about cell biology the Canadian death metal band Mitochondrion band Image Mitochondria, mammalian lung TEM.jpg thumb 250px right Two mitochondria from mammalian lung tissue displaying their matrix and membranes as shown by electron microscopy Image Biological cell.svg thumb 250px Schematic of typical animal cell, showing subcellular components. Organelle s br 1 Nucleolus br 2 Nuclear membrane br 3 ... br 13 Centriole s within centrosome In cell biology , a mitochondrion plural mitochondria is a Biological ... 10.1006 jmcc.2001.1378 ref and may play a role in the aging process . The word mitochondrion comes ... biology tissue type. Many cells have only a single mitochondrion, whereas others can contain ... s DNA is contained in the cell nucleus , the mitochondrion has its own independent mitochondrial DNA ... File Animal mitochondrion diagram en edit .svg thumb 400px A mitochondrion contains outer and inner ... distinct compartments within the mitochondrion. They are the outer mitochondrial membrane, the intermembrane .... ref name Alberts Larger proteins can enter the mitochondrion if a signaling sequence at their N terminus ... membrane is home to around 1 5 of the total protein in a mitochondrion. ref name Alberts In addition ... thumb 250 px right Cross sectional image of cristae in rat liver mitochondrion to demonstrate the likely ... protein in a mitochondrion. ref name Alberts The matrix is important in the production of ATP ... s. They vary in number and location according to cell type. A single mitochondrion is often found ... Cycle. However, the mitochondrion has many other functions in addition to the production of ATP ... significant storage site of calcium, and there is a significant interplay between the mitochondrion ... prokaryotes. A mitochondrion contains mitochondrial DNA DNA , which is organized as several copies ... 2005 pages 64 68 ref This suggests that their ancestor, the so called proto mitochondrion , was a member of the Proteobacteria . ref name Shoulders1 In particular, the proto mitochondrion was probably ... more details
Taxobox color lightgrey name Proto mitochondrion regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Alpha Proteobacteria The proto mitochondrion is the ancestral bacterial endosymbiont from which all mitochondria are thought to be derived. Phylogeny The phylogenetic analyses of the few genes that are still encoded in the genomes of modern mitochondria suggest an alpha proteobacteria l origin for this endosymbiont . Although the order Rickettsiales has been proposed as the alpha proteobacteria l sister group of mitochondria , there is no definitive evidence as to from which alpha proteobacteria l group the proto mitochondrion emerged. Rickettsialesphylogeny Metabolism Toni Gabald n and Martijn Huynen 2003 reconstructed the proteome and corresponding metabolism of the proto mitochondrion by comparing extant alpha proteobacterial and eukaryotic genomes. They concluded that this organism was an Aerobic organism aerobic alpha proteobacterium catabolyzing lipids, glycerol and other compounds provided by the host. At least 630 gene families derived from this organism can still be found in the 9 eukaryotic genome s analyzed in the study. ref name Gabaldon References reflist refs ref name Gabaldon Cite journal first T. last Gabald n coauthors et al. title The proto mitochondrial metabolism journal Science volume 301 issue 5633 year 2003 pages 690 doi 10.1126 science.1085463 pmid 12893934 ref Cell biology stub Category Microbiology Category Mitochondria Category Proteobacteria Category Symbiosis ca Protomitocondri ... more details
Infobox musical artist name Mitochondrion image image size landscape yes, if wide image, otherwise leave blank alt caption background group or band alias origin Victoria, British Columbia , Canada genre Death metal years active 2003 present label Profound Lore Records Profound Lore associated acts website URL example.com current members past members Mitochondrion is a Canadian death metal band from Victoria, British Columbia formed in 2003. The band has undergone some line up changes, but since 2006 Mitochondrion was solidified as a power trio with Shawn Hach guitar, vocals , Nick Yanchuk guitar, vocals, bass and Karl Gaydard drums, keyboards . With this line up Mitochondrion has recorded two full length studio albums, the self released Archaeaeon 2008 and Parasignosis 2011 , which was released through Profound Lore Records . ref name Bowar Cite web title 5 Questions With Mitochondrion url http heavymetal.about.com b 2011 01 19 5 questions with mitochondrion.htm first Chad last Bowar date 19 January 2011 accessdate 3 April 2012 work About.com ref ref cite journal date August 2010 title Mitochondrion interview journal Vaginalluftwaffe zine issue 4 url http www.myspace.com mitochondrion blog 541119165 language Polish format Translated and reprinted on Mitochondrion s MySpace blog accessdate 2 April 2012 ref According to music criticism music critic s, What makes Mitochondrion stand out is their ability to bring order to chaos. ... It is a trait they share with Deathspell Omega , who craft a dizzying amount of sounds and influences into something palpably evil and eminently listenable. When most other bands try this, it sounds like they are toying with forces they do not understand. ref Cite web title Parasignosis review url http www.invisibleoranges.com 2011 01 mitochondrion parasignosis first Justin M. last Norton date 31 January 2011 accessdate 4 April 2012 work Invisible Oranges ref The musicianship on Parasignosis has been defined by Decibel magazine Decibel ... more details
File Animal mitochondrion diagram en edit .svg thumb 315px Simplified structure of mitochondrion Because of channels in the Outer mitochondrial membrane outer membrane of the mitochondria, the content of the intermembrane space is similar to that of the content of the cytoplasm. As electrons move down the proteins in the electron transport chain , the electrons lose energy to bring H ions from the mitochondrial matrix biology matrix into the intermembrane space. As a concentration gradient of hydrogen ion s forms, a protein called ATP synthase harnesses the potential energy of these ions and starts chemiosmosis , where the H ions reenter the matrix via this enzyme bound to the cristae folds of the inner membrane . ADP and a phosphate group are combined to form Adenosine triphosphate ATP . Mitochondrial enzymes Category Cell anatomy ca Espai intermembranal zh ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 File Animal mitochondrion diagram en edit .svg thumb 315px Simplified structure of a mitochondrion File Chloroplast diagram.svg thumb 315px Simplified structure of a chloroplast The intermembrane space also known as IMS is the region between the inner membrane and the Outer mitochondrial membrane outer membrane of a mitochondrion or a chloroplast . The main function of the intermembrane space is oxidative phosphorylation . Channel protein s called Porin protein porin s in the outer membrane allow free movement of ion s and small molecule s into the intermembrane space. This doesn t mean that it is essentially continuous with the cytosol in terms of the solution solutes relevant for the functioning of these organelle s. Enzyme s destined for the mitochondrial matrix or the stroma animal tissue stroma can pass through the intermembrane space via transport through 1 s. These are known as translocase of the outer mitochondria membrane Translocase of the outer membrane TOM and translocase of the inner mitochondrial membrane Translocase of the inner membrane TIM in mitochondrion mitochondria and translocase of the outer chloroplast membrane TOC and translocase of the inner chloroplast membrane TIC in chloroplast s. It tends to have a low pH because of the proton gradient which results when proton s are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space during electron transport . The structures responsible for this are coenzyme Q , NADH coenzyme Q oxidoreductase complex complex I , succinate coenzyme Q oxidoreductase complex complex II , and coenzyme Q cytochrome c oxidoreductase complex complex III . Intermembrane space of mitochondria Main Intermembrane space of mitochondria Because of channels in the Outer mitochondrial membrane outer membrane of the mitochondria, the content of the intermembrane space is similar to that of the content of the cytoplasm. ATP consists of adenosine composed of an adenine ring and a ribose sugar ... more details
CYC or Cyc may refer to Cyc , an American artificial intelligence project Champions Youth Cup CYC , an annual international youth football soccer tournament China Youth Corps CYC , a Taiwanese youth organization Cyclorama theater Cyc , a curved fabric or plastic sheet backdrop for a stage Cycnoches Cyc , a genus of orchid Cytochrome c , a protein of the mitochondrion mitochondrial electron transport chain . disambig fr CYC it CYC ja Cyc ... more details
Merge from Matrix biology date May 2010 Unreferenced date December 2009 In biology , matrix plural matrices is the material or tissue between animal or plant cell biology cells , in which more specialized structures are embedded, and a specific part of the mitochondrion that is the site of oxidation of organic molecules. The internal structure of connective tissue s is an extracellular matrix . Finger nail s and toenail s grow from matrices. Tissue matrices Extracellular matrix Main Extracellular matrix The molecules forming the glue between cells in connective tissues are summarily referred to as the extracellular matrix. Bone matrix Main Osteon Bone is a form of connective tissue found in the body and has a storage area, or osteon region, also called matrix that allows mineral salts such as calcium to be stored. Subcellular matrices Mitochondrial matrix Main Mitochondrial matrix In the mitochondrion , the matrix contains soluble enzymes that catalysis catalyze the oxidation of pyruvic acid pyruvate and other small Organic chemistry organic molecule s. Nuclear matrix Main Nuclear matrix In the cell nucleus the matrix is the insoluble fraction that remains after extracting the solubled DNA . Golgi matrix The Golgi matrix is a protein scaffold made up of golgin s on the cytoplasm ic side of the Golgi apparatus involved in keeping its shape and membrane stacking. Matrix medium A matrix is also a Growth medium medium in which bacteria are grown cultured . For instance, a Petri dish of agar may be the matrix for culturing a sample swab bed from a patient s throat. See also Matrix biology Matricity Tissues and cells Germinal matrix Hair matrix cell Molecular biology Matrix attachment region Matrix metalloproteinase Matrix protein Bioinformatics and sequence evolution PAM matrix Position specific scoring matrix Similarity matrix Substitution matrix Botany and agriculture Matrix Planting Population biology and ecology Matrix population models DEFAULTSORT Matrix Biology Cat ... more details
A Nuclear gene is a gene located in the cell nucleus of a eukaryote . The term is used to distinguish nuclear gene s from the gene s in the mitochondrion , and in case of plants, also the chloroplast , which host their own genetic system and can produce proteins from scratch. The term gene most often refers to nuclear genes. The distinct genome s of eukaryotes are thought to have arisen through symbiosis symbiotic relationships. The mitochondrion represents a eubacterium that integrated into its archaea l host cell biology cell s physiology to such an extent that it became an integral cell component, or organelle . ref http www.ijdb.ehu.es web paper.php?doi 10.1387 ijdb.051997el Enrique Lopez Juez and Kevin A. Pyke Plastids unleashed their development and their integration in plant development Int. J. Dev. Biol. 49 557 577 2005 Free full text ref ref http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov entrez query.fcgi?db pubmed&cmd Retrieve&dopt AbstractPlus&list uids 12871231&query hl 5&itool pubmed DocSum Hoffmeister M, Martin W Interspecific evolution microbial symbiosis, endosymbiosis and gene transfer. Environ Microbiol. 2003 Aug 5 8 641 9. ref The process repeated in plants, with a cyanobacteria l symbiont in a eukaryote host becoming the chloroplast. The nuclear genes represent the genome of the original host cell, while both of these organelle s still retain a small genome , although many of the genes of the organelles have moved to the nucleus during the course of evolution. The majority of the protein s of a cell are the product of messenger RNA Transcription genetics transcribed from nuclear genes, including most of the proteins of the organelles, which are produced in the cytoplasm like all nuclear gene products and then transported to the organelle. In addition, there are nuclear genes that encode non Translation biology translated regulatory RNA s. Genes in the nucleus are arranged in a linear fashion upon chromosomes , which serve as the scaffold for replication and the regul ... more details
PBB geneid 56910 StAR related lipid transfer domain protein 7 STARD7 or gestational trophoblastic tumor gene 1 GTT1 is a lipid transporter that specifically binds and transports phosphatidylcholine between membranes. ref name pmid20042613 cite journal author Horibata Y, Sugimoto H title StarD7 mediates the intracellular trafficking of phosphatidylcholine to mitochondria journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 285 issue 10 pages 7358 65 year 2010 month March pmid 20042613 pmc 2844184 doi 10.1074 jbc.M109.056960 ref Function and tissue distribution StarD7 is found in the cytosol and associated with the mitochondrion . ref name pmid20042613 When overproduced in the cell, mitochondrial levels of phosphatidylcholine rise. ref name pmid20042613 High levels of the protein are found in tumor cells compared to normal cells, suggesting a role in cell proliferation. ref name pmid15013637 cite journal author Durand S, Angeletti S, Genti Raimondi S title GTT1 StarD7, a novel phosphatidylcholine transfer protein like highly expressed in gestational trophoblastic tumour cloning and characterization journal Placenta volume 25 issue 1 pages 37 44 year 2004 month January pmid 15013637 doi 10.1016 S0143 4004 03 00214 5 ref Structure There are two forms of StarD7 StarD7 I and StarD7 II. The former is 295 amino acids long. StarD7 I possesses an additional 75 amino acids at its amino terminus, which form a signaling sequence that targets it to the outer membrane of the mitochondrion. ref name pmid20042613 StarD7 contains a StAR related transfer domain START , from which it derives its name. Moreover, the protein is a member of the predominantly phosphatidylcholine transporter subfamily of START proteins, the phosphatidylcholine transfer protein Structure StarD2 subfamily. It shares 25 sequence identity with StarD2. ref name pmid20042613 References Reflist Category Genes on chromosome 2 Category Water soluble transporters ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Chembox verifiedrevid 357151114 ImageFile Coproporphyrinogen III.svg ImageSize IUPACName OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 2624 63 7 PubChem 321 SMILES MeSHName Coproporphyrinogen III Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 36 sub H sub 44 sub N sub 4 sub O sub 8 sub MolarMass 660.757 g mol Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition In the metabolism of porphyrin , the enzyme uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase generates coproporphyrinogen III from uroporphyrinogen III , and coproporphyrinogen III oxidase converts it into protoporphyrinogen IX . Image Heme synthesis.png center framed Heme synthesis&mdash note that some reactions occur in the cytoplasm and some in the mitochondrion yellow Tetrapyrroles Heme metabolism intermediates DEFAULTSORT Coproporphyrinogen Iii Category Tetrapyrroles Biochem stub it Coproporfirinogeno III ja III ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Chembox verifiedrevid 370256222 ImageFile Uroporphyrinogen III skeletal.svg ImageSize IUPACName OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 1976 85 8 PubChem 1179 SMILES MeSHName Uroporphyrinogen III Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 40 sub H sub 44 sub N sub 4 sub O sub 16 sub MolarMass 836.795 g mol Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Uroporphyrinogen III is an metabolic intermediate in the biosynthesis of protoporphyrin . It is created by the enzyme uroporphyrinogen III synthase , and is converted into coproporphyrinogen III by the enzyme uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase . See also Uroporphyrinogen Image Heme synthesis.png center framed Heme synthesis&mdash note that some reactions occur in the cytoplasm and some in the mitochondrion yellow Tetrapyrroles Heme metabolism intermediates DEFAULTSORT Uroporphyrinogen Iii Category Tetrapyrroles it Uroporfirinogeno III hu Uroporfirinog n III ja III ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 Chembox verifiedrevid 402048053 ImageFile Protoporphyrinogen IX.svg ImageSize 200 px IUPACName OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 7412 77 3 PubChem 1039 SMILES MeSHName protoporphyrinogen Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 34 sub H sub 52 sub N sub 4 sub O sub 4 sub MolarMass 580.801 g mol Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Section3 Chembox Hazards Solubility MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Protoporphyrinogen IX is a precursor for protoporphyrin IX . See Porphyrins for the pathway and more information. Image Heme synthesis.png center framed Heme synthesis note that some reactions occur in the cytoplasm and some in the mitochondrion yellow See also Protoporphyrinogen oxidase Tetrapyrroles Heme metabolism intermediates DEFAULTSORT Protoporphyrinogen Ix Chemistry stub Category Macrocycles it Protoporfirinogeno IX ja IX ... more details
wiktionarypar crista Crista Crista , Crest disambiguation Crest in Latin, may refer to Crista , an internal compartment formed by the inner membrane of a mitochondrion Crista ampullaris , a sensory organ of the internal ear Crista dividends , a structure in the developing heart of the human embryo Crista frontalis , the frontal crest, a structure of the skull Crista given name , a disambiguation page crista interfenestralis , an anatomical feature that separates the inner ear in two found in some reptiles Crista Ministries , a collection of Christian ministries located in the Richmond Highlands neighborhood of Shoreline, Washington, just north of Seattle Crista occipitalis interna , the internal occipital crest, a structure in the skull Crista terminalis , a crest structure in the heart Species Crista galli disambiguation Gyraulus crista , a minute species of freshwater snail Ptilium crista castrensis , a moss species See also Christa disambiguation Crist disambiguation Cristi disambiguation Cristy disambiguation Krista disambig ... more details
the symbiosis with the ancestor of the eukaryotic cell to become the mitochondrion. The sequencing of the genome ... cell and the mitochondrion. References Beninati, T., Lo, N., Sacchi, L., Genchi, C., Noda ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Invagination means to fold inward or to sheath. In biology , this can refer to a number of processes. Invagination is the morphogenetic processes by which an embryo takes form, and is the initial step of gastrulation , the massive reorganization of the embryo from a simple spherical ball of Cell biology cells , the blastula , into a multi layered organism , with differentiated germ layer s endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. More localized invaginations also occur later in embryonic development, to form coelom, etc. Invagination is the formation of a cleavage furrow during cytokinesis in animal cells. The inner membrane of a mitochondrion invaginates to form cristae, thus providing a much greater surface area to accommodate the protein complexes and other participants that produce ATP. Invagination occurs during endocytosis and exocytosis when a vesicle forms within the cell and the membrane closes around it. Invagination of a part of the intestine into another part is called Intussusception medical disorder intussusception . In the humanities Used to explain a special kind of metanarrative . Used by Rosalind Krauss and Jacques Derrida The Law of Genre , Glyph 7 1980 . In Geology Used to describe a deep depression of strata. Used by Donald L. Baars in The Colorado Plateau Category Cellular processes Category Developmental biology Developmental biology stub es Invaginaci n pt Invagina o ... more details
about stimulants which produce heat the process by which heat is created in an organism Thermogenesis Wikify date October 2011 Thermogenic means tending to produce heat and is commonly applied to drugs which increase heat through metabolic stimulation ref cite journal last Clapham first J. C. coauthors Arch, J.R.S year 2007 title Thermogenic and metabolic antiobesity drugs rationale and opportunities journal Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism volume 9 pages 259 275 doi 10.1111 j.1463 1326.2006.00608.x accessdate 2009 11 10 ref or to microorganism s which create heat within organic waste . In bodybuilding athletes wishing to lose fat use thermogenic drugs to increase the basal metabolic rate , and thereby increasing the energy expenditure. Caffeine and ephedrine are commonly stacked for this purpose, as they have a synergistic effect on fat loss. Both have effects on fat loss through mechanisms not only related to thermogenic effect, but also enhanced utilization of Triglyceride triglycerides for fuel and suppression of appetite. Dinitrophenol Dinitrophenol DNP is a very dangerous thermogenic used for fat loss, it will give a dose dependant increase in body temperature, to the point where it can induce death by hyperthermia. It works as a Mitochondrion mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler, disrupting the mitochondrial electron transport chain . This stops the mitochondria from producing adenosine triphosphate , releasing energy as heat. Notes reflist Category Nutrition pharma stub ... more details
Taxobox color khaki name Retortamonads domain Eukaryote Eukaryota unranked phylum Excavata phylum Metamonad a ordo Retortamonadida subdivision ranks Genera subdivision Retortamonas br Chilomastix The retortamonads are a small group of flagellate s, mostly found in the intestines of animals, although some are free living. They are usually around 5 20 &mu m in length. There are two genera Retortamonas with two flagella, and Chilomastix with four. In both cases there are four basal bodies anterior to a prominent feeding groove, and one flagellum is directed back through the cell, emerging from the groove. The retortamonads lack both mitochondrion mitochondria and golgi apparatus . They are close relatives of the diplomonad s, ref name pmid12270904 cite journal author Simpson AG, Roger AJ, Silberman JD, et al. title Evolutionary history of early diverging eukaryotes the excavate taxon Carpediemonas is a close relative of Giardia journal Mol. Biol. Evol. volume 19 issue 10 pages 1782 91 year 2002 month October pmid 12270904 doi url http mbe.oxfordjournals.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 12270904 ref and are placed among the metamonad s along with them. References reflist Excavata Category Flagellates Category Metamonads cs Retortamon dy de Retortamonadida es Retortamonadida fr Retortamonadida ja ... more details
enzyme Name protoporphyrinogen oxidase EC number 1.3.3.4 IUBMB EC number 1 3 3 4 CAS number 53986 32 6 GO code 0070818 image width caption protein Name protoporphyrinogen oxidase caption image width HGNCid 9280 Symbol PPOX AltSymbols VP EntrezGene 5498 OMIM 600923 RefSeq NM 000309 UniProt P50336 PDB ECnumber 1.3.3.4 Chromosome 1 Arm q Band 22 LocusSupplementaryData Protoporphyrinogen oxidase EC number 1.3.3.4 is an enzyme that is responsible for the seventh step in heme production. Heme is the portion of hemoglobin that carries oxygen in the blood from the lung s to the rest of the body. Protoporphyrinogen oxidase removes hydrogen atoms from protoporphyrinogen IX the product of the sixth step in the production of heme to form protoporphyrin IX . One additional enzyme must modify protoporphyrin IX before it becomes heme. Image Heme synthesis.png center framed Heme synthesis&mdash note that some reactions occur in the cytoplasm and some in the mitochondrion yellow See also porphyrin 1.3 enzyme stub Membrane proteins CH CH oxidoreductases Porphyrin biosynthesis enzymes Category EC 1.3.3 de Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase it Protoporfirinogeno ossidasi ja ... more details
A replicon is a DNA molecule or RNA molecule, or a region of DNA or RNA, that DNA replication replicates from a single origin of replication . For most prokaryotic chromosomes , the replicon is the entire chromosome. One notable exception found comes from archaea , where two Sulfolobus species have been shown to contain three replicons. Examples of bacterial species that have been found to possess multiple replicons include Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2 , Vibrio cholerae , ref cite journal last Tagomori coauthors et al. journal J. Bact. year 2002 series 184 pages 4351 4358 ref and Burkholderia multivorans 3 . These secondary or tertiary chromosomes are often described as a molecule that is a mixture between a true chromosome and a plasmid and are sometimes called chromids . Plasmid s and bacteriophage s are usually replicated as single replicons, but large plasmids in Gram negative bacteria have been shown to carry several replicons. ref Thomas, Christopher M. 2000. u The Horizontal Gene Pool u OPA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. ISBN 90 5702 462 4. Page 3 ref For eukaryotic chromosomes, there are multiple replicons per chromosome. The definition of replicons is somewhat confused with Mitochondrion mitochondria , as they use unidirectional replication with two separate origins. See also Origin of replication References reflist DNA replication Category DNA replication genetics stub de Replikon es Replic n fr R plicon it Replicone pl Replikon pt Replic o ur ... more details
genetic genealogy This is a list of genetic genealogy topics . Important concepts Genetic genealogy Genealogical DNA test Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups Human Y chromosome DNA haplogroups Allele Allele frequency Electropherogram Genetic recombination Haplogroup Haplotype haplogroup Most recent common ancestor Short tandem repeat STR Single nucleotide polymorphism SNP Y STR Y chromosome short tandem repeat Related fields Archaeogenetics Genealogy Genetics Genetic fingerprinting DNA sequencing Population genetics Molecular genetics Patrilineal relationships Patrilineality XY sex determination system Y chromosomal Adam Y chromosomal Aaron Adam s Curse Paternal mtDNA transmission RecLOH Matrilineal relationships Matrilineality Mitochondrion Mitochondrial DNA Human mitochondrial genetics Mitochondrial Eve X chromosome Biogeography, ethnicity and migration Human migration Population genetics Multiregional hypothesis Single origin hypothesis Projects Human Genome Project International HapMap Project Molecular Genealogy Research Project Surname DNA project The Genographic Project Lists List of Y STR public databases List of Y chromosome databases List of DNA tested mummies List of DNA tested historical figures List of genetic results derived from historical figures Y chromosome haplogroups by populations See also List of genetics related topics human genetics Category Genetic genealogy Category Biology lists Genetic genealogy Category Outlines Genetic genealogy topics Category Outlines ... more details
The TIM TOM complex is a process in cellular biochemistry which describes the translocation of proteins produced from nuclear DNA through the mitochondrial membrane for use in oxidative phosphorylation . Only 13 proteins necessary for a mitochondrion are actually coded in mitochondrial DNA . The vast majority of proteins destined for the mitochondria are encoded in the Cell nucleus nucleus and synthesized in the cytoplasm. These are tagged by an N terminal signal sequence. Following transport through the cytosol from the nucleus, the signal sequence is recognized by a receptor protein in the transporter outer membrane TOM complex. The signal sequence and adjacent portions of the polypeptide chain are inserted in the TOM complex, then begin interaction with a transporter inner membrane TIM complex, which are hypothesized to be transiently linked at sites of close contact between the two membranes. The signal sequence is then translocated into the matrix in a process that requires an electrochemical hydrogen ion gradient across the inner membrane. Mitochondrial Hsp70 binds to regions of the polypeptide chain and maintains it in an unfolded state as it moves into the matrix. ref B. Alberts, A. Johnson, J. lewis, M. Raff,. K. Roberts, P. Walter. Molecular Biology of the Cell ref References reflist External links http www.biochemie.uni freiburg.de pfanner Figure Pfanner2006.gif Overview of the various import ways into mitochondria group of N. Pfanner biochemistry stub Category Transport proteins Category Mitochondria Category Transmembrane proteins cs TIM TOM komplex sv TIM TOM komplex ... more details
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