Infobox Spacecraft Name Explorer 7 Image Image Installing Explorer VII.jpg 250px Organization NASA Major Contractors Jet Propulsion Laboratory Mission Type Earth science Satellite Of Earth Launch October 13, 1959 at 15 36 Coordinated Universal Time UTC Launch Vehicle Juno 2 Mission Duration 2 years NSSDC ID 1959 009A Webpage http nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov database MasterCatalog?sc 1959 009A NASA NSSDC Master Catalog Mass 41.5 kg Eccentricity .034693 Inclination 50.27 Orbital Period 101.38 minutes Apoapsis 1,073 km Periapsis 573 km Explorer 7 1959 009A was launched October 13, 1959 at 10 36 a.m. Eastern Time by a Juno II rocket from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station to an orbit of 573 km by 1073 km and inclination of 50.27 . ref cite web url http www.ssec.wisc.edu media spotlight explorer7.html title 50th Anniversary of Explorer 7 Launch work Space and Science Engineering Center publisher University of Wisconsin accessdate 13 February 2010 ref It was designed to measure solar x ray and Lyman alpha flux, trapped energetic particle s, and heavy primary cosmic ray s. Also Secondary objectives included collecting data on micrometeoroid penetration and molecular sputtering and studying the earth atmosphere heat balance. The Explorer 7 micrometeorite impacts studies can be found under the NASA paper RESULTS OF MICROMETEORITE PENETRATION EXPERIMENT ON THE EXPLORER VII SATELLITE 1959 IOTA LaGow and L. Secretan Goddard Space Flight Center File Explorer 7 cutaway.jpg left thumb Cutaway of Explorer 7 Significantly, it also carried Verner Suomi s flat plate radiometer , improved with the help of Robert Parent , that took the first Earth radiation budget measurements from space and initiated the era of satellite studies of the climate . Using both satellite observations of the Earth s heat balance and atmosphere atmospheric cooling rates measured by net flux radiosondes, Suomi established the important role played by clouds in absorbing radiated solar energy. These observation ... more details
gammas . Micrometeorite Detector This experiment contained two sealed pressure zones, extending along the interior walls of the satellite, which were designed to record the impact of micrometeorite s large ... type microphone s recorded micrometeorite impacts on the satellite s surface. The microphone .... The satellite recorded 6600 micrometeorite impacts during 66 days of operation, of which 2800 ... more details
micrometeorite momentum spectrometer or micrometeorite detector that consisted of two Diaphragm ... nmc experimentDisplay.do?id 1960 001A 04 title NSSDC Master Catalog Micrometeorite Spectrometer ... also measured solar flare particles, and cosmic radiation in the interplanetary region. The micrometeorite ... more details
otheruses Dawes disambiguation lunar crater data image File Dawes crater moon.jpg 200px caption Dawes from Apollo 17 . NASA photo . latitude 17.2 N or S N longitude 26.4 E or W E diameter 18 km depth 2.3 km colong 334 eponym William Rutter Dawes William R. Dawes Dawes is a lunar impact crater , named after William Rutter Dawes , and which is located in the wide straight between Mare Serenitatis and Mare Tranquilitatis . To the southwest is the larger crater Plinius crater Plinius . To the northeast is the Mons Argaeus mountain rise. This is a circular crater with a sharp rim that has a slightly flattened oval perimeter. It has a slight central rise, and a somewhat darker floor that is nearly covered in overlapping swirl like deposits. Much of the deposits are slumped or fall back material. The inner walls are steep and free from impact erosion. Detailed examination of this crater have located what appear to be alcoves and channels along the inner rim. It is hypothesized that micrometeorite impacts along the rim trigger dry landslides, which produce a gully like appearance. A similar phenomenon may be responsible for gully like features along the inner rim of some Mars Martian craters. References cite web last Stiles first Lori date 2006 03 16 url http uanews.org cgi bin WebObjects UANews.woa 7 wa SciDetails?ArticleID 12376 title Water May Not Have Formed Mars Recent Gullies publisher University of Arizona accessdate 2006 06 12 Lunar crater references External links http www.lpi.usra.edu resources mapcatalog LTO lto42c3 1 LTO 42C3 Dawes &mdash L&PI topographic map Category Impact craters on the Moon Moon crater stub da Dawes m nekrater it Dawes cratere lunare ... more details
Impact gardening is the process by which impact event s stir the outermost crust geology crust s of moons and other celestial objects with no atmosphere s. In the particular case of the Moon , this is more often known as lunar gardening . Planetary bodies lacking an atmosphere will generally also lack any erosion al processes, with the possible exception of volcanism , and as a result impact debris accumulates at the object s surface as a rough soil, commonly referred to as regolith . Subsequent impacts, especially by micrometeorite s stir and mix this soil. It is estimated that the top centimeter of the lunar surface is overturned every 10 million years. ref cite book author G. H. A. Cole, M. M. Woolfson title Planetary Science The Science of Planets Around Stars page 96 year 2002 publisher CRC Press ref References references Further reading cite journal title Martian Cratering 7 The role of Impact Gardening journal Icarus journal Icarus doi 10.1006 icar.2000.6532 author Hartmann year 2001 volume 149 pages 37 51 bibcode 2001Icar..149...37H display authors 1 author2 Please add first missing authors to populate metadata. cite journal title Asteroidal Regoliths journal Icarus journal Icarus volume 39 pages 317 351 author Housen year 1979 doi 10.1016 0019 1035 79 90145 3 bibcode 1979Icar...39..317H display authors 1 last2 Wilkening first2 Laurel L. last3 Chapman first3 Clark R. last4 Greenberg first4 Richard issue 3 Category Impact geology crater stub ... more details
Unreferenced date February 2010 NASA robots are robot ic devices used to aid, augment, or substitute for astronaut s in order to do difficult or rote tasks such as repairs in dangerous environments such as those with radiation or micrometeorite risks , routine procedures video capture , etc. Robonaut Image Robonaut.jpg right thumb Robonaut resting on a Segway HT. Main Robonaut Robonaut is a joint Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency DARPA &ndash NASA project designed to create a humanoid robot which can function as an equivalent to humans during extra vehicular activity space walks . There are multiple versions of this robot using various locomotion methods. Some versions of the robot use the Segway HT for locomotion http www.usatoday.com tech news robotics 2004 10 20 rise of robots x.htm . Robonaut uses telepresence and various levels of Autonomous robot robotic autonomy . While not all human range of motion and sensitivity has been duplicated, the robot s hand has fourteen Degrees of freedom engineering degrees of freedom and uses touch sensor s at the tips of its fingers. See http robonaut.jsc.nasa.gov NASA Robonaut Page Dextre Main Dextre SPHERES Main SPHERES See also Portal Robotics Spaceflight Robot Engineering Spaceflight NASA Spacecraft Space Exploration Space logistics Spacecraft propulsion Space transport Space logistics External links http www robotics.jpl.nasa.gov NASA JPL Robotics http www.nasa.gov worldbook robot worldbook.html NASA Robot http ranier.hq.nasa.gov telerobotics Page coolrobots.html NASA Space Telerobotics Program http prime.jsc.nasa.gov ROV nlinks.html NASA Robot Web Links http robotics.nasa.gov NASA Robotics Robotics Alliance Project http aercam.jsc.nasa.gov NASA Mini AERCam Web Site http psa.arc.nasa.gov PSA Education Page Personal Satellite Assistant http robonaut.jsc.nasa.gov NASA Robonaut Page http traclabs.com TRACLabs, Inc. NASA & DoD Robotic Automation Contractors Spaceflight DEFAULTSORT Nasa Robots Category Space robots Cate ... more details
1, plus additional ones in the Army s micrometeorite amplifier. Electrical power was provided ... state amplifier to detect micrometeoroid micrometeorite cosmic dust impacts. It responded to micrometeorite ... was 2.5 10 sup 3 sup g cm s ref name micrometeorite detector cite web url http nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov nmc experimentDisplay.do?id 1958 001A 02 title Micrometeorite Detector accessdate ... first Edward R. year 1959 month January title Micrometeorite Measurements from 1958 Alpha and Gamma ... 90019 4 ref Wire grid detector, also to detect micrometeorite impacts. It consisted of 12 parallel .... If a micrometeorite of about 10 m impacted, it would fracture the wire, destroy the electrical connection, and thus record the event. ref name micrometeorite detector ref name manring Flight ... micrometeorite detector detected 145 impacts of cosmic dust in 78,750 seconds. This calculates to an average ... 1960 month January title IGY Micrometeorite Measurements journal Space Research Proceedings of the First ... more details
M ller tube , and a micrometeoroid micrometeorite detector a wire grid array and acoustic detector ... package and a ring of micrometeorite erosion gauges. The Explorer 3 spacecraft was spin stabilized ... more details
Infobox Spacecraft Name Goliat Launch 13 February 2012 Organisation Romanian Space Agency Carrier Rocket Vega rocket Vega Major Contractors Romanian Space Agency Launch Site Guiana Space Centre Mass convert 1.062 kg Mission Type Science, Experimental COSPAR ID 2012 006D Goliat is the first artificial satellite developed in Romania . Description The Nanosatellite nano satellite was developed and built by the Romanian Space Agency ROSA . When the project began, the developers of this satellite were still in college. The satellite is cube shaped and has a mass of 1 kilogram, and its dimensions are 10 cm on each side. It is built on a CubeSat Cubesat platform. ref http www.bucharestherald.ro dailyevents 41 dailyevents 29751 historic moment goliat first romanian satellite in space to be launched in february Historic moment Goliat, first Romanian satellite in space, to be launched in February Bucharest Herald 25 January 2012 Retrieved 16 February 2012. ref The satellite carries out three scientific tasks micrometeorite flux measurements, cosmic radiation flux measurements at Low Earth orbit LEO and Earth surface imaging via a 3 megapixel camera. The project was funded and supported by the Ministry of Education Romania Romanian Ministry of Education and the European Space Agency . Launch Although the initial launch was planned for 2008, the project had been postponed due to some issues with the carrier rocket, Vega rocket Vega . The satellite was successfully launched on 13 February 2012 from the Guiana Space Centre , together with LARES satellite LARES and other CubeSat satellites from other European countries. ref http download.esa.int docs VEGA Vega PressKit 06 02 2012 EN.pdf ESA Press Kit Vega qualification flight VV01 pdf Retrieved 16 February 2012. ref As of 26 February 26 2012, it appears that the satellite has not settled into the orbit properly. Due to a malfunction to its stabilizing system, it is expected that the satellite will spin uncontrollably and eventuall ... more details
the Moon , carrying a television camera , a micrometeoroid micrometeorite detector and a magnetometer ... . A micrometeorite hitting the diaphragm would generate an acoustic pulse that would travel through ... more details
a micrometeorite collector and did other chores, at last demonstrated the feasibility of extravehicular ... UV astronomical photography, and 7 dim sky photography. Two micrometeorite collection experiments ... more details
Infobox Spacecraft Name Pioneer 2 Image Image Pioneer able.png 250px Mission Type Orbiter Launch November 8, 1958 at 07 30 00 Coordinated Universal Time UTC Satellite Of Moon Mass convert 87.3 lb ref name STL Vol. 2 cite paper title 1958 NASA USAF Space Probe ABLE 1 Final Report Volume 2. Payload and Experiments date 1959 02 18 publisher Space Technology Laboratories url http www.sdfo.org stl 1958 20NASA 20USAF 20Space 20Probes 20 28ABLE 1 29 20FINAL 20REPORT 20Volume 2002.pdf format PDF accessdate 2009 02 17 ref Pioneer 2 was the last of the three project Pioneer program Able space probes designed to probe Moon lunar and Wiktionary cislunar cislunar space. Shortly after launch at 07 30 00 UTC on November 8, 1958, ref name STL Vol. 1 cite paper title 1958 NASA USAF Space Probes ABLE 1 Final Report Volume 1. Summary date 1959 02 18 publisher Space Technology Laboratories url http www.sdfo.org stl 1958 20NASA 20USAF 20Space 20Probes 20 28ABLE 1 29 20FINAL 20REPORT.pdf format PDF accessdate 2009 02 17 ref the third stage of the launch vehicle separated but failed to ignite, and Pioneer 2 did not achieve its intended lunar orbit. The spacecraft attained a maximum altitude of convert 1550 km mi abbr on before reentering Earth s atmosphere at 28.7 N, 1.9 E over NW Africa. A small amount of data was obtained during the short flight, including evidence that the equatorial region around Earth has higher flux and higher energy radiation than previously considered and that the micrometeorite density is higher around Earth than in space. Spacecraft design Pioneer 2 was nearly identical to Pioneer 1 . It consisted of a thin cylindrical midsection with a squat truncated cone geometry cone frustum on each side. The cylinder was 74 cm in diameter and the height from the top of one cone to the top of the opposite cone was 76 cm. Along the axis of the spacecraft and protruding from the end of the lower cone was an 11 kg solid propellant injection rocket and rocket case ... more details
Infobox spacecraft Name Luna 22 Image Caption Mission Identifier Organisation Soviet Union Major Contractors Lavochkin GSMZ Lavochkin Bus Mission Type nowrap Planetary Science Lunar Orbit Flyby Of Flyby Date Current Destination Satellite Of Moon Orbital Insertion Date 2 June 1974 Orbits 3,875 Launch Date 29 May 1974 08 57 00 Coordinated Universal Time UTC Carrier Rocket Proton K Proton 8K82K Blok D Flight Number Launch Site Baikonur Cosmodrome Mission Duration 521 days MissionHighlight Decay COSPAR ID 1974 037A nolink y set to anything to prevent linking COSPAR to NSSDC database Webpage Mass Convert 5700 kg abbr on Dimensions Power Batteries Orbit data orbit reference reference system Orbit regime Semimajor Axis Convert 6,598.3 km abbr on Eccentricity .18 Inclination 19.35 orbit altitude Apoapsis Convert 222 km abbr on Periapsis Convert 219 km abbr on Orbital Period 130 minutes Longitude Repeat Interval Orbits Daily Repetitivity orbit swath orbit crossing equator crossing Instruments Instruments Main Instruments Photographic imaging system br Gamma ray spectrometer br Radio altimeter br Meteoroid detectors br Magnetometer br Cosmic ray detectors br Radiation detectors Resolution Spectral Band Data Rate SSR solid state recorder IMG Resolution Transponders Transponders Transponder Capacity Coverage Twta output power Bandwidth EIRP Refs http nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov nmc spacecraftDisplay.do?id 1974 037A NASA NSSDC Master Catalog Below Luna 22 Ye 8 LS series was an unmanned space mission , part of the Soviet Luna program , also called Lunik 22. Luna 22 was a Moon lunar orbit er mission. The spacecraft carried imaging cameras and also had the objectives of studying the Moon s magnetic field , surface gamma ray emissions and composition of lunar surface rocks, and the gravitational field , as well as micrometeorite s and cosmic ray s. Luna 22 was launched into Earth parking orbit and then to the moon. It was inserted into a circular lunar orbit on 2 June 1974. The spacecraft m ... more details
Image AS11 42 6285.jpg right thumb 250px Crater ray system on the Far side Moon far side of the Moon Apollo 11 image . A ray system comprises radial streaks of fine ejecta thrown out during the formation of an impact crater , looking a bit like many thin spokes coming from the hub of a wheel. The Line mathematics Ray rays can extend for lengths up to several times the diameter of their originating crater, and are often accompanied by small secondary craters formed by larger chunks of ejecta. Ray systems have been identified on the Moon , Mercury planet Mercury , and some natural satellite moons of the outer planets. Originally it was thought that they existed only on planet s or moons lacking an Celestial body atmosphere atmosphere , but more recently they ve been found on Mars in infrared images taken from orbit by Mars Odyssey s Thermal Emission Imaging System thermal imager . Image Gratteri.jpg right thumb 250px Gratteri crater Gratteri crater , a rayed crater on Mars that was imaged by Thermal Emission Imaging System THEMIS at night. Image covers an area 32 km across. Rays appear at visible, and in some cases infrared wavelengths, when ejecta are made of material with different reflectivity i.e., albedo or thermal properties from the surface on which they are deposited. Typically, visible rays have a higher albedo than the surrounding surface. More rarely an impact will excavate low albedo material, for example basalt ic lava deposits on the lunar mare lunar maria . Thermal rays, as seen on Mars, are especially apparent at night when slopes and shadows do not influence the infrared energy emitted by the Martian surface. The layering of rays across other surface features can be useful as an indicator of the relative age of the impact crater, because over time various processes obliterate the rays. On non atmosphered bodies such as the Moon, space weathering from exposure to cosmic ray s and Meteor micrometeorite s causes a steady reduction of the differential bet ... more details
For most practical purposes, the Moon is considered to be surrounded by vacuum . The elevated presence of atomic and molecular particles in its vicinity compared to interplanetary medium , referred to as Moon lunar atmosphere for scientific objectives, is negligible in comparison with the gaseous envelope surrounding Earth and most planet s of the Solar system less than one hundred trillionth of Atmosphere of Earth Earth s atmospheric density at sea level. One source of the lunar atmosphere is outgassing the release of gases such as radon and helium that originate from radioactive decay within the Crust geology crust and Mantle geology mantle . Another important source is the bombardment of the lunar surface by Micrometeoroid micrometeorite s, the solar wind , and sunlight , in a process known as sputtering . ref name L06 cite journal last P. Lucey and 17 coauthors title Understanding the lunar surface and space Moon interactions url http rimg.geoscienceworld.org cgi content extract 60 1 83 journal Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry volume 60 issue 1 pages 83 219 year 2006 doi 10.2138 rmg.2006.60.2 first1 P. ref Gases that are released by sputtering can either be re implanted into the regolith as a result of the Gravitation of the Moon Moon s gravity be lost to space either by solar radiation pressure or, if the gases are Ionization ionized , by being swept away in the solar wind s Stellar magnetic field magnetic field . Composition The elements Sodium sodium Na and Potassium potassium K have been detected using Earth based Spectroscopy spectroscopic methods , whereas the isotopes radon 222 and polonium 210 have been inferred from data obtained by the Lunar Prospector alpha particle spectrometer . ref cite journal last S. Lawson, W. Feldman, D. Lawrence, K. Moore, R. Elphic, and R. Belian title Recent outgassing from the lunar surface the Lunar Prospector alpha particle spectrometer url http www.agu.org pubs crossref 2005 2005JE002433.shtml journal Journal of Ge ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
