Image Bacterial mobile elements.svg thumb 400px right Mobilegeneticelements in the Cell left and in what ways they can be acquired right . Mobilegeneticelements MGE are a type of DNA that can move around within the genome . They include Transposon s also called transposable elements Retrotransposons Transposon Class II DNA transposons DNA transposons Insertion sequences Plasmids Bacteriophage elements, like Mu phage Mu , which integrates randomly into the genome Group II intron s The total of all mobilegeneticelements in a genome may be referred to as the mobilome . Barbara McClintock was awarded the List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine 1983 1983 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for her discovery of mobilegeneticelements . ref name nobel med 1983 cite web title The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983 url http nobelprize.org nobel prizes medicine laureates 1983 publisher nobelprize.org accessdate 14 July 2010 ref See also Horizontal gene transfer Classification of mobilegeneticelements References citation editor1 last Miller editor1 first W. J. editor2 last Capy editor2 first P. year 2004 title Mobilegeneticelements protocols and genomic applications publisher Humana Press isbn 1 58829 007 7 . citation editor last Shapiro editor first J.A. editor link James A. Shapiro year 1983 title Mobilegeneticelements publisher Academic Press isbn 0 12 638680 3 . reflist Genetic recombination Category Genetics Category Mobilegeneticelements ar ca Element m bil gen tic gl Elemento m bil it Elementi trasponibili ru simple Mobilegeneticelements uk ... more details
infobox biodatabase title ACLAME logo File Database.png description CLAssification of mobilegeneticelements scope organism center Universit Libre de Bruxelles laboratory Bioinformatique des G nomes et des R seaux author pmid PMID 19933762 released standard format url http aclame.ulb.ac.be download webservice sql sparql webapp BLAST standalone license versioning frequency curation bookmark version The CLAssification of MobilegeneticElements ACLAME is a database of sequenced mobilegeneticelements . ref cite journal quotes yes last Leplae first Rapha l authorlink coauthors Lima Mendez Gipsi, Toussaint Ariane year 2010 month Jan title ACLAME a CLAssification of MobilegeneticElements, update 2010 journal Nucleic Acids Res. volume 38 issue Database issue pages D57 61 publisher location England issn pmid 19933762 doi 10.1093 nar gkp938 bibcode oclc id url pmc 2808911 language eng format accessdate laysummary laysource laydate quote ref References references See also Gypsy database Mobilegeneticelements External links http aclame.ulb.ac.be Biodatabase stub Category Biological databases Category Mobilegeneticelements Category Genetics ... more details
wiktionary geneticGenetic may refer to Genetics , in biology, the science of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms Genetic, used as an adjective, refers to heredity of traits Gene , a unit of heredity in the genome of an organism Genetic linguistics , in linguistics, a relationship between two languages with a common ancestor language Genetic algorithm , in computer science, a kind of search technique modeled on evolutionary biology disambiguation simple Genetic ur ... more details
and transposed geneticelements, commonly known as endogenous retroviruses, LINEs, SINEs, etc. Maintenance in populations A variety of factors maintain genetic variation in populations. Potentially ...no footnotes date August 2010 Image wheat.gif right thumb Genetic variation , variation in allele s of gene s, occurs both within and among population s. Genetic variation is important because it provides the raw material for natural selection . Genetic variation is brought about by mutation, a change ... wherein organisms have three or more sets of genetic variation 3n or more . Among individuals within a population Genetic variation among individuals within a population can be identified at a variety of levels. It is possible to identify genetic variation from observations of phenotype ... and are coded for by one or a few genes e.g., white, pink, red petal color in certain flowers . Genetic ... common in vertebrates. Ultimately, genetic variation is caused by variation in the order of bases ... has identified even more genetic variation than was previously detected by protein electrophoresis. Examination of DNA has shown genetic variation in both coding regions and in the non coding intron region of genes. Genetic variation will result in phenotypic variation if variation in the order of nucleotides ... to differences in selective pressures or to genetic drift . Measurement Genetic variation within a population ... of gene loci in individuals that are heterozygous. Sources Mutation s are the ultimate source of genetic ... be favored by natural selection. Genetic variation can also be produced by the recombination of chromosome ... zygosity homozygous individuals . Natural selection can also maintain genetic variation in balanced ... dependent. See also Genetic diversity Human genetic variation References Reflist Further reading McGinley, Mark Lead Author J. Emmett Duffy Topic Editor . 2008. Genetic variation. In Encyclopedia ... 6, 2007 Last revised January 4, 2008 Retrieved July 8, 2009 . http www.eoearth.org article Genetic variation ... more details
for information on using Wikipedia on mobile devices Help Mobile device selfref wiktionarypar mobilemobileMobileMobile often refers to Mobile phone , a portable communications device Often lumped in with Embedded Devices Mobile, Alabama , a U.S. port city Mobile sculpture , a hanging artwork or toy Motility Mobility , the ability to move or be moved Mobile may also refer to TOCright Technology Mobile computing , a generic term describing one s ability to use technology in mobile environments Mobile device , a computer designed for mobile computing Mobile game , a video game played on a mobile phone, smartphone, PDA or handheld computer Mobile Magazine Mobile Magazine , a publication on portable electronics Mobile network operator , a company which provides mobile phone network access and services Mobile radio , wireless communications systems and devices which are based on radio frequencies Mobile rig Mobile station , user equipment and software needed for communication with a wireless telephone network Mobile Web , the World Wide Web as accessed from mobile devices using Mobile Web Browser Mobile TV , TV services viewed via a mobile device. Places Relating to Mobile, Alabama Battle of Mobile 1781 History of Mobile, Alabama Mobile, Alabama in the American Civil War Port of Mobile Relating to Mobile County, Alabama Battle of Mobile Bay Mobile Bay Mobile River University of Mobile , a private university located in Mobile County, Alabama Mobile, Arizona , a small town near Phoenix, U.S. Mobile, California Mobile, Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada Entertainment Mobile TV series , a British ITV drama Mobile band , a Canadian rock band Mobiles band , a 1980s synth pop band Let Go Avril Lavigne album Release and promotion Mobile song , a song by Avril Lavigne from her album Let Go Avril Lavigne album Let Go Mobile album , a 1999 album by Brazilian Paulinho Moska Mob computer gaming , short for mobile , a type of non player character Mobile GunBound , constructs in the turn ... more details
Genetic Heterogeneity is a phenomenon in which a single phenotype or genetic disorder may be caused by any one of a multiple number of alleles or non allele locus genetics locus mutations. ref Turnpenny and Ellard, Emery s Elements of Medical Genetics, 13th Edition. Elsevier Limited, 2007. ISBN 978 0 7020 2917 2 ref This is in contrast to pleiotropy , where a single gene may cause multiple phenotypic expressions or disorders. Genetic heterogeneity can be classified as either allelic or locus . Allelic heterogeneity means that different mutations within a single gene locus forming multiple alleles of that gene cause the same phenotypic expression. For example, there are over 1000 known mutant alleles of the CFTR gene CFTR gene that cause cystic fibrosis . Locus heterogeneity means that variations in completely unrelated gene Locus genetics loci cause a single disorder. For example, retinitis pigmentosa has autosomal dominant , autosomal recessive , and X linked origins. However, only one mutant locus is needed for the phenotype to manifest. References reflist Category Classical genetics genetics stub it Eterogeneit genetica ... more details
refimprove date July 2011 Infobox company name Telekom Deutschland GmbH logo Image T Mobile logo.svg ... s products Wireless PDAs services Mobile communications, DSL revenue operating income net income ... subsid T Mobile UK T Mobile UK br T Mobile USA T Mobile USA, Inc. homepage URL t mobile.com footnotes intl T Mobile International AG is a Germany German holding company for Deutsche Telekom Deutsche Telekom AG s various mobile communications subsidiaries outside Germany. Based in Bonn , Germany, its ... and the United States Virgin Islands US Virgin Islands . The company has financial stakes in mobile operators in both Central Europe Central and Eastern Europe . The T Mobile brand is present in ten ... as the US, Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands. Globally, T Mobile International subsidiaries ... of mobile network operators twelfth largest mobile phone service provider by subscribers and the third ... mobile communications services were radiotelephone systems that were owned and operated by the state ... Telekom built and operated Germany s first cellular mobile network, and eventually created the DeTeMobil ... language anglicized the T Mobil name to T Mobile . On April 1, 2010, the T Home and T Mobile German operations merged to form a new wholly owned DT subsidiary, Telekom Deutschland GmbH . The T Mobile brand was discontinued in Germany and replaced with the Telekom brand. The T Mobile brand is still used in markets outside Germany. Non German mobile network assets are organized into various country specific subsidiaries under the T Mobile International AG subsidiary of DT. In 2010, T Mobile UK T Mobile UK became part of a joint venture with France Telecom s UK mobile network provider, Orange UK . Combined, the two companies make the UK s largest mobile network operator, called Everything Everywhere . Despite the joint venture, the T Mobile and Orange brands continue to co exist in the UK market. The T Mobile brand is present in ten European countries &ndash Austria, Croatia ... more details
Genetic variant may refer to A single nucleotide polymorphism SNP , in case it is a common genetic variant A mutation , in case it is a rare genetic variant A copy number variation disambiguation ... more details
A genetic operator is an Operator programming operator used in genetic algorithms to maintain genetic diversity , known as Mutation genetic algorithm and to combine existing solutions into others, Crossover genetic algorithm . The main difference between them is that the mutation operators operate on one chromosome, that is, they are unary, while the crossover operators are binary operators. Genetic variation is a necessity for the process of evolution . Genetic operators used in genetic algorithms are analogous to those in the natural world survival of the fittest , or selection genetic algorithm selection reproduction crossover genetic algorithm crossover , also called recombination and mutation genetic algorithm mutation . Types of Operators 1. Mutation genetic algorithm 2. Crossover genetic algorithm DEFAULTSORT Genetic Operator Category Genetic algorithms compu AI stub ar ca Operador gen tic algorisme gen tic de Genetischer Operator es Operador gen tico zh ... more details
all of the essential elements of modern genetic algorithms. In addition, Hans Joachim Bremermann ... the elements of modern genetic algorithms. ref http berkeley.edu news media releases 96legacy releases.96 ...Merge from Genetic algorithms in economics date December 2010 In the computer science field of artificial intelligence , a genetic algorithm GA is a Search algorithm search heuristic that mimics the process ... mathematics optimization and Search algorithm search problem s. Genetic algorithms belong to the larger ... techniques inspired by natural evolution, such as Heredity inheritance , Mutation genetic algorithm mutation , selection genetic algorithm selection , and crossover genetic algorithm crossover . Methodology In a genetic algorithm, a population of strings called chromosome genetic algorithm chromosomes ... solution may or may not have been reached. Genetic algorithms find application in bioinformatics ... , mathematics , physics and other fields. A typical genetic algorithm requires a genetic representation ... in essentially the same way. The main property that makes these genetic representations convenient ... complex in this case. Tree like representations are explored in genetic programming and graph form representations are explored in evolutionary programming . The fitness function is defined over the genetic ... evolutionary computation interactive genetic algorithms are used. Once the genetic representation ... Main Selection genetic algorithm During each successive generation, a proportion of the existing population is selection genetic algorithm selected to breed a new generation. Individual solutions ... genetic algorithm Mutation genetic algorithm The next step is to generate a second generation population of solutions from those selected through genetic operator s crossover genetic algorithm crossover also called recombination , and or mutation genetic algorithm mutation . For each new solution ... biology inspired , some research ref Eiben, A. E. et al 1994 . Genetic algorithms with multi parent ... more details
Genetic distance refers to the genetics genetic divergence between species or between populations within a species. It is measured by a variety of parameters. Smaller genetic distances indicate a close genetic relationship whereas large genetic distances indicate a more distant genetic relationship. Genetic distance can be used to compare the genetic similarity between different species, such as humans and chimpanzees. Within a species genetic distance can be used to measure the divergence between different sub species. In its simplest form, the genetic distance between two populations is the difference ... Basques, 41.2 in France and 41.1 in England. Thus the genetic difference between the Basques and French is 9.2 and the genetic difference between the French and the English is 0.1 for the RH negative trait. The genetic distance of several individual traits can then be averaged to compute an overall genetic distance. ref name CavalliSforza Genes, Peoples, and Languages By L. L. Luigi Luca Cavalli Sforza ISBN 0520228731 ref Measures of genetic distance There are several measures used to indicate genetic distance. ref http www.uwyo.edu dbmcd molmark lect06 lect6.html Population Genetics IV Genetic ... measure of genetic distance is the fixation index which varies between 0 and 1. A value of 0 indicates ... are different species. Nei s standard genetic distance This measure assumes that genetic differences arise due to mutations and genetic drift . ref cite journal last Nei et al. title SAMPLING VARIANCES OF HETEROZYGOSITY AND GENETIC DISTANCE url http www.genetics.org cgi content abstract 76 2 379 year 1973 ref Cavalli Sforza and Edwards 1967 This measure assumes that genetic differences arise due to genetic drift only. Reynolds, Weir, and Cockerham s 1983 This measure assumes that genetic differences arise due to genetic drift only. See also Human genetic variation Human genetic clustering ... http hpgl.stanford.edu projects microsat distance.html Stanford University website on genetic distance ... more details
Genetic memory may refer to Genetic memory biology , present if the state of a biological system depends on its history in addition to present conditions Genetic memory psychology , a memory present at birth that exists in the absence of sensory experience Genetic memory computer science , an artificial neural network combination of genetic algorithm and the mathematical model of sparse distributed memory disambig ar es Memoria gen tica pl Pami genetyczna ... more details
form of genetic engineering involves the insertion of new genetic material at an unspecified location in the host genome. This is accomplished by isolating and copying the genetic material of interest using molecular cloning methods to generate a DNA sequence containing the required geneticelements ... Elements of genetic engineering First, the gene to be inserted into the genetically modified organism ... modified organism must be combined with other geneticelements in order for it to work ... in the Dark Genetic Engineering song Sprotect small yes Genetics2 Genetic engineering , also called genetic modification , is the direct human manipulation of an organism s genome using modern DNA ... of classical genetics genetic methods, however traditional Reproduction breeding methods are typically ... of genetic engineering include gene targeting and knocking out specific genes via engineered nucleases such as zinc finger nucleases or engineered homing endonucleases . Genetic engineering techniques ... produced in the milk of genetically engineered goats . Definition Genetic engineering alters the genetic makeup of an organism using techniques that introduce heritable material prepared outside ... techniques to form new combinations of heritable genetic material followed by the incorporation of that material ... microinjection micro injection , macro injection and micro encapsulation techniques. Genetic engineering ..., although not considered genetic engineering, ref cite web title Is Livestock Cloning Another Form of Genetic Engineering? last Van Eenennaam first Alison publisher agbiotech url http agribiotech.info details Alison 20 20cloning 20March 208 20 2003.pdf accessdate ref are closely related and genetic ... 136 issue 27 28 pages 413 415 title Genetic engineering of embryonic stem cells author David M. Suter ... pmid 16897894 ref Synthetic biology is an emerging discipline that takes genetic engineering a step further by introducing artificially synthesized genetic material from raw materials into an organism ... more details
Genetic relationship may refer to Genetic distance , in genetics Genetic relationship linguistics , in language disambig Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Longcomment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 Genetic representation is a way of representing solutions individuals in evolutionary computation methods. Genetic representation can encode appearance, behavior, physical qualities of individuals. Designing a good genetic representation that is expressive and evolvable is a hard problem in evolutionary computation. Difference in genetic representations is one of the major criteria drawing a line between known classes of evolutionary computation. Genetic algorithm s use linear binary representations. The most standard one is an array of bit s. Arrays of other types and structures can be used in essentially the same way. The main property that makes these genetic representations convenient is that their parts are easily aligned due to their fixed size. This facilitates simple crossover operation. Variable length representations were also explored in Genetic algorithm s, but crossover implementation is more complex in this case. Evolution strategy uses linear real valued representations, e.g. an array of real values. It uses mostly gaussian mutation and blending averaging crossover. Genetic programming GP pioneered tree like representations and developed genetic operator s suitable for such representations. Tree like representations are used in GP to represent and evolve functional programs with desired properties. ref http www.sover.net nichael nlc publications icga85 index.html Cramer, 1985 ref Human based genetic algorithm HBGA offers a way to avoid solving hard representation problems by outsourcing all genetic operators to outside agents, in this case, humans. The algorithm has no need for knowledge of a particular fixed genetic representation ... for free form and evolving genetic representations. Common genetic representations Genetic algorithm binary array binary tree genetic tree HBGA natural language parse tree References and notes reflist DEFAULTSORT Genetic Representation Category Evolutionary algorithms ... more details
Genetic gain is the amount of increase in performance that is achieved through artificial Genetic engineering genetic improvement programs. This is usually used to refer to the increase after one generation has passed. ref College of Agriculture, http www.ca.uky.edu agripedia glossary genegain.htm Genetic Gain University of Kentucky , accessed 2010 11 23 ref References Reflist colwidth 60em Category Biology Category Genetics Category Agriculture ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 In biology , a genetic program of a cell is a physiology physiological change brought about by a temporal pattern of Transcription genetics activation of a particular subset of gene s. DEFAULTSORT Genetic Program Category Genetics Genetics stub ... more details
unreferenced date March 2011 Genetic ablation is a method of modifying DNA in order to disrupt the production of a specific gene. As genetic ablation may lead to Cell ablation , it can be used as a synonymous term at appropriate times. Category Genetics experiments genetics stub ... more details
. This mRNA molecule will instruct a ribosome to synthesize a protein according to this code. The genetic code is the set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material DNA or mRNA sequences ... VN title Genetic code supports targeted insertion of two amino acids by one codon journal Science ... table , this particular code is often referred to as the canonical or standard genetic code, or simply the genetic code, though in fact some Variations to the standard genetic code variant codes have evolved. For example, protein synthesis in human mitochondrion mitochondria relies on a genetic code that differs from the standard genetic code. Not all genetic information is stored using the genetic ... areas, and other non coding DNA that can contribute greatly to phenotype . Those elements operate under sets of rules that are distinct from the codon to amino acid paradigm underlying the genetic code. Discovery Image GeneticCode21 version 2.svg thumb The genetic code Serious efforts to understand ... quote isbn 0 465 09138 5 chapter Chapter 8 The genetic code ref The Crick, Brenner et al. experiment ... by Har Gobind Khorana identified the rest of the genetic code. Shortly thereafter, Robert W. Holley ... the triplet nature of the genetic code and deciphered the codons of the standard genetic code. In these experiments ... W. Nirenberg for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis . publisher ... last Gelbart title An Introduction to Genetic Analysis year 2000 isbn 0 7167 3520 2 edition 7th ... mutation s and nonsense mutation s are examples of point mutation s, which can cause genetic diseases ... insertions or genetic deletion deletions of a non multiple of 3 nucleotide bases are known as frameshift ... genetic diseases such as Tay Sachs disease . ref name isbn0 07 111156 5 cite book author Lewis ... malaria sickle.html ref Virus es that use RNA as their genetic material have rapid ... theory of molecular evolution Degeneracy is the redundancy of the genetic code. The genetic code ... more details
about analysis of the linkage of trait biology traits due to the spatial arrangement of genes on the chromosome , an analysis which dates back to classical genetics Genetic linkage analysis of codons as defined through research on nucleic acids , which is often classed with reverse genetics Genetic code analysis of maternal inheritance related to mitochondrial DNA Mitochondrial DNA Mitochondrial inheritance medical, genealogy genealogical , legal and security applications of genetic research that are mainly directed at humans Genetic testing Genetic analysis can be used generally to describe methods both used in and resulting from the sciences of genetics and molecular biology , or to applied research applications resulting from this research. Genetic analysis may be done to identify genetic inherited disorders and also to make a differential diagnosis in certain somatic diseases such as cancer . Genetic analyses of cancer include detection of mutation s, fusion gene s, and DNA copy number changes. Genetic analyses include molecular technologies such as PCR , RT PCR , DNA sequencing , and DNA microarrays , and cytogenetics cytogenetic methods such as karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridisation . Please note This field is fast changing, definitions are in flux, there is historical and contemporary overlap of the following categories, and phrases like the results of genetic analysis can indicate any or all of the following, depending on the facts of the matter being described. br Category Genetics genetics stub ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Genetic divergence is the process in which two or more populations of an ancestral species accumulate independent genetic changes mutations through time, often after the populations have become Reproductive isolation reproductively isolated for some period of time. In some cases, subpopulations living in ecology ecologically distinct peripheral environments can exhibit genetic divergence from the remainder of a population, especially where the range of a population is very large see parapatric speciation . The genetic differences among divergent populations can involve silent mutations that have no effect on the phenotype or give rise to significant Morphology biology morphological and or physiology physiological changes. Genetic divergence will always accompany reproductive isolation, either due to novel adaptation s via selection or due to genetic drift , and is the principal mechanism underlying speciation . Evolution DEFAULTSORT Genetic Divergence Category Evolutionary biology Category Genetics Genetics stub bg de Divergenz Biologie et Divergents bioloogia id Divergensi genetis ... more details
Genetic correlation is the proportion of variance that two traits share due to gene tic causes. ref Neale, M. C., & Maes, H. H. 1996 . Methodology for genetics studies of twins and families 6th ed. . Dordrecht, The Netherlands Kluwer. ref Outside the theoretical boundary case of traits with zero heritability , the genetic correlation of traits is independent of their heritability i.e., two traits can have a very high genetic correlation even when the heritability of each is low and vice versa. The genetic correlation, then, tells us how much of the genetic influence on two traits is common to both if it is above zero, this suggests that the two traits are influenced by common genes . This can be an important constraint on conceptualizations of the two traits traits which seem different phenotypically but which share a common genetic basis require an explanation for how these genes can influence both traits. Computing the genetic correlation Estimates of a genetic correlation obviously require a genetically informative sample, such as a twin study . Given a genetic covariance matrix, the genetic correlation is computed by standardizing this, i.e., by converting the covariance matrix ... genetic variance covariance matrix table border 0 cellspacing 5 cellpadding 5 tr td td td Height ... Then the genetic correlation is .55, as seen is the standardized matrix below table border 0 cellspacing ... are used to calculate both the genetic covariance matrix and its standardized form. In R programming language R , cov2cor will standardize the matrix. Typically, published reports will provide genetic ... for computing the genetic covariance the variance within the genetic covariance matrix is lost because of the standardizing process , so you cannot readily estimate the genetic correlation of two traits ..., allow the viewer to see shared genetic effects as opposed to the genetic correlation by following .... See also Quantitative genetics Heritability References references DEFAULTSORT Genetic Correlation ... more details
Image GAcolor3002cm.jpg 200px thumb Genetic Alliance official logo newsrelease date March 2011 Genetic Alliance is the world s leading Non profit organization nonprofit health advocacy organization committed to improving health through the authentic engagement of communities and individuals. The organization was founded by Joan O. Weiss, a social work er, working with Victor A. McKusick , in 1986 four years before the Human Genome Project was launched. The Genetic Alliance network includes all Stakeholder corporate stakeholder s in the genetics and health community, including disease specific organizations, healthcare providers, professional societies, industry groups, academic institutions, researchers, policymakers, and consumers. President and Chief Executive Officer Sharon Terry leads the Genetic Alliance staff, Council, and network on an innovative journey of novel partnerships, connected consumers, and smart services. Biobank Genetic Alliance manages a biobank . ref http www.biobank.org ref fact date November 2011 References reflist External links http www.geneticalliance.org Genetic Alliance Home Page http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites ga Genetic Alliance Resources hosted by NCBI http www.biobank.org GA s biobank http www.youtube.com watch?v U0ES0yDWryM video on Genetic Alliance s biobank Category Medical and health organizations by medical condition Category Biobank organizations ... more details
Unreferenced date April 2008 Expert subject Genetics date April 2008 A genetic isolate is population of organisms that has little genetic mixing with other organisms within the same species. This may result in speciation , but this is not necessarily the case. Genetic isolates may form new species in several ways allopatric speciation , in which two populations of the same species are geographically isolated from one another by an extrinsic barrier, and evolve intrinsic genetic reproductive isolation peripatric speciation , in which a small group of a population is separated from the main population, and experiences genetic drift parapatric speciation , in which zones of two diverging populations are separate, but do overlap somewhat partial separation is afforded by geography, so individuals of each species may come in contact from time to time, but selection for specific behaviours or mechanisms may prevent breeding between the two groups. sympatric speciation , a contentious method of speciation in which species diverge while inhabiting the same place. Human influences on genetic isolates include restricted Dog breeding breeding of dogs , or a community living secluded away from others such as Tristan da Cunha or Pitcairn Islands . A far larger and less secluded human genetic isolate is the ethnic Finns , natives of Finland see Finnish disease heritage . See also Language isolate Linkage disequilibrium DEFAULTSORT Genetic Isolate Category Speciation ... more details
Genetic structure refers to any pattern in the genetics genetic makeup of individuals within a population. In the absence of genetic structure, one can infer little to nothing about the genetic makeup of an individual by studying other members of the population. When genetic structure is present, on the other hand, much can be inferred. In trivial terms, all populations have genetic structure, because all populations can be characterised by their genotype or allele frequencies if only 1 of a large sample of moths drawn from a single population have spotted wings, then it is safe to assume that any unknown individual is unlikely to have spotted wings. A more complicated example arises in dense thicket s of plants, where plants tend to be pollination pollinated by near neighbours, and seed s tend to fall and germination germinate near the maternal plant. In such a scenario, plants tend to be more closely related to nearby plants than they are to distant plants and yet they are more likely to breed with nearby plants than they are with distant plants. Thus an inbreeding cycle is created that perpetuates the pattern of plants being closely related to near neighbours. This is a form of genetic structure because one can infer much about the genetic makeup of any individual plant simply by studying plants in its immediately neighbourhood. Category Genetics genetics stub Unreferenced date March 2010 ... more details
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