cause of minisatellite repeat copy number variations. Somatic changes are suggested to result .... The most highly mutable minisatellite locus described so far is CEB1 D2S90 described by Vergnaud. ref cite journal author Buard J, Vergnaud G title Complex recombination events at the hypermutable minisatellite .... The term minisatellite has been interchangeably used with VNTRs at many places. Structure Minisatellites ... minisatellite in 1980 by A.R. Wyman and R. White ref cite journal author Wyman AR, White R title A highly ... genome known to date. While other genomes mouse, rat and pig contain minisatellite like sequences ... at this class of tandem repeat. Minisatellite variant repeat mapping by PCR MVR PCR has been ... that is centered upstream of the unstable side of minisatellite arrays. Repeat turnover therefore ... of a minisatellite by suppressing DNA instability. Such an event would ultimately lead to the extinction of a hypermutable minisatellite by meiotic drive. Types Hypervariable minisatellites These have ... DNA sequences de Minisatellit fa fr Minisatellite it Minisatelliti ru tr ... more details
CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload CHAMP was a Germany German satellite launched July 15, 2000 from Plesetsk Cosmodrome Plesetsk , Russia and was used for Earth s atmosphere atmospheric and ionospheric research, as well as other geoscience geoscientific applications, such as GPS radio occultation . CHAMP was managed by de Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ Potsdam GFZ . The spacecraft is the first application of Astrium s Flexbus platform Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment GRACE was the second. A heavily modified version flew as the GOCE mission. CHAMP completed its mission and re entered the Earth s atmosphere on 19 September 2010 after 10 years design life five years . ref http reentrynews.aero.org 2000039b.html ref The mission was judged as being very successful by the involved scientists ref http www.gfz potsdam.de portal gfz Public Relations Pressemitteilungen aktuell 100920 PM CHAMP End?template gfz ref References reflist External links http www.gfz potsdam.de champ Official site http science.hq.nasa.gov missions satellite 9.htm NASA website http www.gfz potsdam.de portal gfz Public Relations Pressemitteilungen aktuell 100920 PM CHAMP End?template gfz Space based meteorological observation Orbital launches in 2000 Category 2000 in spaceflight Category Germany in space Category Spacecraft which reentered in 2010 climate stub Germany spacecraft stub de CHAMP pl CHAMP pt CHAMP ... more details
Satellite DNA consists of very large arrays of tandemly arrayed genes tandemly repeating, non coding DNA . Satellite DNA is the main component of functional centromeres , and form the main structural constituent of heterochromatin . ref cite book author Knight, Julian C. title Human Genetic Diversity Functional Consequences for Health and Disease publisher Oxford University Press year 2009 isbn 9780199227693 page 167 url http books.google.com books?id NSLeurRJWsIC&pg PA167 ref ref DorlandsDict three 000031999 satellite DNA ref The name satellite DNA refers to how repetitions of a short DNA sequence tend to produce a different frequency of the nucleotides adenine , cytosine , guanine and thymine , and thus have a different density from bulk DNA such that they form a second or satellite band when genomic DNA is separated on a Density Gradient density gradient . citation needed date January 2011 Types of satellite DNA Satellite DNA, together with minisatellite and Microsatellite genetics microsatellite DNA, constitute the tandem repeats . ref MeshName Tandem Repeat ref Some types of satellite DNA in humans are class wikitable Type Size of repeat unit bp Location alphoid DNA 171 All chromosomes 68 Centromeres of chromosomes 1, 9, 13, 14, 15, 21, 22 and Y Satellite 1 25 48 Centromeres and other regions in heterochromatin of most chromosomes Satellite 2 5 Most chromosomes Satellite 3 5 Most chromosomes Length A repeated DNA motif pattern can be between 1 base pair long a mononucleotide repeat to several thousand base pairs long, and the total size of a satellite DNA block can be several megabases without interruption. Most satellite DNA is localized to the telomeric or the centromeric region of the chromosome. The nucleotide sequence of the repeats is fairly well conserved across a species. However, variation in the length of the repeat is common. For example, minisatellite DNA is a short region 1 5kb of 20 50 repeats. The difference in how many of the repeats is pres ... more details
cleanup date January 2011 In the study of DNA sequence s, one can distinguish two main types of repeated sequence Tandem repeat s Satellite DNA Minisatellite Microsatellite genetics Microsatellite Interspersed repeat s short interspersed nuclear element SINEs S hort I nterspersed N uclear E lements long interspersed nuclear element LINEs L ong I nterspersed N uclear E lements In primates, the majority of LINEs are LINE 1 and the majority of SINEs are Alu sequence Alu s . In prokaryotes, CRISPR are arrays of alternating repeats and spacers. Other types of repeats Note The following are covered in detail in Computing for Comparative Microbial Genomics . ref name Ussery2008 cite book title Computing for Comparative Microbial Genomics Bioinformatics for Microbiologists chapter Word Frequencies, Repeats, and Repeat related Structures in Bacterial Genomes series Computational Biology volume 8 pages 133 144 first1 David W. last1 Ussery first2 Trudy last2 Wassenaar first3 Stefano last3 Borini publisher Springer edition 1 date 2008 12 22 isbn 978 1 84800 254 8 ref Direct repeat s Global direct repeat Local direct simple repeats Local direct repeats Local direct repeats with spacer Inverted repeat s Global inverted repeat Local inverted repeat Inverted repeat with spacer Palindromic repeat Mirror and everted repeats leave blank until filled out Tandem repeats Interspersed repeats Repetitions in several organisms Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Human See also Eukaryotic chromosome fine structure References reflist External links MeshName DNA Repetitious Region Repeated sequence DEFAULTSORT Repeated Sequence Dna Category Repetitive DNA sequences genetics stub cs Repetitivn DNA de Repetitive DNA eo Ripetiva DNA fr S quence r p t e it Sequenza ripetuta di DNA ja pt Sequ ncia repetitiva DNA sr zh ... more details
UoSAT 12 , the twelfth satellite in the University of Surrey series, was designed and built by Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd SSTL . It was launched to low Earth orbit on 21 April 1999. ref name uosat 12 M. Fouquet and M. Sweeting, http info.ee.surrey.ac.uk SSC CSER UOSAT papers iaf96 minieis minieis.html UoSAT 12 minisatellite for high performance Earth observation at low cost , proceedings of IAF 96. ref UoSAT 12 was an experimental mission used to demonstrate and test a number of new technologies. Imaging cameras and a high speed 1 Mbit s S band downlink the MERLION experiment were tested. An Internet Protocol stack was uploaded to the satellite, allowing experiments in extending the Internet to space to be made by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center NASA Goddard as part of its http ipinspace.gsfc.nasa.gov Operating Missions as Nodes on the Internet OMNI effort. ref name hogie K. Hogie, et al. , http dx.doi.org 10.1016 j.comnet.2004.08.005 Using standard Internet Protocols and applications in space , Computer Networks, special issue on Interplanetary Internet, vol. 47 no. 5, pp. 603 650, April 2005. ref ref name hogie2 K. Hogie, et al. , http www.csc.com cscworld backissues Putting more Internet nodes in space , CSC World, Computer Sciences Corporation, pp. 21 23, April June 2006. ref These now proven technologies were later adopted by SSTL in the design of its Disaster Monitoring Constellation satellites. See also UO 11 OSCAR 11 References references Orbital launches in 1999 Category University of Surrey Category Satellite Internet Category Artificial satellites orbiting Earth Category Earth observation satellites Category 1999 in spaceflight communications satellite stub es UoSAT 12 pl UoSAT 12 ... more details
increase in the germline minisatellite mutation rate . ref name Nature 2006 Cite news title Special ... news 2006 060417 full 440982a.html ref ref Concerning human minisatellite mutation rate after the Chernobyl accident, the Nature April 2006 article also quotes Cite news title Human minisatellite ... more details
genetics microsatellite s and minisatellite s. The former are repeats of sequences less than about ... Minisatellite MLVA Amplified fragment length polymorphism AFLP Software to do MIRU VNTR typing BioNumerics ... more details
italic title taxobox name Cape Verde Island Date Palm image Date palm in Boa Vista, 2010 12.JPG image caption Phoenix atlantica . The palm tree have other green plant under its shadow giving leaves. regnum Plantae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Monocots unranked ordo Commelinids ordo Arecales familia Arecaceae genus Phoenix plant Phoenix species P. atlantica binomial Phoenix atlantica binomial authority Phoenix atlantica or Tamareira , is an endangered species in the palm family Arecaceae , in the genus Phoenix plant Phoenix . It is native to the Cape Verde Islands . Overview File Panoramic view of an oasis like area in central western Boa Vista, 2010 12.jpg thumb 600px left view of an oasis like, in the area of central western Boa Vista, with Tamareiras It is a relative of Phoenix dactylifera , the true date palm . P. atlantica is clearly distinct from its close relatives and that its closest relative is likely to be its nearest geographical neighbour, P. dactylifera. ref http www.springerlink.com content thg341r405n28455 ref The Cape Verde palm, is endemic to the Cape Verde Islands , and was erroneously characterized as a feral Phoenix dactylifera . ref http www.palms.org palmsjournal 2003 capeverde.htm ref ref http www.springerlink.com content thg341r405n28455 ref Three species of the genus Phoenix are recorded from the Cape Verde Islands, P. dactylifera L., P. canariensis Chabaud and P. atlantica A. Chev. While man has almost certainly introduced the former two species, the latter is endemic to the islands. ref http www.palms.org palmsjournal 2003 capeverde.htm ref Genetic isolation of Cape Verde Island Phoenix atlantica Arecaceae was revealed by microsatellite markers and one chloroplast minisatellite marker to individuals of Phoenix from the Cape Verde Islands, P. dactylifera, P. canariensis and P. sylvestris, in order to assess the taxonomic position of P. atlantica within the genus. The DNA analysis by S. A. Henderson, N. Billotte and J. C. Pi ... more details
Multiple issues lead rewrite June 2011 primary sources June 2011 refimprove November 2008 TOC right Miniaturized satellites or small satellites are artificial satellite s of lower weights and smaller sizes, usually under convert 500 kg abbr on . ref cite web url http centaur.sstl.co.uk SSHP sshp classify.html title Satellite Classification accessdate 2010 06 04 ref While all such satellites can be referred to as small satellites , different classifications are used to categorize them based on mass see below . One reason for miniaturizing satellites is to reduce the cost heavier satellites require larger rockets with greater thrust which also has greater cost to finance. In retrospect, smaller and lighter satellites require smaller and cheaper launch vehicles and can sometimes be launched in multiples. They can also be launched piggyback , using excess capacity on larger launch vehicles. Miniaturized satellites allow for cheaper designs as well as ease of mass production, although few satellites of any size other than communications constellations where dozens of satellites are used to cover the globe, have been mass produced in practice. Besides the cost issue, the main rationale for the use of miniaturized satellites is the opportunity to enable missions that a larger satellite could not accomplish, such as Constellations for low data rate communications Using formations to gather data from multiple points In orbit inspection of larger satellites. University Related Research Classification groups Image Space Technology 5 on payload structure.jpg thumb 300px 3 microsatellites of Space Technology 5 Minisatellite The term minisatellite usually refers to an artificial satellite with a wet mass including fuel between convert 100 and 500 kg abbr on , Citation needed date January 2012 though these are usually simply called small satellites . Minisatellites are usually simpler but use the same technologies as larger satellites. Examples Demeter satellite Demeter , Essaim s ... more details
Infobox spacecraft Name ARISSat 1 KEDR Organisation RKK Energia Major Contractors RKK Energia Mission Type Amateur radio Launch Date 28 January 2011 br 01 31 39 UTC Carrier Rocket Soyuz U Launch Site Baikonur Cosmodrome Baikonur Gagarin s Start Site 1 5 Mission Duration 6 Months NSSDC ID 1998 067CK NORAD ID 37772 Mass convert 30 kg Orbit regime Low Earth orbit Low Earth Inclination Apoapsis Periapsis Kedr lang ru meaning Siberian pine Yuri Gagarin s callsign during the Vostok 1 mission also known as ARISSat 1 and RadioSkaf 2 , was ref name arissat sk cite web title ArisSat 1 SK url http www.southgatearc.org news january2012 arissat1 sk.htm accessdate 4 January 2012 ref an amateur radio Miniaturized satellite minisatellite operated by RKK Energia as part of the Amateur Radio on the International Space Station and RadioSkaf programmes. A follow up to the SuitSat spacecraft, Kedr was launched to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of the Vostok 1 mission. Kedr transmitted 25 greetings in 15 different languages. It also transmitted photos of the Earth , telemetry and scientific data. ref name spacewarn687 , voice, telemetry and slow scan television data on a frequency of 145.950 MHz. ref name sporadic citation language Russian publisher Kursk State University Sporadic radio club url http sporadic.ru title RS1S ARISSat 1 Starting RS1S Kedr ARISSAT 1 date April 2, 2011 ref The satellite is also intended for use in educational programmes. ref name spacewarn687 citation title SPACEWARN Bulletin 687 url http nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov spacewarn spx687.html publisher NASA date February 1, 2011 ref Kedr is a convert 30 kg adj on satellite measuring convert 55 cm by convert 55 cm by convert 40 cm . It carries solar cell s to generate power, and is expected to operate for six months. ref name GSP cite web last Krebs first Gunter title ARISSat 1 Radioskaf 2, Kedr url http space.skyrocket.de doc sdat arissat 1.htm work Gunter s Space Page accessdate 10 February 201 ... more details
Infobox spacecraft name USA 221 image caption organisation United States Air Force Academy USAFA major contractors bus mission type Technology launch date 20 November 2010 br 01 25 00 UTC ref name LL cite web url http planet4589.org space log launchlog.txt title Launch Log first Jonathan last McDowell work Jonathan s Space Page accessdate 1 December 2011 ref carrier rocket Minotaur IV HAPS flight number F3 launch site Kodiak Launch Complex Kodiak Kodiak Launch Complex Launch Pad 1 LP 1 mission duration decay COSPAR ID 2010 062E mass convert 180 kg orbit regime Low Earth orbit Low Earth orbit inclination 72 ref name GSP cite web url http space.skyrocket.de doc sdat falconsat 5.htm title FalconSat 5 first Gunter last Krebs work Gunter s Space Page accessdate 1 December 2011 ref apoapsis convert 652 km ref name GSP periapsis convert 641 km ref name GSP USA 221 , also known as FalconSat 5 , is an United States American military minisatellite , which was launched in 2010. The fifth FalconSat spacecraft to be launched, it carries four technology development and ionosphere ionospheric research experiments. The satellite was constructed and is operated by the United States Air Force Academy . Spacecraft USA 221 is a convert 180 kg adj on spacecraft, measuring convert 70 cm by convert 64 cm by convert 54 cm . ref cite web url http events.eoportal.org get announce.php?an id 10002567 title FalconSat 5 publisher eoPortal Directory first Herbert J. last Kramer accessdate 1 December 2011 ref It operates in a low Earth orbit with an apsis apogee of convert 652 km , a apsis perigee of convert 641 km , and 72 degrees of orbital inclination . ref name GSP The Space Plasma Characterization Source SPCS studies how a cold gas ammonia thruster and a Hall effect thruster behave in space, and how they affect the spacecraft s surroundings. Meanwhile, the Wafer Integrated Spectrometer , WISPERS, will observe the plume generated by the Hall thruster, allowing a comparison to be made to theore ... more details
minisatellite s Microsatellite genetics microsatellite s . Single nucleotide polymorphisms ... genetics microsatellites and minisatellite s are also frequently used. These techniques ... of these techniques include minisatellite s and MHC . ref Haig ref These molecular techniques have ... more details
wiktionary satellite A satellite is an object placed into orbit by human endeavor. Satellite may also refer to Satellite software , an open source system management system Natural satellite , an object naturally occurring in orbit e.g. a moon, a planet, a comet, an asteroid, etc. by analogy Satellite state , a dependent country Commuter town , a town within commuter range of a larger city Satellite campus , which is physically detached from the main campus Satellite camp , which is physically detached from the main camp Satellite television , television service provided over Earth orbiting satellites Satellite radio , radio service provided over Earth orbiting satellites Satellite Internet access , Internet service provided over Earth orbiting satellites Satellite Island Tasmania , Australia Satellite Island Washington , USA Satellite biology , a sub viral agent Satellite DNA also see minisatellite and Microsatellite genetics microsatellite Plymouth Satellite , any of several car models built by Plymouth in the 1960s and early 1970s Satellite moth , a species of moth Toshiba Satellite , a product line of notebook computers Satellite financial Satellite, the name for the old Domino City in the anime Yu Gi Oh 5D s NES Satellite , a Nintendo Entertainment System accessory The Satellite , a small rock peak in Antarctica In music Satellite The Player Piano album Satellite , an album by American indie rock band, The Player Piano Sattalites , Canadian reggae group Les Satellites , French alternative rock band Satellite Polish band , Polish progressive rock band Satellite US band , Los Angeles, California, alternative rock band Satellite Records, original name 1957 1960 of Stax Records Satelit EP Satelit EP , a 1976 EP by Smak Satellite P.O.D. album Satellite P.O.D. album , 2001 Satellite EP NB formatting is correct , a 2007 EP by Guster Satellite Panic Room album Satellite Panic Room album , 2010 Songs Satellite , on John Coltrane s 1964 album Coltrane s Sound Satellite , ... more details
developing a new Geostationary Minisatellite Platform Transfer orbit variant GMP T aimed at the telecommunications ... for agricultural and environmental monitoring 3 satellite platforms GMP Geostationary Minisatellite ... more details
A genetic marker is a gene or DNA sequence with a known location on a chromosome that can be used to identify individuals or species . It can be described as a variation which may arise due to mutation or alteration in the genomic loci that can be observed. A genetic marker may be a short DNA sequence, such as a sequence surrounding a single base pair change single nucleotide polymorphism , SNP , or a long one, like minisatellite s. Background For many years, gene mapping was limited in most organisms by traditional genetic markers which include genes that encode easily observable characteristics such as blood types or seed shapes. The insufficient amount of these types of characteristics in several organisms limited the mapping efforts that could be done. ref Pierce, Benjamin A. Genetics A Conceptual Approach. 2nd edition. ref Types File SFP discovery principle.jpg thumb SFP discovery principle for gene probing Some commonly used types of genetic markers are RFLP or Restriction fragment length polymorphism SSLP or Simple sequence length polymorphism AFLP or Amplified fragment length polymorphism RAPD or RAPD Random amplification of polymorphic DNA VNTR or Variable number tandem repeat Microsatellite genetics Microsatellite polymorphism, SSR or Microsatellite genetics Simple sequence repeat SNP or Single nucleotide polymorphism STR or Short tandem repeat SFP or Single feature polymorphism DArT or Diversity Arrays Technology RAD markers or Restriction site associated DNA markers They can be further categorized as dominant or co dominant. Dominant markers allow for analyzing many loci at one time, e.g. RAPD. A primer amplifying a dominant marker could amplify at many loci in one sample of DNA with one PCR reaction. Co dominant markers analyze one locus at a time. A primer amplifying a co dominant marker would yield one targeted product. Dominant markers, as RAPDs and high efficiency markers like AFLPs and SMPLs , allow the analysis of many loci per experiment without ... more details
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