A metapopulation consists of a group of spatially separated population s of the same species which interact at some level. The term metapopulation was coined by Richard Levins in 1970 to describe a model ... ref A metapopulation is generally considered to consist of several distinct populations together with areas of suitable habitat which are currently unoccupied. In classical metapopulation theory, each ... have finite life spans, the metapopulation as a whole is often stable because immigrants from ... of metapopulation theory, in conjunction with the development of source sink dynamics , emphasised ... populations may be able to do this. Metapopulation theory was first developed for terrestrial ecosystems ... is equivalent to the metapopulation science term local population . Most marine examples are provided ... and recruitment from other local populations in the larger metapopulation. Kritzer & Sale have argued against strict application of the metapopulation definitional criteria that extinction risks to local populations must be non negligible. ref name Kritzer06 rp 32 An important contributor to metapopulation ... issue 6111 pages 388 doi 10.1038 326388a0 bibcode 1987Natur.326..388K ref Although the term metapopulation ... would later describe the conditions of a metapopulation relating to how groups of spatially separated ... population dynamics. ref Janssen, A. et al. 1997. Metapopulation Dynamics of a Persisting Predator ... members of species can move between patches, this is beneficial for survival of metapopulation because it allows recolonization of patches The Levins model Levins original model applied to a metapopulation ... of early experimentation in metapopulation dynamics. Since the experiments of Huffaker ref name ... , whereas the fundamental metapopulation processes are stochastic . Metapopulations are particularly ... November title Extinction Thresholds and Metapopulation Persistence in Dynamic Landscapes journal ..., metapopulation models must include a the finite nature of metapopulations how many patches ... more details
Applications Vol.12, No.2, pp.346 353. ref Mathematical Models Metapopulation type models are used to predict extinction thresholds. The classic metapopulation model is the Levins Model , which is the model of metapopulation dynamics established by Richard Levins in the 1960s. It was used to evaluate ... and stochastic metapopulation models. Deterministic Deterministic metapopulation models assume that there are an infinite number of habitat patches available and predict that the metapopulation will go ... ETMM Stochastic Stochastic metapopulation models take into account stochasticity, which is the non deterministic or random processes in nature. With this approach a metapopulation may be above the threshold ... ETMM The complex nature of these models can result in a small metapopulation that is considered to be above ... name ETMM Other Factors When using metapopulation type models to predict extinction thresholds there are a number ... threshold because of instability in either the metapopulation or environmental conditions, is also ... may be less able to sustain a metapopulation than previously understood without considering ... more details
Unreferenced stub type plant auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 Taxobox name Linaria ricardoi regnum Plantae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Asterids ordo Lamiales familia Plantaginaceae genus Linaria species L. ricardoi binomial Linaria ricardoi binomial authority P.Cout. Linaria ricardoi is a very rare Portuguese endemic plant species. This species main distribution area is near Beja region Baixo Alentejo and blossoms in March to May. There are only a few known populations of the Linaria ricardoi distributed in a metapopulation, and it faces risk of extinction due to land use change. Category Plantaginaceae az Linaria ricardoi es Linaria ricardoi ... more details
An ecological metacommunity can be described in a literal sense as a community of ecological communities . More formally, a metacommunity is defined as a set of local communities that are linked by dispersal of multiple, potentially interacting species. ref Gilpin, M.E. and I.A. Hanksi 1991 . Metapopulation dynamics Empirical and Theoretical Investigations . Academic Press, London. ref ref Wilson, D.S. 1992 . Complex interactions in metacommunities, with implications for biodiversity and higher levels of selection. Ecology , 73 1984 2000. ref ref Leibold, M.A., M. Holyoak, N. Moquet and others 2004 . The metacommunity concept a framework for multi scale community ecology. Ecology Letters, 7 601 613. ref The term is derived from the field of community ecology , which is primarily concerned with patterns of species distribution, abundance and interactions. There are four theoretical frameworks, or unifying themes, that each detail specific mechanistic processes useful for predicting empirical community patterns. These are the patch dynamics , species sorting , source sink or mass effect and neutral model frameworks. Patch dynamics models describe species composition among multiple, identical patches, such as islands, and emphasizes colonization competitive ability trade offs. Species sorting models describe variation in abundance and composition within the metacommunity due to individual species responses to environmental heterogeneity, such that certain local conditions may favor certain species and not others. This model represents the classical theories of the niche centric era of G. Evelyn Hutchinson and Robert MacArthur . Source sink models describe a framework in which dispersal and environmental heterogeneity interact to determine local and regional abundance and composition. This framework is derived from the metapopulation ecology term describing source sink dynamics at the population level. Finally, the neutral perspective describes a framework where species ... more details
Disputed date March 2008 A Psilon is a unit of length that is equal to 44 manly strides or, less precisely, 0.025 miles a quarter of a tenth of a mile or 40 meters . The Psilon is best known as the official unit of measurement during the censusing of plants in the genus Silene see Silene in a metapopulation surrounding Mountain Lake Biological Station in Giles County, Virginia . ref Thrall, P.H. & Antonovics, J.A. THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL STUDIES OF METAPOPULATIONS POPULATION AND GENETIC DYNAMICS OF THE SILENE USTILAGO SYSTEM , pg S1249 S1258 . Canadian Journal of Botany, 1995. ref ref D.E. McCauley. http jhered.oxfordjournals.org cgi reprint 88 4 257 a.pdf The Relative Contributions of Seed and Pollen Movement to the Local Genetic Structure of Silene alba , pg 257 263. Journal of Heredity, 1997 ref ref http mlbs.org download Newsletters Echoes Fall Winter 2010.pdf Echoes , the MLBS Newsletter Fall Winter 2010 ref Etymology Derived from the Latin Silene. References reflist 1 See also List of unusual units of measurement Category Units of length ... more details
Definition valign top Species population All individuals of a species. valign top Metapopulation ... ref Metapopulation main Metapopulation Populations are also studied and conceptualized through the metapopulation concept. The metapopulation concept was introduced in 1969 ref name Levins69 Cite ... AMS Bookstore isbn 9780821811528 ref rp 105 blockquote Metapopulation ecology is a simplified ... Hanski first I. title Metapopulation dynamics journal Nature volume 396 pages 41 49 year 1998 url ... migrants. In metapopulation terminology there are emigrants individuals that leave a patch and immigrants individuals that move into a patch . Metapopulation models examine patch dynamics over time to answer questions about spatial and demographic ecology. An important concept in metapopulation ecology ... influx of new immigrants. Metapopulation structure evolves from year to year, where some patches ... utilize a mixture of computer models and field studies to explain metapopulation structure. ref name ... more details
image Isocline 3.png thumb right 300px Fig. 1 Isoclines blue , slope field black , and some solution curves red of y xy An Isocline is a curve through points at which the parent function s slope will always be the same, regardless of initial conditions. The word comes from the Greek language Greek words Isos meaning same and Klisi meaning slope . It is often used as a graphical method of solving ordinary differential equations . In an equation of the form y f x , y , the isoclines are lines in the x , y plane obtained by setting f x , y equal to a constant. This gives a series of lines for different constants along which the solution curves have the same gradient. By calculating this gradient for each isocline, the slope field can be visualised making it relatively easy to sketch approximate solution curves as in fig. 1. In population dynamics refers to the set of population sizes at which the rate of change, or partial derivative, for one population in a pair of interacting populations is zero. References Hanski, I. 1999 Metapopulation Ecology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 43 46. http mathworld.wolfram.com Isocline.html Mathworld Isocline Category ordinary differential equations de Isokline is Jafnhallaferill pt Is clina ru fr Isocline ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 Ecology is a broad biological science and can be divided into many sub disciplines using various criteria. Many of these fields overlap, complement and inform each other. Indeed, few of these disciplines exist in isolation. For example, the population ecology of an organism is a consequence of its behavioral ecology and intimately tied to its community ecology . Methods from molecular ecology might inform the study of the population, and all kinds of data are modeled and analyzed using quantitative ecology techniques. When discussing the study of a single species, a distinction is usually made between its biology and its ecology . For example, polar bear biology might include the study of the polar bear s physiology , morphology biology morphology , pathology and ontogeny , whereas polar bear ecology would include a study of its prey species, its population and metapopulation status, distribution, dependence on environmental conditions, etc. In that sense, there can be as many subdisciplines of ecology as there are species to study. Other criteria Ecology can also be classified on the basis of the primary kinds of organism under study, e.g. animal ecology , plant ecology , insect ecology the biomes principally studied, e.g. forest ecology , grassland ecology , desert ecology , benthic ecology , marine ecology , urban ecology the geographic or climatic area, e.g. arctic ecology , tropical ecology the spatial scale under consideration, e.g. macroecology , landscape ecology the philosophical approach, e.g. systems ecology which adopts a holistic approach the methods used, e.g. molecular ecology . List of subdisciplines Specialized branches of ecology include, among others DEFAULTSORT Ecology Disciplines Category Ecology ... more details
Gap analysis ref Scott, J.M. and Schipper, J. 2006. Gap analysis a spatial tool for conservation planning. Pp. 518 519 in M.J. Groom, G.K. Meffe, C. Ronald Carroll and Contributors. Principles of Conservation Biology 3rd ed. . Sunderland, MA Sinauer. ref is a tool used in wildlife conservation to identify gaps in conservation lands e.g., protected area s and nature reserve s or other wildlands where significant plant and animal species and their habitat or important ecological features occur. Conservation managers or scientists can use it as a basis for providing recommendations to improve the representativeness of nature reserves or the effectiveness of protected areas so that these areas provide the best value for conserving biodiversity biological diversity . With the information that a gap analysis yields, the boundaries of protected areas may be designed to subsume gaps containing significant populations of wildlife species that can enhance the long term survival of a larger metapopulation of the species already within the managed or protected area, or to include a diversity of wildlife species or ecosystem s that merit protection but are inadequately represented in an existing protected area network. Gap assessments can be done using the geographic information system land maps that delineate topography, biological and geological features forest cover, plains, rivers, etc. , boundaries, land ownership and use are overlaid with the distribution of wildlife species. How much of the species distribution fall within or without the conservation lands, or within a highly exploited area etc. can be identified. ref Clem Tisdell Tisdell, C. , Wilson, C. and Swarna Nantha, H. 2005. Policies for saving a rare Australian glider economics and ecology. Biological Conservation 123 2 237 248. ref ref Fearnside, P.M. and Ferraz, J. 1995. A conservation gap analysis of Brazil s Amazonian vegetation. Conservation Biology 9 5 1134 1147. ref References reflist Category Conservation ... more details
Orphan date December 2011 Bryan Thomas Grenfell OBE , Fellow of the Royal Society FRS is a British biologist , and Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Public Affairs, at Princeton University . ref http www.princeton.edu eeb people display person.xml?netid grenfell&display All ref He was awarded a 1991 T.H. Huxley Medal from the Imperial College London , and a 1995 Scientific Medal of the Zoological Society of London . Life He earned a BS with honors from the Imperial College London, and PhD in biology from the University of York in 1980. ref http science.psu.edu journal Summer2005 NewFacSum05.htm ref He taught at the University of Cambridge . ref http www.zoo.cam.ac.uk zoostaff grenfell people people.htm ref He was Alumni Professor of Biology, at Pennsylvania State University . ref http www.personal.psu.edu faculty b t btg2 ref He is a affiliate of the Center for Health and Wellbeing. ref http www.princeton.edu chw about people faculty ref Works Measles Nonlinearity and Stochasticity in an Epidemic Metapopulation , Oxford University Press, 2008, ISBN 978 0 19 853006 0 cite book url http books.google.com books?id G61PPklqehsC&printsec frontcover&dq inauthor 22B. T. Grenfell 22&hl en&sa X&ei HUf2TvGKCaHW2wWW rSfAg&ved 0CDMQ6AEwAA v onepage&q inauthor 3A 22B. 20T. 20Grenfell 22&f false title Ecology of infectious diseases in natural populations editors B. T. Grenfell, A. P. Dobson publisher Cambridge University Press year 1995 isbn 978 0 521 46502 1 References reflist External links http www.cidd.psu.edu people btg2 Bryan Grenfell Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Grenfell, Bryan ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION British biologist DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Grenfell, Bryan Category British biologists Category Officers of the Order of the British Empire Category Fellows of the Royal Society Category Alumni of Imperial College London Category Alumni of the University of York Category Academics o ... more details
of causal feedback loops. Metapopulation theory The term metapopulation was coined by Levins in 1969 ... of local populations i.e., the metapopulation depends on the balance between extinctions and colonizations ... as Metapopulation The Levins model the Levins model , to describe the dynamics of average patch occupancy in such systems. Metapopulation theory has since become an important area of spatial ecology ... more details
Metapopulation Phoresy Population modeling Population distribution Population ecology Rafting ... Biology. Sunderland MA Sinauer Associates, Inc. 793 p. Hanski, I. 1999 . Metapopulation Ecology, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Hanski, I. & Gilpin, M. E. eds. 1997 . Metapopulation biology ecology ... more details
For the same species living closely together Colony biology Colonisation is the process in biology by which a species spreads into new areas, regions, and continent s. It is sometimes also referred to as immigration , but colonisation often refers to successful immigration with integration to a community ecology community , having resisted initial local extinction Citation needed date September 2010 . One classic Scientific modelling model in biogeography posits that species must continue to colonize new areas through its Biological life cycle life cycle called a taxon cycle in order to achieve longevity . ref Wilson, E.O. 1962 The nature of the Taxon Cycle in Melanesian ant fauna http www.zoology.siu.edu sears Wilson1961.pdf The American Naturalist ref Accordingly, colonisation and extinction are key components of island biogeography , a theory that has many applications in ecology , such as analysis of metapopulation s. . Scales The term can be used to describe colonisation on biofilm scales the formation of communities of microorganism s on surfaces. small scales colonising new sites, perhaps as a result of environmental change . large scales where a species expands its range biology range to encompass new areas. This can be via a series of small encroachments or by long distance Biological dispersal dispersal . The term range expansion is often used. Means The term is generally only used to refer to the spread into new areas by natural means, as opposed to introduction or translocation by human agency, potentially becoming invasive species or introduced species . Species colonization events Some large scale notable colonization events in the 20th Century are Birds the colonisation of the New World by the Cattle Egret the colonisation of United Kingdom Britain by the Little Egret the colonisation of the Atlantic Seaboard East Coast of North America by the Brewer s Blackbird the colonisation westwards spread across Europe of the Collared Dove Dragonflies Dragonfly ... more details
The African Wild Dog Conservancy AWD Conservancy is a non profit , 501 c 3 , non governmental organization , working with local communities, and national and international stakeholders, to conserve the African wild dog through scientific research and education. Community Project The AWD Conservancy has a community based conservation project in the North Eastern Province Kenya North Eastern and Coast provinces of Kenya in two biodiversity hotspots . This region is rich mosaic of protected areas and community lands under extreme threat, with at least 70 of the original habitat degraded. Due to past civil strife little is known about the many threatened species there. This area is a potentially significant refuge for wild dogs and an important corridor for the metapopulation of the Horn of Africa , as well as for other threatened wildlife species. Virtually nothing is known about the conservation status and ecology of wild dogs in this region, including their interactions with people. This project has been identified as a wild dog conservation priority by the IUCN SSC Canid Specialist Group ref Sillero Zubiri, C., Hoffmann, M. and Macdonald, D.W. 2004 Canids Foxes, Wolves, Jackals and Dogs Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN SSC Canid Specialist Group, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK, pp. 335 336 http www.canids.org cap index.htm On line Copy of the Action Plan ref and the American Zoo and Aquarium Association AZA Wild Dog Species Survival Program. ref African Wild Dog SSP Report , http www.africanwilddogssp.com ssp documents SSP Report 2007.pdf. ref Partners Kenya Wildlife Service KWS an affiliate organization, the KWS opened local offices in the region in 2011. KWS is providing logistical support and coordinating field operations. WomanKind Kenya Wokike Wokike is a non governmental organization founded in 1989 by local Kenyan Somali pastoral women in the North Eastern Province. It exists to empower the most vulnerable members of the community, ... more details
taxobox image Cordylanthus palmatus.jpg status LE status system ESA regnum Plantae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Asterids ordo Lamiales familia Orobanchaceae genus Cordylanthus species C. palmatus binomial Cordylanthus palmatus binomial authority Asa Gray A.Gray Cordylanthus palmatus is a rare species of flowering plant in the Orobanchaceae broomrape family known by the common names palmate bird s beak and palmbract bird s beak . It is Endemism endemic to the Central Valley California Central Valley of California , where it is known from a few remaining occurrences in the rare alkali sink habitat type. The plant is limited to seasonally flooded flats with saline soil saline and alkali soil alkaline soils , where it grows with other halophyte s such as Allenrolfea occidentalis iodine bush and Frankenia salina alkali heath . ref name csustan http esrp.csustan.edu speciesprofiles profile.php?sp copa CSU Stanislaus Endangered Species Recovery Program ref It is a federally listed endangered species . The main threat to its existence is the destruction of its already naturally limited habitat for agriculture and development, with other adverse effects from alteration in hydrology , off road vehicle s, and grazing of livestock. ref name csustan ref http cnps.web.aplus.net cgi bin inv inventory.cgi Go? id cordylanthus palmatus&sort DEFAULT&search Cordylanthus 20palmatus California Native Plant Society Rare Plant Profile ref The plant is currently known from 21 locations ref name fws http www.fws.gov sacramento es plant spp accts palmate bracted birds beak.htm Sacramento Fish & Wildlife ref in seven metapopulation s. ref name csustan This is an annual herb growing 10 to 30 centimeters tall. It is gray green in color, glandular, and coated with hairs. It is often encrusted with salt crystals it has excreted. The sparse leaves are oblong and sometimes have lobes along the edges. The inflorescence is a dense columnar spike of flowers up to ... more details
taxobox status G2 status system TNC regnum Plantae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Asterids ordo Asterales familia Asteraceae tribus Inuleae genus Stylocline species S. citroleum binomial Stylocline citroleum binomial authority Morefield Stylocline citroleum is a rare species of flowering plant in the Asteraceae aster family known by the common name oil neststraw . Distribution It is Endemism endemic to Kern County, California , where it is known from about 46 occurrences on and around the Elk Hills Oil Field . The occurrences are patchy and variable in size, and some sources consider them to be part of a single widely spread metapopulation . ref name tnc http www.natureserve.org explorer servlet NatureServe?searchName Stylocline citroleum The Nature Conservancy ref The species has been collected from coastal San Diego County, California San Diego County , but any occurrences there are probably now local extinction extirpated . ref name tnc ref name fna http www.efloras.org florataxon.aspx?flora id 1&taxon id 250067617 Flora of North America ref The plant has been known for over one hundred years, and the type specimen was collected in 1935, but it was not described to science as a distinct species until 1992. ref name csus http esrp.csustan.edu publications pubhtml.php?doc sjvrp&file chapter02G13.html San Joaquin Valley Endangered Species Recovery Program . CSU Stanislaus. ref ref name more Morefield, J. D. 1992 . Three new species of Stylocline Asteraceae Inuleae from California and the Mojave Desert. Madro o 39 114 130. ref Stylocline citroleum grows in the valley saltbush scrub ecosystem in the sandy flats and clay soils of the San Joaquin Valley in areas developed into oil field s, the inspiration for the common name common and scientific name s of the species. ref name csus The plant probably evolved as a Hybrid biology hybrid of Stylocline gnaphaloides mountain neststraw Stylocline gnaphaloides and Filago californica Calif ... more details
statellite hypothesis Bimodality may be generated by colonization extinction metapopulation dynamics ... to explain the range structure of a community that is influenced by metapopulation processes ... immigration and extinction parameters. ref name Tokeshi1992 ref name Scheiner1997 The metapopulation ... Mats Gyllenberg month July year 1993 title Two general metapopulation models and the core satellite ... Jos M. Rey Benayas year 1997 title Placing empirical limits on metapopulation models for terrestrial ... more details
metapopulation. American Naturalist 148 957 975. ref were able to do just that, taking advantage ... Source Sink Dynamics with Alternative States in a Butterfly Metapopulation. Ecology journal Ecology .... Source sink dynamics has also been incorporated into studies of metapopulation s, a group of populations ... of the metapopulation depends on the ability of patches to be re colonized. As long as there are source ... in the metapopulation to grow beyond what the source could support, providing a reserve of individuals ... trap Conservation biology Ecology Landscape ecology Metapopulation Population dynamics Population ... more details
Taxobox name Warner Sucker status VU status system IUCN2.3 image Catostomus warnerensis.jpg regnum Animalia phylum Chordata classis Actinopterygii ordo Cypriniformes familia Catostomidae genus Catostomus species C. warnerensis binomial Catostomus warnerensis binomial authority John Otterbein Snyder Snyder , 1908 The Warner Sucker Catostomus warnerensis is a rare species of ray finned fish in the Catostomidae family. Native to Oregon in the United States and found only in the Warner Lakes Warner Basin , its distribution extends just into Nevada ref name tnc http www.natureserve.org explorer servlet NatureServe?searchName Catostomus warnerensis Catostomus warnerensis . The Nature Conservancy. ref and California . ref name five USFWS. http ecos.fws.gov docs five year review doc3356.pdf Catostomus warnerensis Five year Review. August 2010. ref It is a federally listed threatened species. Its other common name is redhorse . ref name ebf Williams, J. E. 1995 . http www.springerlink.com content r1w01262r483742h Threatened fishes of the world Catostomus warnerensis Snyder, 1908 Catostomidae . Environmental Biology of Fishes 44 4 346. ref This Catostomidae sucker is up to about 40 centimeters in length. It has a dark back and sides and a white belly. The male and some females take on a bright red wash along the sides during the spawning season. The fish spawns in the creeks when they are full in the spring, as well as in canals and on lakeshores. The fish can reach the age of twenty. ref name ebf It becomes sexually mature at three or four. ref name tnc This fish is native to shallow lakes and associated marsh es and intermittent lakes and creeks in the Warner Valley of Lake County, Oregon . It has been seen in Twelvemile Creek just over the border in Nevada ref name ebf and West Barrel Creek within California state lines. ref name five It was historically quite abundant in the valley. ref name ebf There is only one metapopulation of the fish, made up of several subpopulatio ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
