Multiple issues one source November 2008 cleanup November 2008 refimprove November 2008 Metaknowledge or meta knowledge is knowledge about a preselected knowledge. For the reason of different definitions of knowledge in the subject matter literature, meta information is or is not included in meta knowledge. Detailed cognitive, systemic and epistemology epistemic study of human knowledge requires a distinguishing of these concepts. but in the common language knowledge includes information, and, for example, bibliographic data are considered as a meta knowledge. Meta knowledge is a fundamental conceptual instrument in such research and scientific domains as, knowledge engineering , knowledge management , and others dealing with study and operations on knowledge, seen as a unified object philosophy object entities, abstracted from local conceptualizations and terminologies. Examples of the first level individual meta knowledge are methods of planning, modeling, knowledge tags tagging , learning and every modification of a domain knowledge . Of course, universal meta knowledge frameworks have to be valid for the organization of meta levels of individual meta knowledge. Put simpler, metaknowledge may be linked to knowledge you need but you don t yet possess it is a cluster of definitions and methods aiming to guide you in gathering the pertinent knowledge with regard to your activity. See also Epistemic logic Knowledge Meta Metaprogramming in Computer Science Metahistory , a book by Hayden White Meta philosophy Meta epistemology Metalogic Metamathematics Metaphysics Meta ethics Meta ontology Metatheory meta theory Metadata No footnotes date December 2009 Reflist External links http logic.stanford.edu kif metaknowledge.html Knowledge Interchange Format Reference Manual Chapter 7 Metaknowledge, Stanford University http ai.eecs.umich.edu cogarch0 common prop metaknow.html A Survey of Cognitive and Agent Architectures Meta knowledge, University of Michigan Category Knowledge ... more details
Cleanup date October 2007 Franz Josef Radermacher is a Germany German mathematician and economist , Professor of Informatics academic field Informatics at Ulm University . He is one of the co founders of the Global Marshall Plan Initiative that suggests a socio ecological plan to eradicate poverty, increasing global wealth while protecting natural resources. Scientific career Radermacher earned a PhD in Mathematics from RWTH Aachen in 1974. He earned a second PhD in Economics from the University of Karlsruhe in 1976. ref http www.globalmarshallplan.org e5159 e5162 e5429 cv radermacher e eng.doc ref From 1983 till 1987, Radermacher was Professor for Applied Computer Science at the University of Passau . Since 1987 he is Professor for Artificial Intelligence and Databases at the University of Ulm . From 1988 till 1992 he was the President of the Society for Mathematics, Economics and Operations Research. Radermacher is a world renowned expert in the fields of globalization, innovation, overpopulation and global sustainable development. He was awarded the Planetary Consciousness Prize in 2004 by the Club of Budapest . ref http www.clubofbudapest.org p aw radermacher.php ref Publications FJ Radermacher The Importance of Metaknowledge for Environmental Information Systems, Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Advances in Spatial Databases RH M hring, R M ller and FJ Radermacher Advanced DSS for scheduling software engineering aspects and the role of Eigenmodels, Annals of Operations Research RH Mohring, FJ Radermacher Introduction to stochastic scheduling problems, Contributions to operations research R Kalakota, FJ Radermacher Electronic commerce building blocks of new business opportunity, Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce M Bartusch, RH Mohring, FJ Radermacher M Machine Unit Time Scheduling A Report on Ongoing Research, Lecture notes in economics and mathematical systems O G nther, FJ Radermacher, WF Riekert Environmental moni ... more details
distinguish2 the Prop dia volume of the Encyclop dia Britannica, part of which is titled Outline of Knowledge The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide knowledge Knowledge &ndash familiarity with someone or something, which can include fact s, information , description s, and or skills acquired through experience or education . It can refer to the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject. It can be implicit as with practical skill or expertise or explicit as with the theoretical understanding of a subject and it can be more or less formal or systematic. ref http oxforddictionaries.com view entry m en us1261368 m en us1261368 ref Types of knowledge A priori and a posteriori A priori and a posteriori knowledge Descriptive knowledge Extelligence Experience Libre knowledge Metaknowledge knowledge about knowledge Procedural knowledge Self knowledge psychology Self knowledge Tacit knowledge Management of knowledge Knowledge acquisition Methods for attaining knowledge include Exploration Outline of space exploration Space exploration Revelation Research Outline of scientific method Scientific method Experimentation Learning Reading process Reading Study skills Studying Knowledge building Knowledge building communities Rejection Knowledge storage Knowledge can be stored in Book s Knowledge base s Wikipedia Knowledge representation AI Library Libraries Memory Knowledge retrieval Stored knowledge can be retrieved by Knowledge retrieval Knowledge discovery Knowledge transfer Reading process Reading Recollection History of the knowledge of humankind Historiography History of history History of exploration History of space exploration History of invention History of philosophy History of science Politics of knowledge Access to Knowledge movement Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities New encyclopedism Open access publishing Open access Knowledge of humankind Humanities Outline of classical studies Clas ... more details
Disputed date November 2011 Deleted image removed File Crocodile Dilemma.PNG thumb right x250px Diagram explaining the Croc s dilemma The Crocodile Dilemma is an unsolvable problem in logic . ref name Wolf cite web url http mathworld.wolfram.com CrocodilesDilemma.html title Crococile Dilemma MathWorld accessdate 2009 09 05 last Barile first Margherita ref Dubious date November 2011 The premise states that a crocodile who has stolen a child promises the father that his son will be returned if and only if he can correctly predict whether or not the crocodile will return the child. The transaction is logically smooth but unpredictable if the father guesses that the child will be returned, but a dilemma arises for the crocodile if he guesses that the child will not be returned. class wikitable If the Crocodile decides to KEEP the child, and the Father predicted the child would be KEPT then the outcome is A PARADOX. If the Crocodile decides to KEEP the child, and the Father predicted the child would be RETURNED then the outcome is THE CHILD IS KEPT. If the Crocodile decides to RETURN the child, and the Father predicted the child would be RETURNED then the outcome is THE CHILD IS RETURNED. If the Crocodile decides to RETURN the child, and the Father predicted the child would be KEPT then the outcome is A PARADOX. The question of what the crocodile should do is therefore paradox ical, and there is no justifiable solution. ref name lect cite book title Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence publisher Springer Verlag year 1989 isbn 3540530827 page 14 editor J. Siekmann ref ref cite book title Traveling East publisher iUniverse year 2005 first Ronald E last Young isbn 0595795846 pages 8 9 ref ref cite book title Murray s Compendium of logic year 1847 first Richard last Murray page 159 ref The Crocodile Dilemma serves to expose some of the logical problems presented by metaknowledge . In this regard, it is similar in construction to the unexpected hanging paradox , which Ric ... more details
past memory and capacity for future problem solving. Metaknowledge characterizes how knowledge content ... collaboration. ref Evans, J.A. and Foster, J.G. 2011 Metaknowledge. Science. vol. 331. 11 February ... more details
In artificial intelligence , a procedural reasoning system PRS is a framework for constructing real time reasoning systems that can perform complex tasks in dynamic environments. It is based on the notion of a rational agent or intelligent agent using the belief desire intention software model . A user application is predominately defined, and provided to a PRS system is a set of knowledge areas . Each knowledge area is a piece of procedural knowledge that specifies how to do something, e.g., how to navigate down a corridor, or how to plan a path in contrast with robotic architectures where the computer programmer programmer just provides a model of what the states of the world are and how the agent s primitive actions affect them . Such a program, together with a PRS interpreter computing interpreter , is used to control the agent. The interpreter is responsible for maintaining beliefs about the world state, choosing which goals to attempt to achieve next, and choosing which knowledge area to apply in the current situation. How exactly these operations are performed might depend on domain specific metaknowledge meta level knowledge areas. Unlike traditional computer planning AI planning systems that generate a complete plan at the beginning, and replan if unexpected things happen, PRS interleaves planning and doing actions in the world. At any point, the system might only have a partially specified plan for the future. PRS is based on the BDI software agent BDI or belief desire intention framework for intelligent agents. Beliefs consist of what the agent believes to be true about the current state of the world, desires consist of the agent s goals, and intentions consist of the agent s current plans for achieving those goals. Furthermore, each of these three components is typically explicitly represented somewhere within the memory of the PRS agent at runtime, which is in contrast to purely reactive systems, such as the subsumption architecture . History The PRS co ... more details
Index of philosophy header I nowrap begin I m entitled to my opinion w I Ching w I Thou w I Thou relationship w I Am a Strange Loop w I and thou w I and Thou w I Ching w I Heart Huckabees w I Hope I Shall Arrive Soon w I know it when I see it w I know that I know nothing w I problemi della guerra e le vie della pace w I. A. Richards w Iain Hamilton Grant w Iamblichus w Iamblichus philosopher w Ian Bone w Ian Buchanan philosopher w Ian Hacking w Ian Ramsey w Ian Robinson rationalist w Ian Thomas Ramsey w Iatrogenesis w Abu Bakr ibn al Arabi Ibn al Arabi w Ibn al Nafis w Ibn al Rawandi w Ibn ar Rawandi w Ibn Arabi w Ibn Bajjah w Ibn Daud w Ibn Falaquera w Ibn Gabirol w Ibn Hazm w Ibn Kammuna w Ibn Khaldun w Ibn Khald n w Ibn Masarra w Ibn Masarrah w Ibn Miskawayh w Ibn Rushd w Ibn Sabin w Ibn Sina w Ibn S n w Ibn Taymiya w Ibn Taymiyyah w Ibn Tufail w Ibn ufayl w Ibn Tzaddik w brahim Hakk Erzurumi w brahim zdemir w Ichthyas w Icon w Id, ego and super ego w Ida Mett w Idea w Idea for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Purpose w Idea of Progress w Ideal ethics w Ideal language w Ideal observer theory w Ideal speech situation w Ideal type w Idealism w Idealistic pluralism w Idealistic Studies w Idealization w Idea s w Ideas and Action w Ideas Have Consequences w Id e re ue w Idempotency of entailment w Identity philosophy w Identity and change w Identity formation w Identity Formation, Agency, and Culture w Identity of indiscernibles w Identity politics w Identity theory of mind w Identity thesis w Identityism w Ideographic w Ideological assumption w Ideological repression w Ideology w Ideomotor effect w Idiolect w Idios kosmos w Idol philosophy w Idolon tribus w Idols of the cave w Idols of the mind w Idols of the tribe w Idomeneus of Lampsacus w Ietsism w Conditional clause If w If by whiskey w If a tree falls in a forest w If and only if w Iff w Ignacio de Arbieto w Ignacio Ellacur a w Ignoramus et ignorabimus w Ignoratio elenchi w Ignosticism w Ignotum per ... more details
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