This article discusses recent Chikungunya outbreaks. For general information about Chikungunya, see the Chikungunya article. An analysis of the Chikungunya virus s genetic code suggests that the increased severity of the 2005 present outbreak may be due to a change in the genetic sequence, altering the virus viral coat protein, which potentially allows it to multiply more easily in mosquito cells ref name PLoS and utilise the Asian tiger mosquito an invasive species as a Vector epidemiology vector in addition to the more strictly tropical main vector, Aedes aegypti . In July 2006, a team analyzed the virus RNA and determined the genetic changes that have occurred in various strains of the virus and identified those genetic sequences which led to the increased virulence of recent strains. ref name PLoS cite journal author Schuffenecker I, Iteman I, Michault A, et al title Genome microevolution of chikungunya viruses causing the Indian Ocean outbreak journal PLoS Med. volume 3 issue 7 pages e263 year 2006 month July pmid 16700631 pmc 1463904 doi 10.1371 journal.pmed.0030263 ref 2005 An outbreak was recorded on the France French island of R union in the Indian Ocean between 28 March 2005 and 12 February 2006. 1722 cases of chikungunya were reported, but estimates reach 110,000 infected people. Other nearby countries in the southwest Indian Ocean reported cases as well, including Mauritius and the Seychelles . ref http www.who.int csr don 2006 02 17a en index.html Chikungunya in La R union Island France , World Health Organization , 17 February 2006 ref ref cite news url http news.bbc.co.uk 2 hi europe 4674376.stm work BBC News title Island disease hits 50,000 people date 2 February 2006 accessdate 28 April 2010 ref Cases were also reported in Madagascar , the Comoros , and Mayotte . 2006 In 2006, there was a large outbreak in India. States affected by the outbreak were Andhra Pradesh , Andaman & Nicobar Islands , Tamil Nadu , Karnataka , Maharashtra , Gujarat , Madhya ... more details
Taxobox color lightgrey name Streptococcus pyogenes image Streptococcus pyogenes.jpg image width 240px image caption S. pyogenes bacteria at 900x magnification. regnum Eubacteria phylum Firmicutes classis Cocci ordo Lactobacillales familia Streptococcaceae genus Streptococcus species S. pyogenes binomial Streptococcus pyogenes binomial authority Rosenbach 1884 Streptococcus pyogenes is a coccus spherical , Gram positive bacterium that is the cause of group A streptococcal infection s. ref name Sherris cite book author Ryan KJ, Ray CG editors title Sherris Medical Microbiology edition 4th publisher McGraw Hill year 2004 isbn 0 8385 8529 9 ref S. pyogenes displays streptococcal group A antigen on its cell wall . S. pyogenes typically produces large zones of Hemolysis microbiology beta hemolysis the complete disruption of erythrocyte s and the release of hemoglobin when cultured on blood agar plate s, and are therefore also called Group A beta hemolytic Streptococcus abbreviated GABHS . Streptococci are catalase negative. In ideal conditions, S. pyogenes has an incubation period of approximately 1 3 days. ref name WisconsinDoHS cite url http www.dhs.wisconsin.gov communicable FactSheets StreptococcalPharyngitis.htm ref It is an infrequent, but usually pathogenic, part of the skin flora . It is estimated that there are more than 700 million infections each year and over 650,000 cases of severe, invasive infections that have a mortality rate of 25 . ref cite journal author Aziz RK, Kansal R, Aronow BJ, et al. title Microevolution of Group A Streptococci In Vivo Capturing Regulatory Networks Engaged in Sociomicrobiology, Niche Adaptation, and Hypervirulence journal PLoS ONE volume 5 issue 4 pages e9798 year 2010 pmid 20418946 pmc 2854683 doi 10.1371 journal.pone.0009798 url http dx.plos.org 10.1371 journal.pone.0009798 accessdate 2011 08 12 editor1 last Ahmed editor1 first Niyaz ref Serotyping In 1928, Rebecca Lancefield published a method for serotyping S. pyogenes based ... more details
morefootnotes date June 2011 evolutionary biology The Red Queen s Hypothesis , also referred to as Red Queen , Red Queen s race or Red Queen Effect , is an evolution ary hypothesis . The term is taken from the Red Queen s race in Lewis Carroll s Through the Looking Glass . The Red Queen Through the Looking Glass Red Queen said, It takes all the running you can do, to keep in the same place. ref cite book last1 Carroll first1 Lewis title Through the Looking Glass and What Alice Found There edition The Annotated Alice Alice s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass, illustrated by John Tenniel, with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Gardner. accessdate 20 September 2011 year 1960 reprinted 1998 publisher The New American Library location New York isbn 978 0517189207 page 345 chapter 2 The Garden of Live Flowers chapterurl http etext.lib.virginia.edu etcbin toccer new2?id CarGlas.sgm&images images modeng&data texts english modeng parsed&tag public&part 2&division div1 ref The Red Queen Principle can be stated thus In reference to an evolutionary system, continuing adaptation is needed in order for a species to maintain its relative fitness biology fitness amongst the systems being coevolution co evolved with. ref http pespmc1.vub.ac.be REDQUEEN.html The Red Queen Principle Bot generated title ref The hypothesis is intended to explain two different phenomena the evolution of sex advantage of sexual reproduction at the level of individuals, and the constant evolutionary arms race between competing species. In the first microevolution ary version, by making every individual an experiment when mixing mother s and father s gene s, sexual reproduction may allow a species to evolve quickly just to hold onto the ecological niche that it already occupies in the ecosystem . In the second macroevolution ary version, the probability of extinction for groups usually family biology families of organisms is hypothesized to be constant within the group and random amon ... more details
it as evidence of evolution . They argued that the peppered moth story showed only microevolution ... of the theory of evolution as a whole. Although creationists accept microevolution of varieties ... The Straight Dope Do creationists accept microevolution but not macroevolution? ref ... more details
camp. Firstly, Gould thought that gene selectionists misrepresent the role of genes in microevolution ... his own views are much closer to Dawkins than to Gould s, especially regarding microevolution change within local populations. But macroevolution is not just microevolution scaled up. Gould s paleontological ... more details
am not referring to the minor variations found in all of the various life forms microevolution . I am ... evolution as distinct processes, instead contending that evolution takes place as microevolution, and that macroevolution is cumulative microevolution. ref cite web url http atheism.about.com od evolutionexplained a micro macro.htm title Microevolution vs Macroevolution publisher About.com ... more details
About the history of evolutionary thought in biology the history of evolutionary thought in the social sciences Sociocultural evolution the history of religious discussions History of the creation evolution controversy File Tree of life by Haeckel.jpg thumb right 240px The Tree of life science Tree of Life as depicted by Ernst Haeckel in The Evolution of Man 1879 illustrates the 19th century view that evolution was a progressive process leading towards man. Evolution ary thought, the conception that species change over time, has roots in antiquity, in the ideas of the ancient Ancient Greece Greeks , Ancient Rome Romans , and Ancient China Chinese as well as in science in medieval Islam medieval Islamic science . However, with the beginnings of Biological classification biological taxonomy in the late 17th century, Western biological thinking was influenced by two opposed ideas. One was essentialism , the belief that every species has essential characteristics that are unalterable, a concept which had developed from Scholasticism medieval Aristotelian metaphysics , and that fit well with natural theology . The other one was the development of the new anti Aristotelian approach to modern science as the Age of Enlightenment Enlightenment progressed, evolutionary cosmology and the mechanical philosophy spread from the physical sciences to natural history. Naturalists began to focus on the variability of species the emergence of paleontology with the concept of extinction further undermined the static view of nature. In the early 19th century, Jean Baptiste Lamarck proposed his theory of the transmutation of species , the first fully formed theory of evolution . In 1858, Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace published a new evolutionary theory that was explained in detail in Darwin s On the Origin of Species 1859 . Unlike Lamarck, Darwin proposed common descent and a branching Tree of life science tree of life , meaning that two very different species could have ident ... more details
. He helped to bridge the divide between the foundations of microevolution developed by the population ... Linkage disequilibrium Microevolution Molecular evolution Muller s ratchet Mutational meltdown ... more details
Infobox scientist name Nikolay Timofeev Ressovsky image Tsinger ressovsky.jpg image size caption Nikolai Vladimirovich Timofeev Resovskii, drawn by Oleg Tsinger 1945 birth date OldStyleDate September 20 1900 September 7 birth place Moscow death date March 28, 1981 death place Moscow residence citizenship nationality Soviet Union Soviet ethnicity fields Biology workplaces alma mater doctoral advisor academic advisors Nikolai Koltsov doctoral students notable students known for research in radiation genetics , experimental population genetics, and microevolution author abbrev bot author abbrev zoo influences influenced awards religion signature filename only footnotes Nikolaj Vladimirovich Timofeev Resovskij lang ru OldStyleDate September 20 1900 September 7 , Moscow &mdash March 28, 1981 was a Soviet Union Soviet biologist . He conducted research in radiation genetics , experimental population genetics, and microevolution. His work was of special importance to Soviet biology because it stood in direct opposition to the damage done by Lysenkoism , while his life was highlighted by scientific achievements in the face of severe personal hardship. His life was described by Daniil Granin in the novel Zubr . He was Director of the Genetics Division as the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Brain Research in the 1930s, where he received direct funding for his research from the Third Reich , who praised him as one of the world s best geneticists and trusted him because he was an opponent of Communism. ref http books.google.com books?id gPrtE4K0WC8C&pg PA117&dq Nikolai Timof C3 A9eff, grant&hl en&ei Nlf1S8qJD4a8lQeS LjxCg&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 1&ved 0CCwQ6AEwAA v onepage&q&f false Biologists Under Hitler , Ute Deichmann, Thomas Dunlap. Harvard University Press, 1999. p. 117 118. ISBN 067407405X, 9780674074057. ref ref http books.google.com books?id d0QExts2z0IC&pg PA175&dq Nikolai Timof C3 A9eff Ressovsky, grant&hl en&ei fFb1S ... more details
Evolutionary biology Objections to evolution have been raised since History of evolutionary thought evolutionary ideas came to prominence in the 19th century. ref name icj cite web last Johnston first Ian C. title Section Three The Origins of Evolutionary Theory work ... And Still We Evolve publisher Liberal Studies Department, Malaspina University College year 1999 url http records.viu.ca johnstoi darwin title.htm accessdate 2007 07 25 ref When Charles Darwin published his 1859 book On the Origin of Species , his theory of evolution by natural selection initially met opposition from scientists with different theories, but came to be Level of support for evolution Scientific support overwhelmingly accepted by the scientific community . ref name JvW cite web last van Wyhe first John title Charles Darwin gentleman naturalist A biographical sketch work The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online publisher University of Cambridge date 2002 7 url http darwin online.org.uk darwin.html accessdate 2007 07 25 ref The observation of evolutionary processes occurring, as well as the modern evolutionary synthesis current theory explaining that evidence, have been uncontroversial among mainstream biologists for nearly a century. ref http www.interacademies.net File.aspx?id 6150 IAP Statement on the Teaching of Evolution , Interacademy Panel ref Since then, nearly all criticisms of evolution have come from religious sources, rather than from the scientific community. In his book on Creationism, The Creationists , historian Ronald Numbers traces the religious motivations and scientific pretensions, of prominent creationists from George Frederick Wright through George McCready Price , Harry Rimmer , John C. Whitcomb , Henry M. Morris and his Institute for Creation Research and lesser figures to Phillip E. Johnson and the Intelligent design movement . ref cite book last Numbers first Ronald authorlink Ronald Numbers title The Creationists The Creationists From Scientific Creationism t ... more details
microevolution and macroevolution Nikolay Gamaleya , microbiologist and pioneer of Russian vaccine ... Ressovsky , major researcher of radiation genetics , population genetics , and microevolution Lev Tsenkovsky ... more details
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