Evolutionary biology Microevolution is the changes in allele frequencies that occur over time within a population. ref name talkorigins http evolution.berkeley.edu evolibrary article 0 0 evoscales 02 Microevolution What is microevolution? ref This change is due to four different processes mutation , selection natural selection natural and artificial selection artificial , gene flow , and genetic drift ... of the process of microevolution. Ecological genetics concerns itself with observing microevolution in the wild. Typically, observable instances of evolution are examples of microevolution for example, bacteria l strains that have antibiotic resistance . Contrast with Macroevolution Microevolution ... frequencies in a population over a geological time period i.e. consisting of extended microevolution . The difference is largely one of approach. Microevolution is reductionist , but macroevolution is holistic ... as the sum of long periods of microevolution, and thus the two are qualitatively identical while ... of the term Origin The term microevolution was first used by botanist Robert Greenleaf Leavitt ... no one has dissipated the mystery in any significant measure. This microevolution forms an integral ... Entomologist Yuri Filipchenko used the terms macroevolution and microevolution in 1927 in his German ... of Species 1937 . ref name talkorigins Misuse See also Speciation The term microevolution has recently ... changes among populations which can interbreed microevolution and changes among populations which ... between microevolution and macroevolution is considered to have no scientific basis by any mainstream ... Archive ref The claim that microevolution is qualitatively different from macroevolution is incorrect ... indexcc CB CB902.html Claim CB902 Microevolution is distinct from macroevolution , TalkOrigins ... evolibrary article 0 0 0 evo 36 Microevolution UC Berkeley http atheism.about.com od evolutionexplained a micro macro.htm Microevolution vs Macroevolution evolution Category Population ... more details
The phrase horizontal evolution is used in evolutionary biology to refer to Concerted evolution , whereby individual members of a DNA family within one species are more closely related to each other than to members of the same type of DNA family in other species ref EG Primary sequence of baboon CR1 demonstrates concerted evolution within the CR1 gene , Clemenza et al. doi 10.1016 S0161 5890 97 00040 0 ref Horizontal gene transfer , where genes are transferred from one organism to another by means other than genes received from an ancestor ref EG Evolution of Aminoacyl tRNA Synthetases Analysis of Unique Domain Architectures and Phylogenetic Trees Reveals a Complex History of Horizontal Gene Transfer Events , Wolf et al. doi 10.1101 gr.9.8.689 ref It is sometimes used by creationists as a synonym for Microevolution , development of genetic changes below the speciation threshold ref EG http www.icr.org article microwave evolution The Microwave of Evolution , Henry Morris, Institute for Creation Research ref References references Category Evolutionary biology ... more details
microevolution and macroevolution journal Nature volume 457 issue 7231 pages 837 42 year 2009 month ... Yuri Filipchenko first coined the terms macroevolution and microevolution in 1927 in his German ... of the term describes it as changes occurring on geological time scales, in contrast to microevolution ... of as the compounded effects of microevolution. ref name Kutschera Cite journal author Kutschera U ... to occur. They may accept that evolutionary change is possible within species microevolution , but deny ... macroevolution and microevolution relate to the same processes operating at different scales ... scientific usage, acknowledging well observed evolution as microevolution and denying that macroevolution takes place. ref name talkorigins ref http www.talkorigins.org indexcc CB CB902.html CB902 Microevolution ... accepted by scientists is any change at the species level or above phyla, group, etc. and microevolution ... evolutionary change as just microevolution . ref name Matzke See also List of transitional fossils Transitional fossil Microevolution Speciation References Reflist Darwin, Origin of Species, New ... more details
Expand Estonian Zooloogia ja Botaanika Instituut date December 2008 The Estonian Institute of Zoology and Botany Estonian language Estonian Zooloogia ja Botaanika Instituut ZBI is a zoological and botanical research institute based in Tartu , Estonia . It was founded in 1947. Since 1997, it belongs to the Estonian University of Life Sciences as a central biological research institute in the country. The Institute of Zoology and Botany is the only research unit in Estonia to administer and distribute data and expertise on taxonomy taxonomic composition in the country. It provides data on the country s flora, microevolution of vegetation, naturalisation, the invasion of non native species and vegetation population dynamics. The scholars who have worked in this institute include Jaan Eilart , Toomas Frey , Andres Koppel , Toomas Kukk , lle Kukk , Kalevi Kull , Olevi Kull , Tiiu Kull , Eerik Kumari , Vilma Kuusk , Liivia Laasimer , Malle Leht , Aime M emets , Ingmar Ott , Erast Parmasto , Kaljo Pork , Haide Ene Rebassoo , et al. Directors Harald Haberman 1947 1977 , Kalju Paaver 1977 1985 , Erast Parmasto 1985 1990 , Andres Koppel 1990 1996 , Urmas Tartes 1996 2004 . References translation ref et Zooloogia ja Botaanika Instituut External links http www.zbi.ee Official site coord missing Estonia Category Research institutes in Estonia Category Tartu Category 1947 establishments estonia stub et Zooloogia ja Botaanika Instituut ... more details
name NYT On his website, he writes that From what I can see, microevolution is a fact and there is no argument regarding microevolution. The core of the debate for me, therefore, is the extrapolation of microevolution to macroevolution. ref name tour layman In Lee Strobel s book The Case For Faith ... more details
HIV Drug Resistance occurs when microevolution causes virions to become tolerant to antiretroviral treatments. Limited effects of current drugs HIV develops resistance when it evades the effects of these treatments. ref name Freeman Freeman, S., and J. C. Herron. 2007. Evolutionary Analysis. 4th ed. A case for evolutionary thinking understanding HIV. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco, CA. ref Nearly all drugs currently used to treat HIV eventually stop working and the infected patient s immune system is damaged to the point of AIDS. A recent study estimated the percentage of the American HIV positive population with some form of drug resistance to be 76.3 . ref Richman, D. D., S. C. Morton, T. Wrin, N. Hellmann, S. Berry, M. F. Shapiro, and S. A. Bozzette. 2004. The prevalence of antiretroviral drug resistance in the United States. AIDS. 18 1393 1401. ref Certain intrinsic features of HIV facilitate its widespread resistance, most importantly its extremely high mutation rate. Developing resistance As a retrovirus , HIV uses the enzyme reverse transcriptase to synthesize DNA from its RNA genome and lacks a mechanism for correcting errors made while reproducing its genome. ref name Freeman As a result, HIV replicates its genome with the highest known mutation rate of any living organism. ref name Freeman This creates an ideal situation for natural selection to act on the HIV population, as genetic variation is the raw material for natural selection. These mutations accumulate over generations and in populations, resulting in the great genetic variation within populations of HIV, and an increased probability of a virion developing an evolutionary selective advantage over other virions. ref name Freeman Natural selection then acts on HIV by selecting for virions with higher ... and HIV microevolution, HIV is currently outpacing human antiretroviral drug therapy techniques ... humans are pushing the microevolution of HIV toward more resistant viruses. For example, some researchers ... more details
evolutionary biology Punctuated gradualism is a microevolution ary hypothesis that refers to a species that has relative stasis over a considerable part of its total duration and underwent periodic, relatively rapid, morphologic change that did not lead to lineage branching . It is one of the three common models of evolution. While the traditional model of paleontology, the phylogenetic model, states that features evolved slowly without any direct association with speciation, the relatively newer and more controversial idea of punctuated equilibrium claims that major evolutionary changes don t happen over a gradual period but in localized, rare, rapid events of branching speciation. Punctuated gradualism is considered to be a variation of these models, lying somewhere in between the phyletic gradualism model and the punctuated equilibrium model. It states that speciation is not needed for a lineage to rapidly evolve from one equilibrium to another but may show rapid transitions between long stable states. In 1983, Malmgren and colleagues published a paper called Evidence for punctuated gradualism in the late Neogene Globorotalia tumida lineage of planktonic foraminifera. This paper studied the lineage of planktonic foraminifera, specifically the evolutionary transition from G. plesiotumida to G. tumida across the Miocene Pliocene boundary. The study found that the G. tumida lineage, while remaining in relative stasis over a considerable part of its total duration underwent periodic, relatively rapid, morphologic change that did not lead to lineage branching. Based on these findings, Malmgren and colleagues introduced a new mode of evolution and proposed to call it punctuated gradualism. See also Phyletic gradualism Punctuated equilibrium References 1. Futuyma, D. J. 1997 . Punctuated Equilibrium. In Evolutionary biology pp. 137 139 . Sunderland,Massachusetts Sinauer Associates, Inc. 2. Malmgren, B. A., Berggren, W. A., & Lohmann, G. P. 1983, October . Evidence for punctuated ... more details
refimprove date August 2010 image Philipchenko.PNG thumb Yuri Filipchenko Yuri Filipchenko lang ru sometimes spelled Philipchenko 1882 1930 was a U.S.S.R Russian entomologist and coiner of the terms microevolution and macroevolution . Mentor of Theodosius Dobzhansky . ref Name NAS cite book title Genetics and the origin of species from Darwin to molecular biology, 60 years after Dobzhansky last National Academy of Sciences U.S. first authorlink coauthors year 1997 publisher National Academies Press location isbn 0309058775 page 7692 pages url http books.google.com books?id ag1XBURfyAUC&pg PA7692&dq Yuri Filipchenko&hl en&ei Kc5vTMG L4WKlweS2MzVDg&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 1&ved 0CCgQ6AEwAA v onepage&q Yuri 20Filipchenko&f false ref Though he himself was an orthogenesis orthogenetic he was one of the first scientists to incorporate the laws of Gregor Mendel Mendel into evolutionary theory and thus had great influence on Modern evolutionary synthesis The Modern Synthesis . He established a genetics laboratory in Leningrad undertaking experimental work with Drosophila melanogaster . Theodosius Dobzhansky worked with him from 1924. References Reflist Persondata name Filipchenko, Yuri alternative names short description date of birth place of birth date of death 1930 place of death DEFAULTSORT Filipchenko, Yuri Category Russian scientists Category Russian entomologists Category 1930 deaths Sci hist stub es Yuri Filipchenko pl Jurij Filipczenko ru , sk Jurij Alexandrovi Filip enko sv Jurij Filiptjenko ... more details
Gerald Allan Kerkut or G. A. Kerkut 19 August 1927 6 March 2004 was a noted British zoologist and physiologist . He attended the University of Cambridge from 1945 to 1952 and earned a doctorate in zoology . He went on to establish the Department of Physiology and Biochemistry at University of Southampton where he remained throughout his career. He became Professor of Physiology and Biochemistry in 1966 and went on to become the Dean of Science, Chairman of the School of Biochemical and Physiological Sciences and Head of the Department of Neurophysiology. Bibliography Books Kerkut GA, ed. 1958 The Invertebrata, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Kerkut GA 1960 . The Implications of Evolution, Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK. Kerkut GA 1969 . The Missing Pieces, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK. Kerkut, G. A. and L. I. Gilbert, eds. 1985 Comprehensive Insect Physiology, Biochemistry & Pharmacology 13 Volume Set, 8536 pages, Pergamon Press, ISBN 0 08 026850 1 Kerkut GA 1985 . Microcomputers the revolution of our time. In Microcomputers in the Neurosciences, ed. Kerkut GA, pp 1 8. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. Kerkut, G. A. 1987 Progress in Neurobiology, in four parts, Pergamon Press, ISBN 0080315089 part 1 Editor of Journals Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, started in 1960 Progress in Neurobiology, 1973 Controversy Kerkut s book The Implications of Evolution pointed out some existing unsolved problems and points of concern for evolutionary studies. He referred to seven evolutionary assumptions which he felt lacked sufficient evidentiary support. Creationists have taken these points as evidence against evolution and interpreted them to support their own claims ref Bruce A. Demarest, Gordon R. Lewis 1996 Fossil Groupings and Gaps p. 54 in Integrative Theology , Zondervan, ISBN 0 310 20915 3 ref . In his book, Kerkut distinguished between the Special Theory of Evolution often referred to as microevolution and what he termed the General Theory o ... more details
italic title Tempo and Mode in Evolution 1944 was George Gaylord Simpson George Gaylord Simpson s seminal contribution to the modern evolutionary synthesis evolutionary synthesis , which integrated the facts of paleontology with those of genetics and natural selection . Simpson argued that the microevolution of population genetics was sufficient in itself to explain the patterns of macroevolution observed by paleontology . Simpson also highlighted the distinction between tempo and mode. Tempo encompasses evolutionary rates . . . their acceleration and deceleration, the conditions of exceptionally slow or rapid evolutions, and phenomena suggestive of inertia and momentum. While mode embraces the study of the way, manner, or pattern of evolution, a study in which tempo is a basic factor, but which embraces considerably more than tempo. Simpson s Tempo and Mode attempted to draw out several distinct generalizations That evolution s tempo can impart information about its mode. That multiple tempos can be found in the fossil record bradytelic, tachytelic, horotelic . That the facts of paleontology are consistent with the Neo Darwinism genetical theory of natural selection . Moreover, that theories such as orthogenesis , Lamarckism , mutation pressures, and Hopeful Monster macromutations are either false or play little to no role. Most evolution& 151 nine tenths & 151 occurs by the steady phyletic transformation of whole lineages anagenesis . In contrast to Ernst Mayr Ernst Mayr s interpretation of speciation by splitting, particularly Allopatric speciation allopatric and Peripatric speciation peripatric speciation. The lack of evidence for evolutionary transitions in the fossil record is best accounted for, first, by the poorness of the geological record, and secondly as a consequence of quantum evolution which is responsible for the origin taxonomic units of relatively high rank, such as families, orders, and classes. . Quantum evolution built upon Sewall Wright Sewall ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Thalassiosira weissflogii regnum Chromalveolata phylum Heterokontophyta classis Coscinodiscophyceae ordo Thalassiosirales familia Thalassiosiraceae genus Thalassiosira species T. weissflogii binomial Thalassiosira weissflogii binomial authority Grunow G.Fryxell & Hasle, 1977 ref name WoRMS http www.marinespecies.org aphia.php?p taxdetails&id 163513 Thalassiosira weissflogii Grunow G.Fryxell & Hasle, 1977 World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2011 11 18. ref synonyms Micropodiscus weissflogii small Grunow in van Heurck, 1882 small Thalassiosira fluviatilis small Hustedt, 1926 small Coscinodiscus fallax ref name USGS synonyms ref ref name WoRMS Thalassiosira weissflogii is a species of centric diatom , a unicellular Microphyte microalga . It is found in marine environments and also in inland waters in many parts of the world. Taxonomy rDNA evidence suggests that Thalassiosira weissflogii is a species complex and that several different genetic populations exist. There was found to be a divergence between one clade from the east and west Atlantic Ocean and California and another from Hawaii and Indonesia . The latter was considered to consist of two different biological species, one from Hawaii and one from the Indonesian archipelago. ref cite journal author Sorhannus Ulf, Ortiz JD, Wolf M, Fox MG. year 2010 title Microevolution and speciation in Thalassiosira weissflogii Bacillariophyta . journal Protist volume 161 issue 2 pages 237 249 publisher doi url http www.sciencedirect.com science article pii S1434461009000844 ref Description Thalassiosira weissflogii is a short cylinder in shape and varies in size from 4 to 32 m in diameter. It tends to be larger in winter, typically 15 m in diameter, but smaller in summer 5 m . ref name Reed http www.reedmariculture.com product instant algae tw 1200.html TW1200 Reed Mariculture Inc. Retrieved 2011 11 18. ref It occurs both singly and in groups and may be embedded in a gelatinous matrix. Ther ... more details
s postulate that macroevolution is not simply microevolution extrapolated, and that major structural ... gradual changes could not bridge the hypothetical divide between microevolution and macroevolution ... more details
the terms microevolution and macroevolution G Oleg Gazenko , notable zoologist Johann Georg Gmelin ... Timofeeff Ressovsky , major researcher of radiation genetics , population genetics , and microevolution ... more details
processes Rohde 1992, Allen et al. 2006 . Faster rates of microevolution in warm climates i.e. low ... and amphibians Wright et al. 2010 . Based on the expectation that faster rates of microevolution ... more details
In artificial intelligence , an evolutionary algorithm EA is a subset of evolutionary computation , a generic population based metaheuristic optimization mathematics optimization algorithm . An EA uses some mechanisms inspired by biological evolution reproduction , mutation , genetic recombination recombination , and natural selection selection . Candidate solution s to the optimization problem play the role of individuals in a population, and the fitness function determines the environment within which the solutions live see also cost function . Evolution of the population then takes place after the repeated application of the above operators. Artificial evolution AE describes a process involving individual evolutionary algorithm s EAs are individual components that participate in an AE. Evolutionary algorithms often perform well approximating solutions to all types of problems because they ideally do not make any assumption about the underlying fitness landscape this generality is shown by successes in fields as diverse as engineering , art , biology , economics , marketing , genetics , operations research , evolutionary robotics robotics , social sciences , physics , politics and chemistry Citation needed date September 2008 . Techniques from evolutionary algorithms applied to the modeling of biological evolution are generally limited to explorations of microevolution microevolutionary processes , however some computer simulations, such as Tierra computer simulation Tierra and Avida , attempt to model macroevolution ary dynamics. In most real applications of EAs, computational complexity is a prohibiting factor. In fact, this computational complexity is due to fitness function evaluation. Fitness approximation is one of the solutions to overcome this difficulty. However, seemingly simple EA can solve often complex problems therefore, there may be no direct link between algorithm complexity and problem complexity. Another possible limitation of many evolutionary a ... more details
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