Italic title Taxobox name Polyphagotarsonemus latus image Polyphagotarsonemus latus, USDA BARC.jpg name Broad mite regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a classis Arachnid a subclassis Acari ordo Trombidiformes familia Tarsonemidae genus Polyphagotarsonemus species P. latus binomial Polyphagotarsonemus latus binomial authority Banks, 1904 synonyms Tarsonemus latus small Banks, 1904 small synonyms ref ref cite web title Broad Mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus Banks Arachnida Acari Tarsonemidae author Thomas R. Fasulo publisher University of Florida work Featured Creatures collection url http entomology.ifas.ufl.edu creatures orn broad mite.htm ref The broad mite , Polyphagotarsonemus latus , is a microscopic species of mite found on many species of plants, including important agricultural species such as grapes, apples, and other fruits. The mites are found in many areas throughout the world and are major pests in greenhouses. A P. latus infestation can cause stunting and twisting of the leaves and flowers, and blackening and death of new growth. The damage resembles that caused by herbicide s. The mites prefer areas of high humidity and low temperature, and can be controlled by removing and destroying infested plants, and spraying with a miticide. External links http www.ipm.ucdavis.edu PMG r107400311.html UC IPM online References reflist Category Trombidiformes Category Agricultural pest mites Category Animals described in 1904 Trombidiformes stub ro Polyphagotarsonemus latus ... more details
dries out the mite. Dicofol , a compound structurally related to the insecticide DDT , is a miticide ... miticide acting by desiccation but not a diatomaceous earth which contain crystalline silica, potentially ... more details
refimprove date July 2009 Drugbox Watchedfields changed verifiedrevid 450771830 IUPAC name image Milbemycinoxime.png Clinical data tradename pregnancy AU A B1 B2 B3 C D X pregnancy US A B C D X pregnancy category legal AU S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled legal CA Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII legal UK GSL, P, POM, CD, or Class A, B, C legal US OTC Rx only Schedule I, II, III, IV, V legal status routes of administration Oral Pharmacokinetic data bioavailability 5 10 protein bound metabolism Liver elimination half life excretion Biliary Identifiers CAS number Ref cascite correct ?? CAS number 129496 10 2 CAS supplemental ATC prefix ATC suffix ATC supplemental PubChem DrugBank Ref drugbankcite correct drugbank DrugBank Chemical data chemical formula C sub 31 sub H sub 43 sub NO sub 7 sub 30 br C sub 32 sub H sub 45 sub NO sub 7 sub 70 C H N O molecular weight 541.68 g mol 30 br 555.702 g mol 70 smiles Milbemycin oxime trade name Interceptor , marketed by Novartis is a veterinary drug from the group of milbemycin s, used as a broad spectrum antiparasitic . It is active against worms anthelmintic , insects insecticide Citation needed date September 2011 and mites miticide . Currently, Novartis has halted production of this product and it is unavailable. There is no indication of when production may resume. fact date April 2012 Mechanism of action Like avermectin s, milbemycins are products of fermentation biochemistry fermentation by Streptomyces species. They have a similar mechanism of action, but a longer half life than the avermectins. Milbemycin oxime is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus aureolacrimosus . It opens glutamate sensitive chloride channel s in neuron s and myocyte s of invertebrate s, leading to Hyperpolarization biology hyperpolarisation of these cells and blocking of signal transfer. Uses Milbemycin oxime is active against a broad spectrum of nematodes , although it is less potent against heartworm s than ivermectin . Its ... more details
About the blackberry pest other uses Red Berry disambiguation Taxobox name Acalitus essigi regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a classis Arachnid a subclassis Acari ordo Trombidiformes familia Eriophyidae genus Acalitus species A. essigi binomial Acalitus essigi binomial authority Hassan The redberry mite Acalitus essigi , is an Eriophyidae eriophyid mite which is a serious pest of commercially produced blackberry blackberries in the United States. The redberry mite is microscopic, requiring at least a 20 hand lens to detect. It has two pairs of legs and a thin, translucent appearance. Overwintering mites colonize tiny spaces beneath the exterior scales of dormant buds of blackberries. As the season progresses, redberry mite migration occurs up the flower stem to colonize bract leaf axial bracts , the fruit s Sepal calyx area as well as the spaces between berry druplets. Redberry mite feeding prevents berries from ripening uniformly, causing from one to many druplets to remain as a bright red cluster on the otherwise black and fully ripe fruit. Affected druplets never do ripen, causing the entire fruit to be inedible and unmarketable. Historically, redberry mite has been most damaging to blackberry varieties such as Chester, which mature later in the summer August and September . Yield loss to redberry mite damage can range from 10 to 50 of the total blackberry crop. Infestations of redberry mite are often controlled with lime sulfur or natural miticide acaricidal oils. External links http www.ipm.ucdavis.edu PMG r71400111.html Redberry Mite IPM Acari Category Agricultural pest mites Category Eriophyidae Trombidiformes stub agriculture stub ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 443423035 Reference ref name inchem http www.inchem.org documents icsc icsc eics0835.htm Datasheet from International Programme on Chemical Safety ref ImageFile Binapacryl.png ImageSize 180px IUPACName RS 2 Butan 2 yl 4,6 dinitrophenyl 3 methylbut 2 enoate OtherNames Dapacryl Morocide Morrocid Acricid Endosan Ambox Dinoseb methacrylate Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 485 31 4 PubChem 10234 KEGG Ref keggcite correct kegg KEGG C19022 UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA UNII 4X685BB13A ChemSpiderID 9817 SMILES O C Oc1c cc cc1C C CC N O O N O O C C C C InChI 1 C15H18N2O6 c1 5 10 4 12 7 11 16 19 20 8 13 17 21 22 15 12 23 14 18 6 9 2 3 h6 8,10H,5H2,1 4H3 InChIKey ZRDUSMYWDRPZRM UHFFFAOYAH StdInChI 1S C15H18N2O6 c1 5 10 4 12 7 11 16 19 20 8 13 17 21 22 15 12 23 14 18 6 9 2 3 h6 8,10H,5H2,1 4H3 StdInChIKey ZRDUSMYWDRPZRM UHFFFAOYSA N Section2 Chembox Properties C 15 H 18 N 2 O 6 Appearance Density 1.2 g cm sup 3 sup MeltingPt 66 67 C BoilingPt Solubility Insoluble Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition RPhrases R21 22 R50 53 R61 SPhrases S45 S53 S60 S61 Binapacryl is an miticide and fungicide . ref http www.alanwood.net pesticides binapacryl.html Binapacryl at alanwood.net ref Chemically, it is an ester derivative of dinoseb . Although binapacryl has low toxicity itself, it is readily metabolism metabolized to form dinoseb, which is toxic. ref name inchem International trade in binapacryl is regulated by the Rotterdam Convention . References reflist Category Carboxylate esters Category Fungicides Category Nitrobenzenes Category Pesticides nl Binapacryl ... more details
Image Scale and sooty mold on a Eucalyptus tree.jpg thumb 350px Sooty mold caused by scale on a Eucalyptus dives . Sooty molds are Ascomycete fungi which grow on plant exudates and the sugary honeydew secretion honeydew secreted by insects such as aphids , scale insect scales , the whitefly , and other insects which suck sap from their host plants. The name itself is descriptive, as sooty mold is a black, powdery coating adhering to the leaves of ornamental plants such as azaleas , gardenia s, camellias , crepe myrtle s, and Bay laurel laurel s. Plants located under pecan or hickory trees are particularly susceptible to sooty mold, because honeydew secreting insects often inhabit these trees. The honeydew can rain down on neighboring and understory plants. The fungus itself does little harm to the plant it merely blocks sunlight, and very rarely may stunt a plant s growth and yellow its foliage. Thus, sooty mold is essentially a cosmetic problem in the garden, as it is unsightly and can coat most of a plant in a matter of days or weeks. Some common genera causing sooty molds are Cladosporium , Aureobasidium , Antennariella , Limacinula , Scorias , and Capnodium . Treatment There are several means of treating sooty mold. In essence, they all boil down to controlling the pest s secreting the honeydew on the plant. Without honeydew, there is no sooty mold. Some options include Using formulations of neem oil , which is an organic broad spectrum pesticide, insecticide, fungicide and miticide. It is used to control mites and insects such as whitefly, aphid, scale, and mealy bugs, and the fungi they cause such as sooty mold, and fungus diseases including black spot, rust, mildew, and scab. Neem oil can be used on house plants, flowers, vegetables, trees, shrubs and fruit indoors and outdoors. Neem oil is biodegradable and has not been shown to be toxic to mammals, birds, bees, earthworms, or beneficial insects. Using systemic insecticides such as orthene, malathion, or dia ... more details
chembox Watchedfields changed UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA UNII 6F5V775VPO verifiedrevid 437293527 Reference ref name safety cite web url http pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov summary summary.cgi?cid 9570290&loc ec rcs title Phoxim PubChem entry accessdate 2008 07 06 ref ImageFile Phoxim Structural FormulaeV.1.svg ImageSize 350px IUPACName E , Z N Diethoxyphosphorothioyl oxy benzenecarboximidoyl cyanide OtherNames Baythion br Valexone br Phoxime br Sebacil br Valexon br Volaton Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo Ref cascite correct CAS CASNo 14816 18 3 PubChem 9570290 ATCvet yes ATCCode prefix P53 ATCCode suffix AE03 SMILES CCOP S OCC ON C C N C1 CC CC C1 MeSHName Phoxim KEGG Ref keggcite correct kegg KEGG D08373 Section2 Chembox Properties C 12 H 15 N 2 O 3 P 1 S 1 Appearance Brownish red liquid Density 1.17 g cm sup 3 sup MeltingPtC 6.1 BoilingPt 102 Solubility 7 ppm Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards RPhrases R22 R50 53 SPhrases S2 S36 S60 S61 FlashPt Autoignition Phoxim is an organophosphate insecticide that is produced by the Bayer corporation. It is an analogous dimethyl ester and an organothiophosphate miticide acaricide . ref http www.alanwood.net pesticides phoxim.html Phoxim Data Sheet ref It is allowed for use in limited applications in the European Union. ref http www.ema.europa.eu pdfs vet mrls 075600en.pdf Commission for Veterinary Medicinal Products Phoxim Summary Report ref It is banned for use on crops in the European Union since 22 December 2007. ref http eur lex.europa.eu LexUriServ LexUriServ.do?uri OJ L 2007 166 0016 0023 EN PDF COMMISSION DECISION of 21 June 2007 concerning the non inclusion of certain active substances in Annex I to Council Directive 91 414 EEC and the withdrawal of authorisations for plant protection products containing these substances ref It is used in veterinary medicine to treat ectoparasite ectoparasitic acarid s. References reflist insecticides Cholinergics Category Organophosphate insecticides Category Anticholinesterases Ca ... more details
File Black Drongo I2 IMG 5683.jpg thumb A Black Drongo in a typical anting posture In the behavior called anting , bird s rub insects on their feathers, usually ant s, which secrete liquids containing chemicals such as formic acid , that can act as an insecticide , miticide , fungicide , bactericide , or to make them edible by removing the distasteful acid. It possibly also supplements the bird s own Personal grooming preen oil . Instead of ants, birds can also use millipede s. Over 250 species of bird have been known to ant. Function It has been suggested that anting acts as way of reducing feather parasites such as mites or in controlling fungi or bacteria, although there has been little convincing support for any of the theories. ref Revis, H.C. and Waller, D.A. 2004 Bactericidal and Fungicidal Activity of ant chemicals on feather parasites an evaluation of anting behavior as a Method of Self medication in Songbirds. The Auk 121 4 1262 1268 ref ref Lunt, N, P.E.Hulley, A. J. F. K. Craig 2004 Active anting in captive Cape White eyes Zosterops pallidus . Ibis 146 360 362 http www.ru.ac.za academic departments zooento PUBLICATIONS Lunt 20et 20al 202004.pdf PDF ref It is possible that the use of certain kinds of ants indicates the importance of the chemicals they release. Some cases of anting involved the use of millipede s or Puss Moth caterpillars, and these too are known to release powerful defensive chemicals. ref Clunie, F. 1976 Jungle mynah anting with millipede. Notornis 23 77 ref Another suggested function, based on observation of Blue Jays, is that the bird makes the insects edible, by discharging the harmful acid onto their feathers. The birds were found to show anting behaviour only if the ants had a full acid sac, and with subjects whose acid sacs had been experimentally removed, the behaviour was absent. ref Eisner, T. 2008 Anting in Blue Jays, evidence in support of a food preparatory function. Chemoecology 18 4 197 203 ref Finally, it has also been sug ... more details
Nofootnotes article date November 2011 Image Hazard T.svg right thumb Toxicity symbol for European Toxicity Class I and II Toxicity Class refers to a classification system for pesticide s that has been created by a national or international government related or sponsored organization. It addresses the acute toxicity of agents such as soil fumigant s, fungicides , herbicides , insecticides , miticide s, molluscicide s, nematicide s, or rodenticide s. General considerations Assignment to a Toxicity Class is based typically on results of acute toxicity studies such as the determination of LD50 values in animal experiments, notably rodent s, via oral, inhaled, or external application. The experimental design measures the acute death rate of an agent. The Toxicity Class generally does not address issues of other potential harm of the agent, such as bioaccumulation , issues of carcinogen icity, teratogen icity, mutagen ic effects, or the impact on reproduction . Regulating agencies may require that packaging of the agent be labeled with a Signal Word , a specific warning label to indicate the level of toxicity. Toxicity Class by jurisdiction EPA United States The United States Environmental Protection Agency uses four Toxicity Classes. Classes I to III are required to carry a Signal Word on the label. Pesticides are regulated by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act FIFRA . Toxicity Class I most toxic requires Signal Word Danger Poison , with Skull and crossbones poison skull and crossbones symbol, possibly followed by Fatal if swallowed , Poisonous if inhaled , Extremely hazardous by skin contact rapidly absorbed through skin , or Corrosive causes eye damage and severe skin burns Class I materials are estimated to be fatal to an adult human at a dose of less than 5 grams less than a teaspoon . Toxicity Class II moderately toxic Signal Word Warning , possibly followed by Harmful or fatal if swallowed , Harmful or fatal if absorbed through the skin , Har ... more details
A biocide is a chemical substance or microorganism which can deter, render harmless, or exert a controlling effect on any harmful organism by chemical or biological means. Biocides are commonly used in medicine , agriculture , forestry , and industry . Biocidal substances and products are also employed as anti fouling agents or disinfectants under other circumstances chlorine, for example, is used as a short life biocide in industrial water treatment but as a disinfectant in swimming pools. Many biocides are synthetic, but a class of natural biocides , derived from e.g. bacteria and plants, ref http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pubmed 7858646 Natural biocide term ref includes brassica oleracea, brassica oleracea gemmifera, and clostridium botulinum bacteria. Citation needed date September 2008 Clarify date September 2008 A biocide can be A pesticide this includes fungicide s, herbicide s, insecticide s, algicide s, molluscicide s, miticide s and rodenticide s. An antimicrobial this includes germicide s, antibiotic s, antibacterial s, Antiviral drug antivirals , Antifungal medication antifungals , antiprotozoal agent antiprotozoal s and antiparasite s. See also spermicide . Biocide can also refer to the destruction of life, a form of omnicide that affects every living thing, not just humans one who wishes that everything in the entire world, or universe, face extinction, is labeled a Biocidist , or having biocidal ideologies. Uses Biocides can be added to other materials typically liquid s to protect them against biological infestation and growth. For example, certain types of quaternary ammonium compounds quat s are added to swimming pool pool water or industrial water systems to act as an algicide, protecting the water from infestation and growth of algae . It is often impractical to store and use poisonous chlorine gas for water treatment, so alternative methods of adding chlorine are used. These include hypochlorite solutions, which gradually release chlorine into the wa ... more details
fungicides. Other triorganotins are used as miticide s and acaricide s. Diorganotins have ... Image Cyhexatin.svg Cyhexatin , a white crystalline solid, used as an acaricide and miticide ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 443636501 ImageFile Dicofol chemical structure.png ImageSize IUPACName 2,2,2 trichloro 1,1 bis 4 chlorophenyl ethanol OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 7970 KEGG Ref keggcite correct kegg KEGG C14301 InChI 1 C14H9Cl5O c15 11 5 1 9 2 6 11 13 20,14 17,18 19 10 3 7 12 16 8 4 10 h1 8,20H InChIKey UOAMTSKGCBMZTC UHFFFAOYAZ ChEMBL Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEMBL 228511 StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C14H9Cl5O c15 11 5 1 9 2 6 11 13 20,14 17,18 19 10 3 7 12 16 8 4 10 h1 8,20H StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey UOAMTSKGCBMZTC UHFFFAOYSA N CASNo Ref cascite correct CAS CASNo 115 32 2 PubChem 8268 UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA UNII W4WMM0WS91 ChEBI Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEBI 34692 SMILES Clc1ccc cc1 C O c2ccc Cl cc2 C Cl Cl Cl Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 14 sub H sub 9 sub Cl sub 5 sub O MolarMass 370.48566 Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Dicofol is an organochlorine pesticide that is chemically related to DDT . Dicofol is a miticide that is very effective against red spider mite . One of the intermediates used in its production is DDT. This has caused criticism by many environmentalist s however, the World Health Organization classifies dicofol as a Level III, slightly hazardous pesticide. It is known to be harmful to aquatic animal s, and can cause eggshell thinning in various species of bird s. Difference between dicofol and DDT Dicofol is structurally similar to DDT. It differs from DDT by the replacement of the hydrogen H on C 1 by a hydroxy l OH functional group. One of the intermediates used in its production is DDT. Chemistry Dicofol is usually synthesized from technical DDT. During the synthesis, DDT is first chlorinated to an intermediate, Cl DDT, followed by hydrolyzing to dicofol.After the synthesis reaction, DDT and Cl DDT may remain ... more details
File Honeybee cooling cropped.jpg thumb 250px Honey bees entering a beehive Colony collapse disorder CCD is a phenomenon in which worker bees from a Beehive beekeeping beehive or European honey bee colony abruptly disappear. While such disappearances have occurred throughout the history of Beekeeping apiculture , the term colony collapse disorder was first applied to a drastic rise in the number of disappearances of Western honey bee colonies in North America in late 2006. ref name Penn cite news title Honey Bee Die Off Alarms Beekeepers, Crop Growers and Researchers url http www.aginfo.psu.edu News 07Jan HoneyBees.htm publisher Pennsylvania State University College of Agricultural Sciences date 2007 01 29 ref Colony collapse is significant economically because List of crop plants pollinated by bees many agricultural crops worldwide are Pollination pollinated by bees and ecologically, because of the major role that bees play in the reproduction of plant communities in the wild. European beekeepers observed similar phenomena in Belgium, France, the Netherlands, Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Spain, ref name Monde Ga lle Dupont, http www.lemonde.fr web article 0,1 0 2 3244,36 948835 51 948933,0.html Les abeilles malades de l homme , Le Monde , 29 August 2007 fr icon . ref and initial reports have also come in from Switzerland and Germany , albeit to a lesser degree ref name sueddeutsche cite news author Petra Steinberger title Das spurlose Sterben url http www.sueddeutsche.de wissen raetselhafter exitus der bienen das spurlose sterben 1.911906 publisher sueddeutsche.de date 2007 03 12 language German accessdate 2010 12 31 ref while the Northern Ireland Assembly received reports of a decline greater than 50 . ref cite web url http www.theyworkforyou.com ni ?id 2009 06 08.9.1 title Minutes of Northern Ireland Assembly publisher Theyworkforyou.com date 2009 06 08 accessdate 2010 06 22 ref Possible cases of CCD have also been reported in Taiwan since April 2007. ref name Ec ... more details
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