Infobox single Name Mitochondria Artist Kenichi Suzumura Cover Suzu ken Mitochondria.jpg from Album Released June 24, 2009 Format Maxi single Recorded Genre J pop Label Lantis company Lantis Length 9 15 Writer Producer Last single Atarashii Neiro br 2009 This single Mitochondria br 2009 Next single Misc Mitochondria is Kenichi Suzumura s third single, released on February 4, 2009. It came with a disc with the music video PV of the title track Mitochondria and peaked at 20 on the Oricon charts Track listing tracklist headline CD all lyrics Kenichi Suzumura title1 Mitochondria Mitokondoria length1 4 18 title2 Sorya Sou Desu length2 4 57 2000s Japan single stub Category 2009 singles Category Kenichi Suzumura songs ja ... more details
File Animal mitochondrion diagram en edit .svg thumb 315px Simplified structure of mitochondrion Because of channels in the Outer mitochondrial membrane outer membrane of the mitochondria, the content of the intermembrane space is similar to that of the content of the cytoplasm. As electrons move down the proteins in the electron transport chain , the electrons lose energy to bring H ions from the mitochondrial matrix biology matrix into the intermembrane space. As a concentration gradient of hydrogen ion s forms, a protein called ATP synthase harnesses the potential energy of these ions and starts chemiosmosis , where the H ions reenter the matrix via this enzyme bound to the cristae folds of the inner membrane . ADP and a phosphate group are combined to form Adenosine triphosphate ATP . Mitochondrial enzymes Category Cell anatomy ca Espai intermembranal zh ... more details
Infobox Book name Power, Sex, Suicide Mitochondria and the Meaning of Life title orig translator image Image PowerSexSuicide.jpg image caption Front cover image. author Nick Lane illustrator cover artist country United Kingdom language series subject Evolutionary biology genre publisher Oxford University Press release date 2005 in literature 2005 english release date media type pages isbn ISBN 978 0199205646 oclc followed by Power, Sex, Suicide Mitochondria and the Meaning of Life is a 2005 in literature 2005 popular science book by Nick Lane of University College London , which argues that mitochondrion mitochondria are central to questions of the evolution of multicellularity , the evolution of sexual reproduction , and to the process of senescence . Amongst the theories advanced in the book, Lane endorses the hydrogen hypothesis for the formation of the eukaryote eukaryotic cell , whereby mitochondria are the original defining characteristic of the structure. He argues that the event was an exceedingly improbable one and questions the likelihood of it having happened elsewhere in the Universe . He also suggests that the necessity for genetic compatibility between mitochondrial and cell nucleus nuclear DNA lies behind the differentiation of gender Biological gender biological gender s, ensuring that only one sexual partner contributes mitochondrial DNA to offspring. Steven Rose in The Guardian said that the book contains one of the most interesting stories modern biology has to tell . ref http www.guardian.co.uk books 2005 nov 12 featuresreviews.guardianreview10 Review Power, Sex, Suicide Mitochondria and the Meaning of Life The Guardian ref It was shortlisted for the Royal Society Science Book Prize in 2006. ref http royalsociety.org book.asp?id 6474 Power, Sex, Suicide Mitochondria and the Meaning of Life RoyalSociety.org ref References reflist 1 Category 2005 books Category Popular science books Category Books about evolution science book stub ... more details
Orphan date April 2012 unreferenced date October 2011 The creatine phosphate shuttle facilitates transport of high energy phosphate from mitochondria . This is part of the Phosphocreatine metabolism. Category Biomolecules biochemistry stub ... more details
Image Mitochondrie.svg thumb 300px right Mitochondria structure 1 inner membrane, 2 outer membrane, 3 cristae, 4 matrix The mitochondria l inner membrane forms internal compartments known as crista e, which allow greater space for the proteins such as cytochrome s to function properly and efficiently. The electron transport chain is located on the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Within the inner mitochondrial membrane are also transport protein s that transport in a highly controlled manner metabolites across this membrane. The inner membrane of mitochondria IMM is similar in lipid composition to the membrane of bacteria . This phenomenon can be explained by the endosymbiont hypothesis of the origin of mitochondria as prokaryotes internalized by a eukaryotic host cell. See also Mitochondrial shuttle Translocase of the inner membrane External links http opm.phar.umich.edu localization.php?localization Mitochondrial 20inner 20membrane http www.med.uiuc.edu histo small atlas objects 1340.htm Mitochondrial enzymes Category Membrane biology biochemistry stub ca Membrana mitocondrial interna zh ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2006 Image Diagram of a human mitochondrion.png thumb 300px right Diagram of a human mitochondrion In genetics , a cytohet or heteroplasmon is a eukaryotic Cell biology cell whose cell nucleus non nucleic genome is heterozygous . The non nucleic genome of eukaryotic cells exists in cytoplasm ic organelle s, namely the chloroplast s only in plant cell s and the mitochondria in all eukaryotic cells . Most of the gene s in the mitochondria code for cellular respiration respiration related protein s, and most of the genes in the chloroplasts code for photosynthesis related proteins. The cytoplasmic genome, in contrast with the nucleic genome, exists in many copies in each cell each cell contains numerous mitochondria and or chloroplasts, and each such organelle contains multiple copies of its chromosome . Mutation s in the cytoplasmic genome occur spontanteously and at a much higher rate than in the nucleus, since the mitochondria and chloroplasts are exposed to high concentration s of reactive oxygen species ROS, by products of respiration and photosynthesis . Mitochondria and chloroplasts with mutant genes have the ability to cause wildtype allele s in other mitochondria and chloroplasts to become mutant as well the way in which this is done is still not clear. A certain cell in which a mutant gene exists only in some of the organelles, whereas the wildtype allele exists in the rest, is a cytohet or heteroplasmon . Category Mitochondrial genetics ... more details
B cell lymphoma extra large Bcl xl is a transmembrane molecule in the mitochondria . It is involved in the signal transduction pathway of the FAS L. It is one of several anti apoptotic proteins which are members of the Bcl 2 family of proteins. It has been implicated in the survival of cancer cells. Other Bcl 2 proteins include Bcl 2 , Bcl w , Bcl xs, and Mcl 1 . Image Signal transduction pathways.svg 300px thumb right Overview of signal transduction pathways Fas apoptosis signaling pathway Category Mitochondria Category Cancer research medicine stub ... more details
wiktionary MDNA may refer to Mitochondrial DNA mDNA or mtDNA , the DNA located in organelles called mitochondria MDNA album MDNA album , a 2012 album by Madonna MDNA Tour , 2012 concert tour by Madonna disambiguation pl MDNA simple MDNA ... more details
Mitochondria can divide by fission and since they require mitochondrial DNA for their function, fission is coordinated with Mitochondrial DNA Replication DNA replication . Some of the proteins that are involved in mitochondrial fission have been identified and some of them are associated with mitochondrial disease s. ref Cite pmid 21776419 ref Mechanism The DNM1L Drp1 protein is a member of the Dynamin family of large GTPases . Drp1 controls the final part of mitochondrial fission, pinching off the membrane stalk between two forming daughter mitochondria. The MFN2 protein is part of a complex that links the endoplasmic reticulum ER to mitochondria. Points of ER mitochondrial association have been associated with the formation of Drp1 complexes and mitochondrial fission. ref Cite pmid 21885730 ref Several Drp1 binding proteins have been identified. ref Cite pmid 21772324 ref A protein called mitochondrial fission factor Mff binds Drp1 and promotes mitochondrial fission. ref Cite pmid 21149567 ref The FIS1 protein might recruit Drp1 to sites of fission ref Cite pmid 21647385 ref but it might require association with another protein, MIEF1 coded for by the SMCR7L gene , to promote mitochondrial fission. In contrast, MIEF1 when bound to Drp1 might prevent mitochondrial fission and thus shift the balance towards fusion of mitochondria. ref Cite pmid 21701560 ref References reflist Category Mitochondria ... more details
ND5 can stand for A gene , encoded in mitochondria for NADH dehydrogenase NADH dehydrogenase 5 , associated with sporadic Parkinson s Disease . China Railways Class ND5 diesel electric locomotive . It is a modified version of GE C36 7 General Electric c36 7 built in GE s Erie plant from 1984 1986. Letter NumberCombDisambig ... more details
Taxobox color lightgrey name Proto mitochondrion regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Alpha Proteobacteria The proto mitochondrion is the ancestral bacterial endosymbiont from which all mitochondria are thought to be derived. Phylogeny The phylogenetic analyses of the few genes that are still encoded in the genomes of modern mitochondria suggest an alpha proteobacteria l origin for this endosymbiont . Although the order Rickettsiales has been proposed as the alpha proteobacteria l sister group of mitochondria , there is no definitive evidence as to from which alpha proteobacteria l group the proto mitochondrion emerged. Rickettsialesphylogeny Metabolism Toni Gabald n and Martijn Huynen 2003 reconstructed the proteome and corresponding metabolism of the proto mitochondrion by comparing extant alpha proteobacterial and eukaryotic genomes. They concluded that this organism was an Aerobic organism aerobic alpha proteobacterium catabolyzing lipids, glycerol and other compounds provided by the host. At least 630 gene families derived from this organism can still be found in the 9 eukaryotic genome s analyzed in the study. ref name Gabaldon References reflist refs ref name Gabaldon Cite journal first T. last Gabald n coauthors et al. title The proto mitochondrial metabolism journal Science volume 301 issue 5633 year 2003 pages 690 doi 10.1126 science.1085463 pmid 12893934 ref Cell biology stub Category Microbiology Category Mitochondria Category Proteobacteria Category Symbiosis ca Protomitocondri ... more details
Mitochondrial membrane transport proteins are protein s which exist in the plasma membrane membranes of mitochondria and which serve to transport ref MeshName Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins ref molecule s and other factors such as ion s into or out of the organelles. Examples Examples of mitochondrial transport protein s include the following The mitochondrial permeability transition mitochondrial permeability transition pore , which opens in response to increased mitochondrial calcium Ca sup 2 sup load and oxidative stress ref name Crompton Crompton M. 1999. http www.biochemj.org bj 341 0233 bj3410233.htm The mitochondrial permeability transition pore and its role in cell death . Biochemical Journal . Volume 341, Pages 233 249. PMID 10393078. Retrieved on January 23, 2007. ref The mitochondrial calcium uniporter which transports calcium in biology calcium from the cytosol of the Cell biology cell into the mitochondrial matrix ref name Crompton ref name Nicholls Nicholls DG. 2005. Mitochondria and calcium signaling. Cell Calcium , Volume 38, Issues 3 4, Pages 311 317. PMID 16087232. Retrieved on January 23, 2007. ref The mitochondrial sodium calcium exchanger , which carries Ca sup 2 sup ions out of the matrix in exchange for sodium Na sup sup ions. These transport proteins serve to maintain the proper electrochemical gradient electrical and chemical gradient s in mitochondria by keeping ions and other factors in the right balance between the inside and outside of mitochondria. See also Mitochondrial carrier Membrane transport protein References references Membrane transport proteins Mitochondrial proteins Category Transport proteins Category mitochondria Category transmembrane proteins membrane protein stub zh ... more details
that is essential for normal mitochondrial function. Through a series of chemical reactions, mitochondria ... of ATP synthase, reducing the ability of mitochondria to make ATP. It remains unclear how this disruption ... contained in mitochondrial DNA. Because egg cells, but not sperm cells, contribute mitochondria to the developing ... do not pass mitochondrial traits to their children. Most of the body s cells contain thousands of mitochondria ... disorders is associated with the percentage of mitochondria in each cell that has a particular genetic ... of their mitochondria. When this mutation is present in a higher percentage of a person s mitochondria ... more details
independent of the nucleus, there are some exceptions such as mitochondria and chloroplasts. Not only ... known to inherit genes from only one parental type. In the case of mitochondria, maternal ..., mitochondria are brought into the fertilized cell both by the egg cell and the sperm, the paternal mitochondria are usually marked with ubiquitin and are later destroyed. ref cite journal author Sutovsky, P., et al. year 1999 title Ubiquitin tag for sperm mitochondria journal Nature journal Nature ... mitochondria rarely genetic recombination genetically recombine with one another. Thus, mitochondria ... that that chloroplasts and mitochondria have their own DNA and that they are capable translation ... more details
The TIM TOM complex is a process in cellular biochemistry which describes the translocation of proteins produced from nuclear DNA through the mitochondrial membrane for use in oxidative phosphorylation . Only 13 proteins necessary for a mitochondrion are actually coded in mitochondrial DNA . The vast majority of proteins destined for the mitochondria are encoded in the Cell nucleus nucleus and synthesized in the cytoplasm. These are tagged by an N terminal signal sequence. Following transport through the cytosol from the nucleus, the signal sequence is recognized by a receptor protein in the transporter outer membrane TOM complex. The signal sequence and adjacent portions of the polypeptide chain are inserted in the TOM complex, then begin interaction with a transporter inner membrane TIM complex, which are hypothesized to be transiently linked at sites of close contact between the two membranes. The signal sequence is then translocated into the matrix in a process that requires an electrochemical hydrogen ion gradient across the inner membrane. Mitochondrial Hsp70 binds to regions of the polypeptide chain and maintains it in an unfolded state as it moves into the matrix. ref B. Alberts, A. Johnson, J. lewis, M. Raff,. K. Roberts, P. Walter. Molecular Biology of the Cell ref References reflist External links http www.biochemie.uni freiburg.de pfanner Figure Pfanner2006.gif Overview of the various import ways into mitochondria group of N. Pfanner biochemistry stub Category Transport proteins Category Mitochondria Category Transmembrane proteins cs TIM TOM komplex sv TIM TOM komplex ... more details
D loop replication is a process by which chloroplast s and mitochondria replicate their genetic material. An important component of understanding D loop replication is that many chloroplast s and mitochondria have a single circular chromosome like bacterium bacteria instead of the linear chromosome s found in eukaryote s. However, many cloroplasts s and mitochondria have a linear chromosome, and D loop replication is not important in these organelles. In many organisms, one strand of DNA in the plastid comprises heavier nucleotide s relatively more purine s adenine and guanine . This strand is called the H heavy strand. The L light strand comprises lighter nucleotides pyrimidine s thymine and cytosine . Replication begins with replication of the heavy strand starting at the D loop also known as the control region . An origin of replication opens, and the heavy strand is replicated in one direction. After heavy strand replication has continued for some time, a new light strand is also synthesized, through the opening of another origin of replication. When diagramed, the resulting structure looks like the letter D. The D loop region is important for phylogeography phylogeographic studies. Because the region does not code for any genes, it is free to vary with only a few natural selection selective limitations on size and heavy light strand factors. The mutation rate is among the fastest of anywhere in either the nuclear or mitochondrial genomes in animals. Mutation s in the D loop can effectively track recent and rapid evolution ary changes such as within species and among very closely related species. See also D loop Mitochondrial DNA useful in organisation of nucleoid of mitochondria Organelle References Russell, P. J. 2002. iGenetics . Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco. Category DNA Burger, et al. 2003. Unique mitochondrial genome architecture in unicellular relatives of animals . PNAS 100 3 892 897. genetics stub ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Intermediate fibers , also known as fast oxidative glycolytic fibers , are muscle fast twitch muscle fibers which have been converted via endurance training. These fibers are slightly larger in diameter, have more mitochondria as well as a greater blood supply and more endurance than typical fast twitch fibers. Most of the body s muscles are composed of these intermediate fibers. References Visualizing Human Biology, Kathleen Anne Ireland, David J. Tenenbaum muscle stub Category Muscular system ... more details
NNT could refer to Nan Airport , Thailand IATA airport code NNT. Nassim Nicholas Taleb Number needed to treat , an epidemiological measure Nunthorpe railway station , England National Rail station code NNT. National News Bureau of Thailand by The Government Relations Department Thailand NNT gene NAD P transhydrogenase , a human mitochondria mitochondrial enzyme encoded by the NNT gene . disambig it NNT nl NNT ... more details
rstb.2002.1191 ref The problem Chloroplasts and mitochondria Chloroplasts and mitochondria are energy ... photosynthesis the capture and conversion of the energy of sunlight . Mitochondria in both plant ... is done. In addition to these key reactions of bioenergetics , chloroplasts and mitochondria each contain specialized and discrete genetic systems. These genetic systems enable chloroplasts and mitochondria ... and mitochondria are descended, with little modification, from those of the free living bacteria ... and mitochondria are, however, now located on chromosomes in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells. There they code .... Why do mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own genetic systems? quote text Why do mitochondria ... has proved to be unfounded. We cannot think of compelling reasons why the proteins made in mitochondria ... Garland Science 2007 ref including http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov books bv.fcgi?highlight mitochondria ... why chloroplasts and mitochondria retain DNA , and thus why some characters are inherited through ... that chloroplasts and mitochondria contain those genes whose expression is required to be under the direct ... of protein synthesis in isolated chloroplasts and mitochondria are obtained in the presence of redox ... and Mitochondria journal Redox Report volume 1 issue 1 pages 119 123 year 1995 pmid doi url http jfallen.org publications pdf Allen 1995 RR.pdf ref In mitochondria, the effect results from a redox signal ... more details
Taxobox image status status system status ref regnum Animalia phylum Mollusca classis Gastropoda unranked superfamilia clade Caenogastropoda br clade Hypsogastropoda br clade Littorinimorpha superfamilia Rissooidea familia Pomatiopsidae subfamilia Triculinae tribus Triculuni genus Tricula species T. hortensis binomial Tricula hortensis binomial authority Attwood & Brown, 2003 ref Attwood S. W., Brown D. S., Meng X. H. & Southgate V. R. 2003 . A new species of Tricula Pomatiopsidae Triculinae from Sichuan Province, PR China intermediate host of Schistosoma sinensium . Systematics and Biodiversity 1 109 116. ref synonyms Tricula hortensis is a species of freshwater snail , a gastropod in the Pomatiopsidae family. Distribution This species of freshwater snail occurs in List of non marine molluscs of China China . ref name Zhao 2010 mitochondria Genetics The complete mitochondrial genome of Tricula hortensis was published in 2010. ref name Zhao 2010 mitochondria Zhao Q. P., Zhang S. H., Deng Z. R., Jiang M. S. & Nie P. 2010 . Conservation and variation in mitochondrial genomes of gastropods Oncomelania hupensis and Tricula hortensis , intermediate host snails of Schistosoma in China . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 57 1 215 226. doi 10.1016 j.ympev.2010.05.026 . ref Its length is 15,179 nucleotides and it contains 13 genes. ref name Zhao 2010 mitochondria Parasites Tricula hortensis is an intermediate host for Schistosoma sinensium . ref name Zhao 2010 mitochondria References reflist External links NCBI 227356 Tricula hortensis Category Pomatiopsidae Pomatiopsidae stub vi Tricula hortensis ... more details
of the flagellum and of a cytochrome oxidase of the cbb3 kind. Midichloria and the origin of mitochondria The Rickettsiales are widely regarded as being the closest relatives to mitochondria. Based ..., H., and Bandi, C. 2004 A novel alpha proteobacterium resides in the mitochondria of ovarian cells ... and consumes mitochondria in a mode similar to that of the parasitic bacterium Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus ... the mitochondria of the tick Ixodes ricinus. In Insect Symbiosis II, edited by K. Bourtzis and T. Miller ... in the mitochondria of phylogenetically diverse species. Parasitology . 2008 135 485 494. Sassera ... more details
Wikify date January 2012 Protofection is a term that refers to the transfection of foreign mitochondrial DNA to replace the original energy generators within cells. As mitochondria are damaged with age, this would be a method of rejuvenating them to original states. This technology could similarly be applied to modified or artificial mitochondria. The intent being designing ones that do not produce as many preferably zero free radicals while staying as, or more efficient in generating energy in the cell. While not invulnerable to free radical damage, having less free radicals would also make such generators have longer lifespans if they could still renew at an identical rate, or at least enough to keep more healthy ones at a given time. External links http www.fightaging.org archives 000539.php FightAging.org Article responding to developments. http www.longevitymeme.org news view news item.cfm?news id 1932 LongevityMeme.org reports developments. Category Molecular biology Cell biology stub ... more details
Image Renal oncocytoma2.jpg right thumb Oncocytes left of image , as seen in a renal oncocytoma . H&E stain . An oncocyte is an epithelial Cell biology cell characterized by an excessive amount of mitochondria , resulting in an abundant acidophil ic, granular cytoplasm . Oncocytes can be benign or can undergo malignant transformation. Other names Also known as Hurthle cell thyroid gland only Oxyphilic cell , Askanazy cell , Apocrine metaplasia breast gland only . Etymology Derived from the Greek root onco , which means mass, bulk . See also Oncocytoma , a tumour composed of oncocytes, may be found as a less common salivary gland neoplasm also known as Oxyphilic Adenoma. Renal oncocytoma , a kidney tumour composed of oncocytes. Hurthle cell carcinoma , a variant of follicular thyroid carcinoma . External links http www.wordinfo.info words index info view unit 1474 Wordinfo words containing onco , onocho , onchus Category Epithelial cells Category Mitochondria Category Oncology id Onkosit sl Onkocit ... more details
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