refimprove date July 2011 The Haralson is a cultivar of apple that is medium sized and has a round conic shape. It has a red color and large, moderately conspicuous dots. Haralson apples are crisp and juicy, having a tart flavor. They are good for eating, cooking, and are an excellent choice for pie s. The skin is medium tough, and the stem is medium. The Haralson apple was introduced by the Minnesota Landscape Arboretum Minnesota Horticulture Research Center in 1922. It is named after Charles Haralson, superintendent of the University of Minnesota Fruit Breeding Farm. The Haralson s parentage is Malinda open Pollination pollinated . DNA testing has shown that Wealthy is the likely pollen parent. ref Cabe, Paul R. Baumgaten, Andrew Onan, Kyle Luby, James J. Bedford, David S. Using microsatellite analysis to verify breeding records A study of Honeycrisp and other cold hardy apple cultivars HortScience 40 1 15 17 2005 ref The tree is hardy and vigorous, but relatively small. It has a strongly developed central leader and wide angled lateral branches. The flower s bloom late, and the fruit ripens in early October. References reflist Apples Category Apple cultivars Category University of Minnesota fruit tree stub fruit stub fr Haralson ... more details
Taxobox name Cryphonectria italic title image Chestnut blight.jpg image caption Cankers caused by the Cryphonectria parasitica cause the bark to split. regnum Fungus Fungi phylum Ascomycota subphylum Pezizomycotina classis Sordariomycetes ordo Diaporthales familia Cryphonectriaceae genus Cryphonectria genus authority Sacc. Sacc. & D. Sacc. 1905 subdivision ranks Species subdivision See text. Cryphonectria is a fungus fungal genus in the order Diaporthales . The most well known and well studied species in the genus is Cryphonectria parasitica , the species which causes chestnut blight . The genus was, for a time, considered synonymous with Endothia , but the two are now recognised as distinct. Taxonomic studies in 2006 limited the genus to four species, but a fifth, Cryphonectria naterciae , was described in 2011 from Portugal. ref cite journal authors Helena Bragan aa, Daniel Riglingb, Eug nio Diogoa, Jorge Capeloa, Alan Phillipsd and Rog rio Tenreiroc year 2011 title Cryphonectria naterciae A new species in the Cryphonectriae Endothia complex and diagnostic molecular markers based on microsatellite primed PCR journal Fungal Biology volume 115 issue 9 pages 852 861 doi 10.1016 j.funbio.2011.06.014 ref Species Cryphonectria abscondita Cryphonectria acaciarum Cryphonectria cubensis Cryphonectria decipiens Cryphonectria japonica Cryphonectria macrospora Cryphonectria moriformis Cryphonectria naterciae Cryphonectria nitschkei Cryphonectria parasitica Cryphonectria variicolor References reflist Sordariomycetes stub Category Diaporthales ... more details
The Mongoose V 32 bit microprocessor for spacecraft onboard computer applications is a radiation hardening radiation hardened and expanded 10&ndash 15 megahertz MHz version of the MIPS architecture MIPS R3000 central processing unit CPU . The Mongoose was developed by Synova, Inc. of Melbourne, Florida Melbourne , Florida , United States USA , with support from the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center . The Mongoose V processor first flew on NASA s Earth Observing 1 EO 1 satellite launched in November 2000 where it functioned as the main flight computer. A second Mongoose V controlled the satellite s solid state data recorder. Examples of spacecraft that use the Mongoose V include Earth Observing 1 EO 1 NASA s Microwave Anisotropy Probe MAP , launched in June 2001, carried a Mongoose V flight computer similar to that on EO 1. NASA s Space Technology 5 series of miniaturized satellite microsatellite s CONTOUR TIMED Pluto probe New Horizons External links http www.synova.com proc mg5.html Mongoose V product page at Synova s website Category Avionics computers Category Radiation hardened microprocessors US spacecraft stub microcompu stub fr Mongoose V ... more details
Taxobox image status DD status system IUCN2.3 status ref ref Mollusc Specialist Group 1996. http www.iucnredlist.org search details.php 22108 all Trichia caelata . http www.iucnredlist.org 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 7 August 2007. ref regnum Animalia phylum Mollusca classis Gastropoda unranked superfamilia clade Heterobranchia br clade Euthyneura br clade Panpulmonata br clade Eupulmonata br clade Stylommatophora br informal group Sigmurethra superfamilia Helicoidea familia Hygromiidae genus Trochulus subgenus Trochulus species T. caelatus binomial Trochulus caelatus binomial authority Samuel Studer Studer , 1820 synonyms Trichia caelata Trochulus caelatus is a species of air breathing land snail , a pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Hygromiidae . Distribution It is Endemism endemic to Northwestern Jura mountains , List of non marine molluscs of Switzerland Switzerland . ref G. F. J. ARMBRUSTER, C. ALVAREZ, M. PESARO and B. BAUR November 2007 Polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers in the endangered land snail, Trichia caelata Gastropoda, Stylommatophora . Molecular Ecology Notes 7 6 1123 1124. doi 10.1111 j.1471 8286.2007.01801.x ref References reflist External links http www.animalbase.uni goettingen.de zooweb servlet AnimalBase home species?id 2553 Trochulus caelatus at AnimalBase Category Hygromiidae Hygromiidae stub es Trochulus caelatus pt Trichia caelata ... more details
Simple Sequence Length Polymorphisms SSLPs are used as genetic marker s with Polymerase Chain Reaction Polymerase Chain Reaction PCR . An SSLP is a type of Polymorphism biology polymorphism a difference in DNA sequence amongst individuals. SSLPs are repeated sequences over varying base lengths in intergenic regions of deoxyribonucleic acid DNA . Variance in the length of SSLPs can be used to understand genetic variance between two individuals in a certain species. ref King & Motulsky 2002 . Science 298, 2342 2343 Rosenberg et al. 2002 . Science 298, 2381 2385 ref Applications An example of the usage of SSLPs Microsatellite genetics microsatellites is seen in a study by Rosenberg et al., in which Rosenberg and his team used SSLPs to cluster different continental Race and genetics race s. The study was critical to Nicholas Wade s New York Times Bestseller, Before the Dawn Recovering the Lost History of Our Ancestors . ref Wade, Nicholas 2006 . Before the Dawn Recovering the Lost History of Our Ancestors . Penguin Press. ref Rosenberg Study Rosenberg studied 377 SSLPs in 1000 people in 52 different regions of the world. By using PCR and Cluster analysis , Rosenberg was able to group individuals that had the same SSLPs . These SSLPs were extremely useful to the experiment because they do not affect the phenotype s of the individuals, thus being unaffected by natural selection . ref Rosenberg et al. 2002 . Science 298, 2381 2385 ref References references Category Genetics ... more details
File BroadwayMelodyy1929.jpg thumb Poster advertising the film The Broadway Melody , from which the idiom is derived. All singing, all dancing is an idiom meaning full of vitality , or, more recently, full featured . It originated with advertisements for the 1929 musical film The Broadway Melody , which proclaimed the film to be All talking all singing all dancing . ref name martin cite web last Martin first Gary title All singing, all dancing work The Phrase Finder url http www.phrases.org.uk meanings 28200.html accessdate 2009 09 12 ref Recently, the idiom has come to be used to describe high tech gadgetry such as smartphone s, indicating that the product is very advanced, or has an abundance of features. For example, from a 1995 article in The Daily Telegraph ref name martin quote Satellites as small as a box of cornflakes can be launched at little cost by riding piggyback with larger satellites. A handful of these miniaturized satellites microsatellite s would be used instead of a single all singing all dancing platform bristling with instruments. All Singing, All Dancing is the title of a The Simpsons season 9 ninth season episode of the animated television show The Simpsons . The phrase also appears in the 1996 novel Fight Club novel Fight Club , and the 1999 Fight Club film based on it, in which the character Tyler Durden excoriates his disciples, You re the all singing, all dancing crap of the world. References references Vocab stub Category English idioms ... more details
Image insertion genetics.png thumb 300px An illustration of an insertion at chromosome level In genetics , an insertion also called an insertion mutation is the addition of one or more nucleotide base pair s into a DNA sequence. This can often happen in Microsatellite genetics microsatellite regions due to the DNA polymerase slipping. Insertions can be anywhere in size from one base pair incorrectly inserted into a DNA sequence to a section of one chromosome inserted into another. On a chromosome level, an insertion refers to the insertion of a larger sequence into a chromosome. This can happen due to unequal Chromosomal crossover crossover during meiosis . N region addition is the addition of non coded nucleotides during genetic recombination recombination by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase . P nucleotide insertion is the insertion of palindromic sequence s encoded by the ends of the recombining gene segments. Trinucleotide repeat disorder Trinucleotide repeats are sometimes classified as insertion mutations ref http evolution.berkeley.edu evosite evo101 IIIC3aTypes.shtml Types of Mutations Understanding Evolution For Teachers Home. Retrieved on September 19, 2009 ref ref http books.google.dk books?id Cjl98tqp6rsC&printsec frontcover&source gbs navlinks s v onepage&q &f false Page 510 in Genomes 3. Terence A. Brown. Garland Science, 2007. ISBN 0815341385, 9780815341383. 713 pages ref and sometimes as a separate class of mutations. ref http books.google.com books?id Nz HUuYgYsC&printsec frontcover&source gbs navlinks s v onepage&q &f false Page 145 in Title Genetics of mental disorders what practitioners and students need to know. Authors Stephen V. Faraone, Ming T. Tsuang, Debby W. Tsuang. Publisher Guilford Press, 2001. ISBN 1572307390, 9781572307391. Length 272 pages ref Effects Insertions can be particularly hazardous if they occur in an exon , the amino acid coding region of a gene . A frameshift mutation , an alteration in the normal reading frame of a g ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 A null allele is a mutant allele copy of a gene that completely lacks that gene s normal function. This can be the result of the complete absence of the gene product protein, RNA at the molecular level, or the expression of a non functional gene product. At the phenotype phenotypic level, a null allele is indistinguishable from a deletion of the entire locus genetics locus . A mutant allele that produces no protein is called a protein null shown by Western blot western analysis , and one that produces no RNA is called an RNA null shown by Northern blot Northern analysis or by DNA sequencing of a deletion allele . A genetic null or Muller s morphs amorph ic allele has the same phenotype when homozygous as when heterozygous with a deficiency that disrupts the locus in question. A genetic null allele can be a protein and RNA null, but can also express normal levels of a gene product that is non functional due to mutation. Another definition of null allele concerning molecular markers, refers to such a marker in the case it can no longer be detected because of a mutation. For example, Microsatellite genetics microsatellite s i.e. a repetitive sequence of DNA, in which the repeat is rather short are used as molecular markers amplifying them through Polymerase chain reaction PCR . To do so, a Primer molecular biology primer or oligonucleotide aligns with either of ends of the locus. If a mutation occurs in the annealing site, then the marker can no longer be used and the allele is turned into a null allele. One example of a null allele is the O blood type allele in the human A, B and O blood types blood type system . The alleles for the A antigen and B antigen are Dominance relationship co dominant , thus they are both phenotype phenotypically expressed if both are present. The allele for O blood type, however, is a mutated version of the allele for the A antigen, with a single base pair change due to genetic mutation . The protein coded fo ... more details
Taxobox image Boechera drummondii.jpg image caption Boechera stricta regnum Plantae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Rosids ordo Brassicales familia Brassicaceae genus Boechera genus authority Askell L ve A.L ve & Doris Benta Maria L ve D.L ve subdivision ranks Species subdivision See text. Boechera rockcress is a genus of the family Brassicaceae . It was named after the Denmark Danish botanist Tyge W. B cher 1909 1983 , who was known for his research in alpine plants, including the mustards Draba and Boechera holboellii . According to recent molecular based studies Boechera is closely related to the genus Arabidopsis which also includes the widely known model plant Arabidopsis thaliana . Until recently, members of this genus were included in the genus Arabis , but have been separated from that genus based on recent genetics genetic and cytological data. ref Al Shehbaz, I.A., 2003. Transfer of most North American species of Arabis to Boechera Brassicaceae . Novon 13 4 381 391. ref Unlike the genus Arabis x 8 Boechera has a base chromosome number of x 7. Many taxa are triploid. Boechera is a primarily North American genus, most diverse in the western United States but its distribution range also includes Greenland and the Russian Far East. The genus is poorly known, and species within are difficult to separate morphologically though some clearly distinct species are known. Most members of the genus are perennial plant s with pubescent leaves with stellate trichomes , narrow curving fruits, and small white to purple flower s in elongated raceme s. Relationships within the genus are unclear, and some eastern North American species, including Boechera laevigata , may belong to a clade distinct from the rest of the genus. A very interesting feature of many species of the genus is asexual reproduction , a process known as apomixis . Microsatellite genetics Microsatellite data has revealed that some of the apomictic lineages are Hybrid b ... more details
disputed date January 2011 In genetics , two organism s that differ in one Locus genetics locus are defined as congenic ref cite web url http www.biology online.org dictionary Congenic title Congenic definition from Biology Online.org work Biology Online.org dictionary publisher http www.biology online.org dictionary Biology Online.org accessdate 2006 09 25 ref or coisogenic . Generating congenic strains Congenic strains are generated in the laboratory by mating two inbred strains usually rats or mice , and backcrossing the descendants 5 10 generations with one of the original strains, known as the recipient strain. Typically selection for either phenotype or genotype is performed prior to each backcross generation. In this manner either an interesting phenotype, or a defined chromosomal region assayed by genotype is passed from the donor strain onto an otherwise uniform recipient background. Congenic mice rats can then be compared to the pure recipient strain to determine whether they are phenotypically different if selection was for a genotypic region, or to identify the critical genetic locus, if selection was for a phenotype. Speed congenics can be produced in as little as 5 back cross generations ref cite journal author Markel P title Theoretical and empirical issues for marker assisted breeding of congenic mouse strains journal Nat. Genet. volume 17 issue 3 pages 280 284 year 1997 month November pmid 9354790 doi 10.1038 ng1197 280 url author separator , author2 Shu P author3 Ebeling C display authors 3 last4 Carlson first4 George A. last5 Nagle first5 Deborah L. last6 Smutko first6 John S. last7 Moore first7 Karen J. ref , through the selection at each generation of offspring that not only retain the desired chromosomal fragment, but that also lose the maximum amount of background genetic information from the donor strain. This is also known as Marker Assisted congenics, due to the use of genetic markers typically Microsatellite genetics microsatellite markers ... more details
Estonian Ruhnu sheep lang et eesti maalammas are a breed of native domesticated sheep found on the small Estonia n island of Ruhnu in the Gulf of Riga in the Baltic Sea . ref name origin http www.rala.is beta 33 20Estonian 20Ruhnu 20sheep.htm North Shed Origin and diversity of North European sheep breeds. ref The Estonian Ruhnu sheep population is thought to descend from sheep left on Ruhnu by Swedish language Swedish speaking inhabitants who settled on the island in the 14th century. ref Tapio, I. et al. 2005 . http www.nature.com hdy journal v94 n4 full 6800640a.html Unfolding of population structure in Baltic sheep breeds using microsatellite analysis . Heredity journal Heredity 94, 448 454 ref In 1944 a population of 300 sheep was documented. The current population of the breed is around 30 animals. It is thought that Estonian Ruhnu sheep were originally raised for producing Lamb and mutton meat and wool . ref name gri Grigali nait , Ilma et al. 2003 http 64.233.169.104 search?q cache o7bqq56wm6gJ www.lva.lt vetzoo old Nr 21 pdf grigaliunaite.pdf estonian 22ruhnu sheep 22&hl en&ct clnk&cd 7&gl us Microsatellite Variation in the Baltic sheep breeds . Veterinaria ir zootechnika 21, 66 73. ref Physical adaptations of the Estonian Ruhnu sheep population to seaside pastures and small paddocks suggests that these sheep have had a rather long period to adapt to their environment. Most of the small population of Ruhnu sheep are white or cream colored with greyish head and legs and some have a distinctive badger face pattern. The ewes are polled and approximately 10 of rams are horned. ref name gri The sheep have short or medium length tails. Distinctive from many other breeds of sheep, some Estonian Ruhnu sheep have one or two beads under the jaw. The wool is double coated and of two fibre types and it is generally used for making hand knitting yarn and clothing, such as sweaters. Adult live weight of rams is maximum 80 kg 175 lb and of the ewes 50 kg 110 lb . ref name ... more details
More footnotes date February 2010 Infobox company name Astronautic Technology Sdn Bhd logo type genre predecessor foundation May 1, 1997 founder location city Glenmarie , Shah Alam location country Malaysia location locations area served key people Dato Dr. Ahmad Sabirin Arshad small Chief executive officer CEO small industry Aerospace products RazakSAT , TiungSAT 1 services revenue operating income net income assets equity owner num employees parent divisions subsid homepage http www.atsb.my www.atsb.my footnotes intl Astronautic Technology M Sdn Bhd or better known as ATSB was established in 1997 and is wholly owned by the Minister of Finance Inc under the supervision of the Malaysia n Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation MOSTI . Its aim is to thrust Malaysia into the orbit of nations with space satellite technology. Citation needed date February 2010 ATSB focuses on research and development in the area of design and development of space qualified systems employing advanced and innovative technologies. Citation needed date February 2010 Space projects ATSB was entrusted with the design, development, launch and operation of TiungSAT 1 , Malaysia s first microsatellite. The technical expertise and experience gained in handling TiungSAT 1 served as a stepping stone for the second microsatellite, RazakSAT , which was successfully launched on 14 July 2009. Other satellites awaiting launch are the microsatellites CubeSat and cubesat InnoSat . Citation needed date February 2010 Other projects Differential Global Navigation Satellite System or DGNSS was developed and deployed worldwide in response to the resolution A.915 22 by the International Malaysia Marine Department Organisation. The Peninsular Malaysia Marine Department has established a network of DGNSS broadcasting stations that are supported by monitoring stations and a national control center. ATSB are also responsible for the installation and int ... more details
orphan date September 2011 Reverse ecology refers to the use of genomics to study ecology with no a priori assumptions about the organism s under consideration. The term was suggested in 2007 by Matthew Rockman during a conference on ecological genomics in Christchurch, New Zealand . ref cite journal last Li first YF coauthors et al title Reverse ecology and the power of population genomics journal Evolution year 2008 volume 62 issue 12 pages 2984 2994 ref Rockman was drawing an analogy to the term reverse genetics in which gene function is studied by comparing the phenotypic effects of different genetic sequences of that gene. Most researchers employing reverse ecology make use of some sort of population genomics methodology. This requires that a genome scan is performed on multiple individuals from at least two populations in order to identify genomic regions or sites that show signs of selection. These genome scans usually utilize single nucleotide polymorphism single nucleotide polymorphism SNP markers, though use of Microsatellite genetics microsatellite s can work as well with reduced resolution . Methodology Reverse ecology is recently used by researchers to understand environments and other ecological traits of organisms on Earth using genomic approaches. By examining the genes of bacteria , scientists are able to reconstruct what the organism s environments looked like millions of years ago. The data could help us understand key events in the Evolutionary history of life history of life on Earth. For example, recently, researchers have shown that it is promising to carry out reverse ecology to infer bacteria s living temperature range conditions based on the GC content levels of certain genomic regions. ref cite journal author Zheng H, Wu H title Gene centric association analysis for the correlation between the guanine cytosine content levels and temperature range conditions of prokaryotic species journal BMC Bioinformatics volume 11 issue Suppl 11 pages S7 ... more details
satellite microsatellite category. MOST was developed as a joint effort of the Canadian ... , better pointing by far than any other microsatellite to date. The design of the rest of MOST was inspired by and based on microsatellite bus designs pioneered by AMSAT , and first brought to commercial viability by the microsatellite company http www.sstl.co.uk SSTL based at the University of Surrey in the United Kingdom UK during the early stages of MOST development, the core group of AMSAT microsatellite ... more details
pentanucleotide microsatellite sequence . P53 has been shown to transcriptionally activate this gene by interacting with the downstream pentanucleotide microsatellite sequence. The microsatellite ... correlated with the extent of transcriptional activation by p53. It has been suggested that the microsatellite ... more details
Stonechats. British Birds 94 315 318. ref nDNA Microsatellite genetics microsatellite DNA fingerprinting ... mtDNA cytochrome b cytochrome b DNA sequence sequence and nuclear DNA microsatellite fingerprinting ... more details
Merge Microsatellite genetics date September 2010 A short tandem repeat STR in DNA occurs in non coding region when a pattern of two or more nucleotide s are repeated and the repeated sequences are directly adjacent to each other. The pattern can range in length from 2 to 5 base pair s bp for example CATG sub n sub in a genome genomic region and is typically in the non coding intron region. A short tandem repeat polymorphism STRP occurs when homologous STR loci differ in the number of repeats between individuals. By identifying repeats of a specific sequence at specific locations in the genome, it is possible to create a genetic profile of an individual. There are currently over 10,000 Citation needed date June 2011 published STR sequences in the human genome. STR analysis has become the prevalent analysis method for determining Genetic fingerprinting genetic profiles in forensic cases. Forensic analysis Image Str profile.jpg thumb right 400px A partial human STR profile obtained using the Applied Biosystems Identifiler kit. STR analysis is a relatively new technology in the field of forensics , having come into popularity in the mid to late 1990s. It is used for the genetic fingerprinting of individuals. The STRs in use today for forensic analysis are all tetra or penta nucleotide repeats 4 or 5 repeated nucleotides , as these give a high degree of error free data while being robust enough to survive degradation in non ideal conditions. Shorter repeat sequences tend to suffer from artifacts such as PCR stutter and preferential amplification, as well as the fact that several genetic diseases are associated with tri nucleotide repeats such as Huntington s disease . Longer repeat sequences will suffer more highly from environmental degradation and do not amplify by polymerase chain reaction PCR as well as shorter sequences. ref name interpol cite web title DNA Profiling ... tandem repeat nucleotide sequence s Microsatellite genetics Microsatellite Minisatellite Y STR ... more details
of a microsatellite. The satellite was built in the University of Surrey by a team of MUT engineers ... university stub th vi i h c C ng ngh Mahanakorn The first Thai Microsatellite ... more details
found inactivated in prostate cancer and tumors with Microsatellite genetics microsatellite instability ... gene causes a significant reduction in activin mediated cell signaling. In 58.1 of microsatellite ... more details
there were two gay brothers. A correlation to Xq28 and other Microsatellite genetics microsatellite .... ref cite journal doi 10.1126 science.284.5414.665 title Male Homosexuality Absence of Linkage to Microsatellite ... more details
2 Astrid 2 was Sweden s second microsatellite and it was piggybacked with Nadezhda 5 , a Russian ... Energetic Neutral Atom Imaging By The Astrid Microsatellite Category Artificial satellites orbiting ... more details
Montserrat Andreu et al. year 2005 title Accuracy of Revised Bethesda Guidelines, Microsatellite Instability ... nonpolyposis colorectal cancer Lynch syndrome and microsatellite instability. pmc 2933058 journal ... Lynch syndrome associated tumors, regardless of age CRC with high microsatellite instability ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
