmid 16358395 year 1994 last1 Bandini first1 LG last2 Schoeller first2 DA last3 Dietz first3 WH title Metabolic differences in response to a high fat vs. A high carbohydrate diet volume 2 issue 4 pages 348 54 journal Obesity research ref that have specifically measured the changes in basal metabolic rate under isocaloric very high fat and very high carbohydrate diets have failed to find any statistically significant differences. Cause The human body obtains the majority of its energy through the citric acid cycle , which can use any of the macronutrients to generate adenosine triphosphate ATP used to transport chemical energy within cells. The chemical processes involved use energy themselves, so variations in the efficiency of these processes will have the same effect as variations in caloric intake. Gluconeogenesis The human body requires glucose for the brain and nervous system, and a diet that has very few or no dietary carbohydrates forces it to generate this glucose from protein ... produce only 57g of glucose from 100g of protein . This could be a significant contributor to metabolic ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 The metabolic window is a term used in strength training to describe the 45 minute period after exercise during which nutrition can shift the body from a Catabolism catabolic state to an Anabolism anabolic one. Specifically, it is during this period that the intake of protein and carbohydrates can aid in the increase of muscle mass . ref name Ivy49 Ivy, John & Portman, Robert. http books.google.ca books?id 04GJNEwE6zMC&pg PA48&lpg PA48&dq 22metabolic window 22&source web&ots njZIq94s1m&sig 3z831UWMuBUHjbZZL8vrVei2lOs&hl en&sa X&oi book result&resnum 1&ct result PPA49,M1 Nutrient Timing The Future of Sports Nutrition . Basic Health Publications, Inc., 2004. ref Some theorists believe the metabolic window begins to close within minutes of the end of a workout. The same nutrients taken two hours later result in significantly reduced protein synthesis and muscle glycogen storage. ref name Ivy49 Further research is needed into the effects of food and exercise timing, but methodology has to be considered in these experiments. ref cite web url http www.tandfonline.com doi abs 10.1080 17461390801919102 title Protein for adaptations to exercise training publisher European Journal of Sport Science work Volume 8, Issue 2 date 2008 accessdate April 08, 2012 author Tipton, Kevin D. ref Update The metabolic window , or what is also referred to as the anabolic window , is considered by gym goers and supplement companies to be a 45 minute opportunistic period to increase muscle size by ingesting carbohydrates and amino acid supplements. This window however appears to be a myth although the ingestion of carbohydrates and amino acid supplementation is beneficial to those partaking in endurance type exercises, evidence supports it does not exist with respect to weight training activities. Muscle anabolism refers to muscle protein synthesis, the uptake of protein ... Resistance training Weight training Weightlifting References reflist DEFAULTSORT Metabolic ... more details
Metabolic rift is a term developed by John Bellamy Foster and other theorists to refer to Karl Marx Karl ... degradation . The concept of a metabolic rift, according to Foster, is the development of Marx ... labor. ref cite journal last1 Foster first1 John Bellamy year 1999 title Marx s Theory of Metabolic ... communist states, Foster sees in the theory of metabolic rift evidence of Marx s Ecology ecological perspective. The theory of metabolic rift enable ed Marx to develop a critique of environmental ... The concept of metabolic rift was developed in the context of the second agricultural revolution ... John Bellamy year 2009 title Ecological Imperialism and the Global Metabolic Rift Unequal Exchange ... human nature as metabolic relations, Marx allowed these processes to be both nature imposed conditions ... the 16th or 17th centuries, cities metabolic dependency upon surrounding countryside for resources, etc ... economic security was dependent upon its metabolic support system, ref Harvey 1996, p. 411. ref cities .... ref cite journal last1 Moore first1 Jason W. year 2000 title Environmental Crises and the Metabolic ... hand it concentrates the historical motive force of society on the other hand, it disturbs the metabolic ... contribution of the metabolic rift perspective is to locate socio ecological contradictions internal ... that resulted from metabolic rift. ref Foster 2000, p. 239. ref Contemporary Eco socialism eco socialist ... Press. ref The future socialist society The concept of metabolic rift captures the material Marx s theory ... planning due to the pressures of competition, ref Foster 2000, p. 164. ref the theory of metabolic ... agriculture the concept of metabolic rift has since been taken up in numerous fields and its scope expanded. For example, Clausen and Clark 2005 have extended the use of metabolic rift to marine ... The Metabolic Rift and Marine Ecology An Analysis of the Ocean Crisis Within Capitalist Production ... Foster title Ecological Imperialism and the Global Metabolic Rift Unequal Exchange and the Guano ... more details
The metabolic equivalent of task MET , or simply metabolic equivalent , is a physiological measure expressing the energy cost of exercise physical activities ref Physical activity can be defined as bodily movement produced by the contraction of skeletal muscle that increases energy expenditure above the basal level citation needed date December 2011 ref and is defined as the ratio of metabolic rate and therefore the rate of energy consumption during a specific physical activity to a reference metabolic rate, set by convention to 3.5 ml O sub 2 sup kg sup 1 sup min sup 1 sup or equivalently 1 kcal kg sup 1 sup h sup 1 sup or 4.184 kJ kg sup 1 sup h sup 1 sup . Originally, 1 MET was considered as the resting metabolic rate RMR obtained during quiet sitting. ref Ainsworth et al., 1993 ref ref Ainsworth et al., 2000. ref MET values of activities range from 0.9 sleeping to 18 running at 17.5 km h or a 5 31 mile pace . Although the RMR of any person may deviate from the reference value, ref Byrne et al., 2005 ref ref Savage & Ades, 2007 ref MET values indicate the intensity of physical activities. MET can be thought of as an scale social sciences index of the intensity of activities an activity with a MET value of 2, such as walking at a slow pace e.g., 3 km h would require twice .... It must not be confused or misused as an approximation of basal metabolic rate BMR , which is the minimum metabolic rate obtained under specified conditions. This is illustrated by the fact that sleeping ... year 2011 ref Scope of usage of the MET concept Epidemiology and public health MET Metabolic Equivalent The ratio of the work metabolic rate to the resting metabolic rate. One MET is defined as 1 ... 20Activities, 20MSSE 202000.pdf Byrne, N. et al., Metabolic equivalent one size does not fit ..., 2000, ISBN 0873229398, 9780873229395 Savage P., Ades P., A re examination of the metabolic equivalent ... Anthropogenic metabolism Basal metabolic rate Calorimetry External links The Compendium of Physical ... more details
Metabolic supermice are mice which as a result of genetic modification have up to 100 times the concentration of the PEPCK C enzyme in their muscle s, compared to ordinary mice . They were created by a team of United States American scientists led by Richard Hanson, professor of biochemistry at Case Western Reserve University at Cleveland, Ohio , ref cite web url http news.independent.co.uk sci tech article3121157.ece title The mouse that shook the world first Steve last Connor publisher The Independent date 2007 11 02 ref ref cite web url http www.telegraph.co.uk earth main.jhtml?view DETAILS&grid &xml earth 2007 11 01 scimice101.xml title Genetically engineered mighty mouse is the rodent Lance Armstrong first Roger last Highfield publisher Telegraph date 2007 11 02 ref to gain a greater understanding of the PEPCK C enzyme, which is present mainly in the liver and kidney s. Professor Hanson noted that the supermice are metabolically similar to Lance Armstrong biking up the Pyrenees . They utilize mainly fatty acid s for energy and produce very little lactic acid . They are not eating or drinking and yet they can run for four or five hours. They are 10 times more active than ordinary mice in their home cage. They also live longer up to three years of age and are reproductively active for almost three years. In short, they are remarkable animals. However, they eat twice as much as Scientific control control mice, but they are half the weight, and are very aggressive. Why this is the case, we are not really sure. See also Oncomouse Knockout mice References Cite journal doi 10.1016 j.biochi.2008.03.009 author Hanson, R. W. & Hakimi, P. year 2008 title Born to run the story of the PEPCK Cmus mouse journal Biochimie volume 90 issue 6 pages 383 42 pmid 18394430 pmc 2491496 reflist Category Bioethics Category Genetically modified organisms Category Mice it Metabolic supermice ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 Metabolic wastes or excretes are Chemical substance substance s left over from Cellular respiration excretory processes, which cannot be used by the organism they are surplus or have lethal effect , and must therefore be Excretion excreted . This includes nitrogen compounds, water , Carbon dioxide CO sub 2 sub , phosphate s, sulfate s, etc. Animal s treat these compounds as excretes. Plant s have Chemistry chemical machinery which transforms some of them primarily the nitrogen compounds into useful substances, and it has been shown by Brian J. Ford that abscissa leaves also carry wastes away from the parent plant. In this way, Ford argues that the shed leaf acts as an excretory organ carrying away excretory products . All the metabolic wastes are excreted in a form of water solution solutes through the excretory Organ anatomy organs nephridia , Malpighian tubule s, kidney s , with the exception of CO sub 2 sub , which is excreted together with the water vapor throughout the lung s. The elimination of these compounds enables the chemical homeostasis of the organism. Nitrogen wastes The nitrogen compounds through which the very toxic nitrogen is eliminated from the organism are ammonia , urea and uric acid . All of these substances are product from the protein metabolism. Ammonia forms with the oxidation of amino group s NH sub 2 sub , which are removed from the proteins when they convert into carbohydrate s. It is a very toxic substance and only one nitrogen atom is removed with it. A lot of water is needed for the ammonia excretion. Thus, the marine organisms excrete ammonia directly in the water aminothelic organism s , while the terrestrial mainly amphibia ns and mammal s convert ammonia into urea, a process which occurs in the liver and kidney ... reactions, and in some other metabolic Chemical reaction reactions of the amino acids. Oxygen ... as solids. ref name excretion references DEFAULTSORT Metabolic Waste Category Excretion Category ... more details
pathway Category Metabolic pathways de Mevalonatweg hu Mevalon t tvonal ja pl Szlak ...Image Mevalonate pathway.png thumb 350px right Mevalonate pathway The mevalonate pathway or HMG CoA reductase pathway or mevalonate dependent MAD route or isoprenoid pathway , is an important cell biology cellular metabolicpathway present in all higher eukaryotes and many bacteria. It is important for the production of dimethylallyl pyrophosphate DMAPP and isopentenyl pyrophosphate IPP , which serve as the basis for the biosynthesis of molecules used in processes as diverse as terpenoid synthesis, protein prenylation , cell membrane maintenance, hormone s, lipid anchored protein protein anchoring , and glycosylation N glycosylation . It is also a part of steroid biosynthesis . Regulation and feedback Several key enzymes can be activated through DNA transcription al regulation on activation of SREBP sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 and 2 . This intracellular sensor detects low cholesterol levels and stimulates endogenous production by the HMG CoA reductase pathway, as well as increasing lipoprotein uptake by up regulating the LDL receptor LDL receptor . Regulation of this pathway is also achieved by controlling the rate of translation of the mRNA, degradation of reductase and phosphorylation. For more information on regulation, see HMG CoA reductase Pharmacology A number of medication drugs target the mevalonate pathway Statin s used to hypercholesterolemia decrease cholesterol levels Bisphosphonate s used to treat various bone degenerative diseases Alternative Plant ... terpenoids using an additional alternative pathway called the methylerythritol phosphate MEP or non mevalonate pathway , which takes place in their plastid s. In addition, most bacteria including important ... pathway instead. Reactions class wikitable Reaction Diagram Enzyme Acetyl CoA citric acid cycle ... KM, Hohl RJ. Anti cancer therapy targeting the mevalonate pathway. Curr Cancer Drug Targets ... more details
Aminoshikimate pathway is a novel variation of the shikimate pathway. The aminoshikimate pathway was first discovered and studied in rifamycin B producer Amycolatopsis mediterranei . Its end product, 3 amino 5 hydroxybenzoate, serves as an initiator for polyketide synthases in the biosynthesis of ansamycin s. ref cite journal author Floss, H. G. title Natural products derived from unusual variants of the shikimate pathway. journal Nat Prod Rep. year 1997 volume 14 pages 433 452 url http www.rsc.org publishing journals NP article.asp?doi NP9971400433 doi 10.1039 np9971400433 pmid 9364776 issue 5 ref Overview Floss and coworkers identified the gene cluster associated with the Aminoshikimate pathway in Amycolatopsis mediterranei . ref cite journal author August, P. R. tang, L. Yoon, Y. J. Ning, S. Muller, R. Yu, T. W. Taylor, M. Hoffmann, D. Kim, C. G. Zhang, X. Hutchinson, C. R. Floss, H. G.. title Biosynthesis of the ansamycin antibiotic rifamycin deductions from the molecular analysis of the rif biosynthetic gene cluster of Amycolatopsis mediterranei S699 journal Chem. And Biol. year 1998 volume 5 issue 2 pages 69 79 url http www.cell.com chemistry biology abstract S1074 5521 98 90141 7 doi 10.1016 S1074 5521 98 90141 7 ref The enzyme catalyzed condensation of 1 deoxy 1 imino d erythrose 4 phosphate with phosphoenolpyruvate to form 4 amino 3,4 dideoxy D arabino heptulosonic acid 7 phosphate has been proposed to be the first committed step in the aminoshikimate pathway. Guo and Frost ... Pathway journal J. Am. Chem. Soc. year 2002 volume 124 pages 528 529 url http pubs.acs.org doi full ... has been directly implicated by Guo and Frost as the source of the aminoshikimate pathway s nitrogen ... of the Aminoshikimate Pathway s Nitrogen Atom journal J. Am. Chem. Soc. year 2002 volume 124 pages ... issue 36 ref Image Aminoshikimate pathway 1.png center Uses Aminoshikimate pathway has been assembled ... References reflist 6 Category Metabolic pathways ... more details
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