Unreferenced date September 2009 Molecularphysics is the study of the physical properties of molecule s, the chemical bond s between atom s as well as the molecular dynamics . Its most important experimental techniques are the various types of spectroscopy . The field is closely related to atomic physics and overlaps greatly with theoretical chemistry , physical chemistry and chemical physics . Additionally to the electronic excitation states which are known from atoms, molecules are able to rotate and to vibrate. These rotations and vibrations are quantized, there are discrete energy level s. The smallest energy differences exist between different rotational states, therefore pure rotational Spectrum spectra are in the far infrared region about 30 150 m wavelength of the electromagnetic spectrum . Vibrational spectra are in the near infrared about 1 5 m and spectra resulting from electronic transitions are mostly in the visible and ultraviolet regions. From measuring rotational and vibrational spectra properties of molecules like the distance between the nuclei can be calculated. One important aspect of molecularphysics is that the essential atomic orbital theory in the field of atomic physics expands to the molecular orbital theory. See also portal Physics Born Oppenheimer Approximation Molecular energy state Molecular modelling Molecular modeling Rigid rotor Spectroscopy DEFAULTSORT MolecularPhysics Category Molecularphysics Category Atomic, molecular, and optical physics atomic physics stub ar be bg ca F sica molecular cs Molekulov fyzika de Molek lphysik es F sica molecular fa gl F sica molecular id Fisika molekular it Fisica molecolare he kk lt Molekulin fizika ms Fizik molekul nl Molecuulfysica ja no Molekylfysikk uz Molekular fizika pl Fizyka molekularna pt F sica molecular ru sr sv Molekylfysik tr Molek ler ... more details
are given in the volume celebrating 50 years of the journal. ref cite journal journal MolecularPhysics ... accessdate ref See also List of scientific journals in physics List of scientific journals in chemistry List of scientific journals References Reflist Category Chemistry journals Category Physics journals Category Publications established in 1957 fr MolecularPhysics ...italictitle Infobox Journal cover discipline Chemistry , Physics abbreviation Mol. Phys. website http www.informaworld.com smpp title db all content t713395160 tab issueslist publisher Taylor & Francis Taylor and Francis country United Kingdom impact 1.743 impact year 2010 history 1957 present ISSN 0026 8976 eISSN 1362 3028 CODEN MolecularPhysics is an international Peer review peer reviewed scientific journal covering the interface between chemistry and physics , in particular chemical physics and physical chemistry . It covers both theoretical and experiment molecular science, including electron configuration electronic structure , molecular dynamics , spectroscopy , chemical kinetics reaction kinetics , statistical mechanics , condensed matter physics condensed matter and surface science . The journal was established in 1958 and is published by Taylor & Francis Taylor and Francis United Kingdom . In 2010, the journal had an impact factor of 1.743 . ref Thomson Reuters, Journal Citation Reports, 2011. ref The current editors are Timothy P. Softley University of Oxford , J. P. Hansen University of Cambridge , Martin Head Gordon University of California, Berkeley , V. Sandoghdar ETH Zurich Eidgen ssische Technische Hochschule Z rich , and H. J. Werner University of Stuttgart . The founding editor in 1958 was H. Christopher Longuet Higgins . ref cite journal last Hansen first Jean Pierre title Editorial journal MolecularPhysics volume 106 issue 1 pages 1 publisher Taylor and Francis location London date 2008 url issn doi 10.1080 00268970801892457 id accessdate bibcode 2008MolPh.106 ... more details
quantum mechanics Atomic, molecular, and optical physics AMO is the study of matter matter and light matter interactions at the scale of one or a few atom s ref name nap cite book title Atomic, molecular, and optical physics year 1986 publisher National Academy Press isbn 0309035759 ref and energy scales .... T. ed. title Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics New Research year 2009 publisher Nova Science Publishers ... . At this point molecularphysics was established. ref Cite book chapter chapters 7, 8 page title Chemistry ... Zoller Fano Peter Lambropoulos Isolated atoms and Molecules Atomic, Molecular and Optical physics frequently ... majority of the time they are. By this consideration atomic and molecularphysics provides ... be highly contrived and atomic physics is often considered in the wider context of atomic, molecular, and optical physics . Physics research groups are usually so classified. Molecularphysics Main MolecularphysicsMolecularphysics is the study of the physical properties of molecule s, the chemical ... publisher Oxford University Press isbn 9 780198 566465 ref One important aspect of molecularphysics is that the essential atomic orbital theory in the field of atomic physics expands to the molecular ... modelling Molecular modeling multicol break Particle physics Physical chemistry Photon polarization ... of atomic, molecular, and optical physics author Editor Gordon Drake Various authors year 1996 ... 461000 Cite book title Handbook of atomic, molecular, and optical physics author Editor Gordon Drake ... for Theoretical, Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics, Queen s University Belfast http ampd.epsdivisions.org , European Physical Society Physics footer Category Atomic, molecular, and optical ... classical physics classical , Semiclassical physics semi classical and quantum physics quantum treatments ... atom One of the earliest steps towards atomic physics was the recognition that matter was composed ... 7 ref Later, the connection between atomic physics and optical physics became apparent, by the discovery ... more details
orphan date July 2009 In molecularphysics nanotechnology , electrostatic deflection is the Deformation engineering deformation of a Beam structure beam like structure element bent by an electric field . It can be due to interaction between electrostatic fields and net charge or electric polarization effects. The Beam structure beam like structure element is generally cantilevered fix at one of its ends . In nanomaterials , carbon nanotubes CNTs are typical ones for electrostatic deflections. Image Electric deflection CNT.JPG Mechanisms of electric deflection due to electric polarization can be understood as follows Image Electric polarization effect.jpg When a material is brought into an electric field E , the field tends to shift the positive charge in red and the negative charge in blue in opposite directions. Thus, induced dipoles are created. Fig. 3 shows a Beam structure beam like structure element in an electric field . The interaction between the molecular dipole moment and the electric field results an induced torque T . Then this torque tends to align the beam toward the direction of field. Image Electric induced torque.jpg In case of a cantilevered CNT, it would be bent to the field direction. Meanwhile the electrically induced torque and stiffness of the CNT compete against each other. This Deformation engineering deformation has been observed in experiments ref P. Poncharal, et al., Science 283, 1513 1999 and Y. Wei, et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 4527 2001 ref . This property is an important wikt characteristic characteristic for CNTs promising nanoelectromechanical systems applications, as well as for their fabrication, separation and electromanipulation . Recently, several nanoelectromechanical systems based on cantilevered CNTs have been reported such as nanorelays .... References references DEFAULTSORT Electrostatic Deflection MolecularPhysics Nanotechnology Category Molecularphysics ... more details
matter physics atomic, molecular, and optical physics particle physics astrophysics geophysics and biophysics ... physics Main Atomic, molecular, and optical physics Atom ic, Molecule molecular , and Optics ... are considered part of high energy physics . Molecularphysics focuses on multi atomic structures ... and particle physics, and atomic and molecularphysics. The discovery by Karl Jansky in 1931 that radio ... Various examples of physical phenomena science Physics from lang grc physis nature is a natural ... on Physics his Lectures with the atomic theory atomic hypothesis , as his most compact statement ... Leighton, M. Sands year 1963 title The Feynman Lectures on Physics volume 1 page I 2 isbn 0 201 02116 1 ref and its motion physics motion through spacetime , along with related concepts such as energy ... H.D. Young, R.A. Freedman year 2004 edition 11th title University Physics with Modern Physics page 2 publisher Addison Wesley isbn quote Physics is an experimental science. Physicists observe the phenomena ... or principles. ref ref cite book author S. Holzner year 2006 title Physics for Dummies url http www.amazon.com gp reader 0764554336 page 7 publisher John Wiley & Sons Wiley quote Physics is the study ... or the world philosophy philosophical world . ref Physics is one of the oldest academic discipline ... of the Sun, Moon, and stars. ref Over the last two millennia, physics was a part of natural philosophy ... development of scientific method . ref Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry , and the boundaries of physics are not demarcation problem rigidly defined . New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms of other sciences, while opening new avenues of research in areas such as mathematics and philosophy. Physics ... physics led directly to the development of new products which have dramatically transformed modern ... Main History of physics Please only add properly formatted links to reliable sources. Wikipedia is not a source ... more details
Journal of Physics may refer to Journal of Physics A Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical Journal of Physics B Journal of Physics B Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics Journal of Physics C Journal of Physics C Solid State Physics merged with Journal of Physics F Journal of Physics D Journal of Physics D Applied Physics Journal of Physics E Journal of Physics E Scientific Instruments Journal of Physics F Journal of Physics F Metal Physics merged with Journal of Physics C Journal of Physics G Journal of Physics G Nuclear and Particle Physics Journal of Physics Condensed Matter merger of Journal of Physics C Solid State Physics and Journal of Physics F Metal Physics Journal of Physics Conference Series disambig Category IOP Publishing academic journals it Journal of Physics Long comment to prevent listing on Special Shortpages.......................................................................... more details
saved book title Physics subtitle An overview cover image Fractal 09.jpg cover color Black Physics An overview Main article Physics Introduction Theoretical physics Experimental physics Philosophy of physics History History of physics Nobel Prize in Physics Branches of physics Classical physics Modern physics Outline of physics Classical mechanics Thermodynamics Statistical mechanics Electromagnetism Optics Special relativity General relativity Quantum mechanics Research fields Condensed matter physics Atomic, molecular, and optical physics Particle physics Astrophysics Physical cosmology Application and influence Applied physics Current research List of unsolved problems in physics Category Wikipedia books on physicsPhysics ... more details
Molecular attraction occurs when neutrally charged molecules nevertheless experience the uneven distribution of electrons over their structure due to van der Waals forces London Forces induced by random variations of electron density occurring in non polar compounds, hydrogen bonding due to the production of what is essentially a bare proton when it is bonded with a strongly electronegative element such as fluorine , oxygen or nitrogen , and the dipole dipole interaction between compounds that are polar, such as salt . The properties of liquids and the expansion of water ice when it freezes are due to molecular attraction. Source Dr. Walt Volland, http www.800mainstreet.com 08 0008 0012 interforce.html Intermolecular Forces Category Molecularphysicsphysics stub ... more details
Molecular memory is a term for data storage device data storage technologies that use molecular species as the data storage element, rather than e.g. Electronic circuit circuits , magnetics , inorganic materials or physical shapes. ref Molecular Memory and Processing Devices in Solution and on Surfaces A.N. Shipway, E. Katz and I. Willner, Structure and Bonding 2001 99 237 281. ref The molecular component can be described as a molecular switch , and may perform this function by any of several mechanisms, including charge physics charge storage, photochromism , or changes in capacitance . In a perfect molecular memory device, each individual molecule contains a bit of data, leading to massive data capacity. However, practical devices are more likely to use large numbers of molecules for each bit, in the manner of 3D optical data storage many examples of which can be considered molecular memory devices . The term molecular memory is most often used to mean indicate very fast, electronically addressed solid state data storage, as is the term computer memory . At present, molecular memories are still found only in laboratories. Examples One approach to molecular memories is based on special compounds such as porphyrin based polymer s which are capable of storing electric charge . Once a certain voltage threshold is achieved the material oxidation oxidizes , releasing an electric charge. The process is reversible, in effect creating an electric capacitor . The properties of the material allow for a much greater capacitance per unit area than with conventional DRAM memory, thus potentially ... Hewlett Packard , ZettaCore have announced work on molecular memories, which some hope will supplant ... research on non volatile memory non volatile molecular memories. ref cite web publisher National Aeronautics and Space Administration work Ames Research Center title Nonvolatile Molecular memory ... Reflist Category Computer memory Category Molecular electronics Category Nanoelectronics ... more details
one source date December 2010 Molecular biology Molecular biophysics is a rapidly evolving interdisciplinary area of research that combines concepts in physics , chemistry , engineering , mathematics and biology . ref http pmcb.jhu.edu whatismb.html What is a molecular biophysics? ref It seeks to understand biomolecular systems and explain biological function in terms of molecular structure, structural organization, and dynamic behaviour at various levels of complexity from single molecules to supramolecular structures, virus es and small living systems . The technical challenges are formidable, and the discipline has required development of specialized equipment and procedures capable of imaging and manipulating minute living structures, as well as novel experimental approaches. See also Gopalasamudram Narayana Iyer Ramachandran , one of the founders of molecular biophysics. citation needed date December 2010 Famous for the creation of the Ramachandran plot . ref cite journal pmid 13990617 year 1963 last1 Ramachandran first1 GN last2 Ramakrishnan first2 C last3 Sasisekharan first3 V title Stereochemistry of polypeptide chain configurations volume 7 pages 95 9 journal Journal of molecular biology doi 10.1016 S0022 2836 63 80023 6 ref References reflist DEFAULTSORT Molecular Biophysics Category Interdisciplinary fields Category Molecular biophysics bs Molekularna biofizika ru ... more details
Cleanup date April 2009 Unreferenced date April 2009 A molecular beam is produced by allowing a gas at higher pressure to expand through a small wikt orifice orifice into a chamber at lower pressure to form a beam of particles atom s, free radical s, molecule s or ion s moving at approximately equal velocities, with very few collision s between the particles. Molecular beam is useful for fabricating thin film s, artificial structures such as quantum well , quantum wire , and quantum dot . Category Quantum electronics Category Chemical physicsphysics stub particle stub de Molekularstrahl ... more details
. See also Molecular biology Medical biology Medical physics Medical chemistry Clinical Chemistry Pathology Virology Biochemistry Life Sciences Metabolomics Molecular Medicine journal Molecular Medicine ...Molecular medicine is a broad field, where physical, chemical, biological and medical techniques are used to describe molecular structures and mechanisms, identify fundamental molecular and genetic errors of disease, and to develop molecular interventions to correct them. The molecular medicine perspective emphasizes cellular and molecular phenomena and interventions rather than the previous conceptual ... bib6 Integrating noninvasive molecular imaging into molecular medicine an evolving paradigm , Trends in Molecular Medicine , Vol. 13, No. 5, May 2007, pp. 183 191 ref In November 1949, with the seminal paper, Sickle Cell Anemia, a Molecular Disease , ref L Pauling, H Itano, SJ Singer, I Wells ... Cell Anemia, a Molecular Disease . Science , 25 November 1949, vol. 110, no. 2865, pp. 543 548. ref ... the field of molecular medicine. ref BJ Strasser, http www.sciencemag.org cgi content summary 286 5444 1488 Perspectives Molecular Medicine , Sickle Cell Anemia, a Molecular Disease Science ... 0 87983 893 0 ref a prescient book about genetics, prevention and treatment of disease on a molecular ... 2&ct result Principles of Molecular Medicine , 2nd ed, p. 53, Humana Press, 2006 ISBN 1588292029. ref ... ref introduced and defined this view of molecular medicine that focuses on natural and nutritional ... biological revolution that introduced many new techniques and commercial applications. ref Molecular ... ref Molecular medicine is a new scientific discipline in European universities . Combining contemporary ... and many more besides. In some universities molecular medicine is combined with another ... Science journal website http www.molmed.org Molecular Medicine journal website http www.ucas.ac.uk UCAS website http www.sussex.ac.uk Units publications ugrad2006 degrees Molecular 20medicine University ... more details
of difficulties of synthesis and molecular arrangement of such long polymer molecules. In addition, the force needed to draw molecular string to its maximum length could be impractically high comparable ... Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene Carbon nanotube Carbon nanotube springs References http www.uni muenster.de Biologie.AllgmZoo AG Linke PDF Histol&Histopathol reprint.pdf Stretching molecular ... II, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany Category Nanotechnology Category Molecularphysics nano tech stub ... more details
weights in this image as opposed to deuterium oxide the molecular mass should be 18.01528 u. The molecular ... of one atom of the isotope carbon 12 ref http www.webqc.org mmcalc.php Calculate Molecular Weight Molar ... to the relative molecular mass M sub r sub of a molecule, frequently referred to by the term molecular ... number. Thus, it is incorrect to express relative molecular mass molecular weight in daltons Dalton unit Da . The terms molecular weight and molecular mass have been confused on numerous websites, which often state that molecular weight was used in the past as another term for molecular mass. Citation needed date July 2011 Molecular mass differs from more common measurements of the mass ... rather than the average isotopic distribution of many molecules. As a result, molecular mass .... The concept of molecular mass is important for all molecules, especially for complex molecules like polymers and biopolymers such as proteins and carbohydrates . The determination of their molecular ... . Definition There are varying interpretations of this definition. Many chemists use molecular ... only in units see average molecular mass below . A stricter interpretation does not equate the two ... of molecules may contain a variety of molecular masses due to natural isotope s, the average mass ... small when considering small molecules and the molecular mass of the most common isotopomer in which ... molecules or less Natural abundance abundant isotopomers. The molecular mass of a molecule which happens ... N sub A sub 6.04 10 sup 23 sup mol sup 1 sup . Average mass The average molecular mass sometimes abbreviated as average mass is another variation on the use of the term molecular mass. The average molecular mass is the abundance weighted mean average of the molecular masses in a Sample material sample . This is often closer to what is meant when molecular mass and molar mass are used synonym lousy and may have derived from shortening of this term. The average molecular mass and the molar mass ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 In kinetic theory in physics , molecular chaos is the assumption that the velocities of colliding particles are uncorrelated, and independent of position. This assumption, also called in the writings of Boltzmann the Stosszahlansatz collision number hypothesis , makes many calculations tractable. In particular, the assumption of molecular chaos was a key element, although initially unrecognised, in Boltzmann s H theorem of 1872, which attempted to use kinetic theory to show that the entropy of a gas prepared in a state of less than complete disorder must inevitably increase, as the gas molecules are allowed to collide. This drew the objection from Loschmidt that it should not be possible to deduce an irreversible process from time symmetric dynamics and a time symmetric formalism something must be wrong Loschmidt s paradox . The resolution 1895 of this paradox is that the velocities of two particles after a collision are no longer truly uncorrelated. By asserting that it was acceptable to ignore these correlations in the population at times after the initial time, Boltzmann had introduced an element of time asymmetry through the formalism of his calculation. DEFAULTSORT Molecular Chaos Category Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics Category Statistical mechanics fr Chaos mol culaire ja ru ... more details
Image molecularpropeller.jpg right 300px thumb Pumping of water by the hydrophobic surface molecular propeller Molecular propeller is a molecule that can propel fluids when rotated, due to its special shape that is designed in analogy to macroscopic propellers ref J. Vacek and J. Michl, A molecular Tinkertoy construction kit Computer simulation of molecular propellers , New J. Chem. 21 , 1259 1997 ..., Nanosized molecular propellers by cyclodehydrogenation of polyphenylene dendrimers , J. Am. Chem ... Abstract ref it has several molecular scale blades attached at a certain Pitch angle engineering pitch angle around the circumference of a wikt shaft shaft , aligned along the rotational axis. The molecular ...&idtype cvips&gifs yes Abstract ref . Molecular dynamics simulations show that these propellers ... the blades and significantly slow down their pumping. Driving Molecular propellers can be rotated by molecular .... Kelly, H. De Silva and R. A. Silva, Unidirectional rotary motion in a molecular system , nature journal ... monodirectional molecular rotor , nature journal Nature 401 , 152 1999 . http www.nature.com nature ... molecular motors, such as myosin , kinesin , and ATP synthase ref S. P. Tsunoda, R. Aggeler ... ref . For example, rotary molecular motors attached to protein based tails called flagella can propel bacteria. Applications In a similar way, the assembly of a molecular propeller and a molecular motor can form a nanoscale machine that can pump fluids or perform motion physics locomotion ref ... range from novel analytical tools in physics and chemistry, drug delivery and gene therapy ... various activities at the nanoscale or microscale. See also Nanotechnology Molecular modelling Molecular motor Nanocar References reflist External links http tigger.uic.edu htbin cgiwrap bin newsbureau ... v448 n7150 full 448108a.html Highlight of molecular propeller in Nature http www.nature.com nnano reshigh 2007 0707 full nnano.2007.236.html Highlight of molecular propeller in Nature Nanotechnology ... more details
a virial theorem virial relation . Physics The physics of molecular clouds are poorly understood ... from bright stars will have boiled away this molecular cloud of gas and dust. The cloud has broken ... and was taken by the orbiting Hubble Space Telescope in 1999. A molecular cloud , sometimes called ... and size permits the formation of molecules, most commonly molecular hydrogen H sub 2 sub . Molecular ... in observations of some other galaxies . ref cite web author Craig Kulesa title Overview Molecular ... left Barnard 68 Within our own Milky Way galaxy , molecular gas accounts for less than one percent of the volume ... roughly one half of the total gas mass interior to the Sun s galactic orbit. The bulk of the molecular gas is contained in a molecular ring between convert 3.5 and 7.5 kpc ly lk on from the center ..., D. title The Interstellar Environment of our Galaxy journal Reviews of Modern Physics year ... Thaddeus first9 P. bibcode 1987ApJ...322..706D display authors 1 ref That molecular gas occurs predominantly in the spiral arms argues that molecular clouds must form and dissociate on a timescale shorter ... The Structure and Evolution of Molecular Clouds from Clumps to Cores to the IMF booktitle Protostars and Planets IV pages 97 publisher Tucson University of Arizona Press year 2000 ref Vertically, the molecular ... are HII region s which are bubbles of hot ionized gas created in molecular clouds by the intense radiation ... distribution as the molecular gas. This smooth distribution of molecular gas is averaged out over ... in discrete clouds and cloud complexes. ref name ferriere2001 Types of molecular cloud Giant molecular clouds GMCs File Part of the Taurus Molecular Cloud.jpg thumb Part of the Taurus Molecular ... public news eso1209 accessdate 17 February 2012 newspaper ESO Press Release ref A vast assemblage of molecular ... molecular cloud GMC . GMCs are 50&ndash 300 light year s in diameter approx 15&ndash 92 parsecs .... ref name williams2000 The densest parts of the filaments and clumps are called molecular cores ... more details
Category Medicinal chemistry Category Molecularphysics th ...Molecular binding is an attractive interaction between two molecule s which results in a stable association in which the molecules are in close proximity to each other. The result of molecular binding is formation of a molecular complex. Types Molecular binding can be classified into the following types ref name pmid19053779 cite journal author Smith AJ, Zhang X, Leach AG, Houk KN title Beyond picomolar affinities quantitative aspects of noncovalent and covalent binding of drugs to proteins journal J. Med. Chem. volume 52 issue 2 pages 225 33 year 2009 month January pmid 19053779 doi 10.1021 jm800498e url issn pmc 2646787 ref noncovalent bonding non covalent no chemical bonds are formed between the two interacting molecules hence the association is fully reversible reversible covalent bond covalent a chemical bond is formed, however the Gibbs free energy free energy difference separating the non bonded reactants from bonded product is near chemical equilibrium equilibrium and the activation energy activation barrier is relatively low such that the reverse reaction which cleaves the chemical bond easily occurs irreversible covalent a chemical bond is formed in which the product is thermodynamics thermodynamically much more stable than the reactants such that the reverse reaction does not take place. Examples Molecules that can participate in molecular binding include proteins , nucleic acids , carbohydrates , lipids , and small organic molecules such as drugs . Hence the types of complexes that form as a result of molecular binding include protein protein ref name isbn1 58829 120 0 cite book author Haian Fu authorlink editor others title Protein protein interactions methods and applications edition language publisher Humana Press location Totowa, NJ year 2004 origyear pages ... Mannhold Hugo Kubinyi authorlink editor others title Protein ligand interactions from molecular ... more details
Molecular motors are biological molecular machine s that are the essential agents of movement in living ... form and converts it into motion or mechanical work for example, many protein based molecular motors ... motors. One important difference between molecular motors and macroscopic motors is that molecular ... of biologically important molecular motors ref Cite book publisher Freeman last Nelson first P. coauthors M. Radosavljevic, S. Bromberg title Biological physics date 2004 ref Motor proteins Cytoskeletal ... news media releases 2001 10 18 motor.html Molecular motor powerful enough to pack DNA ... ref Synthetic molecular motors have been created by chemists that yield rotation, possibly generating torque. Theoretical Considerations Because the motor events are stochastic , molecular ... models are especially useful when treating the molecular motor as a Brownian motor . Experimental Observation In experimental biophysics , the activity of molecular motors is observed with many ... Optical tweezers are well suited for studying molecular motors because of their low spring constants ... that knowledge of naturally occurring molecular motors will be helpful in constructing synthetic ... to explore the possibility of creating molecular motors de novo. These synthetic molecular motors currently ... may be overcome as our understanding of chemistry and physics at the nanoscale increases ... towards synthetic nanoscale motors. See also Brownian motor Brownian ratchet Cytoskeleton Molecular machine s Molecular mechanics Molecular propeller Motor proteins Nanomotor Protein dynamics Synthetic molecular motors References reflist 2 External links http www.cymobase.org cymobase Cymobase A database for cytoskeletal and motor protein sequence information Category Molecular machines Category Biophysics Category Cell movement ar de Motorprotein es Motor molecular fa ... motoren ja pl Motor molekularny pt Motor molecular tr Molek ler motor zh ... more details
run on PC only. DEFAULTSORT Molecular Orbital Category Molecularphysics Category Quantum chemistry ...see also Molecular orbital theory In chemistry , a molecular orbital or MO is a Function mathematics ... generated with the function. Molecular orbitals are usually constructed by combining atomic orbital s or hybrid orbital s from each atom of the molecule, or other molecular orbitals from ... H C C H molecular orbital set Overview Molecular orbitals MOs represent regions in a molecule where an electron is likely to be found. Molecular orbitals are obtained from the combination of atomic orbitals, which predict the location of an electron in an atom. A molecular orbital can specify ... s . Most commonly an MO is represented as a Linear combination of atomic orbitals molecular ... through molecular orbital theory . Most present day methods in computational chemistry begin by calculating the MOs of the system. A molecular orbital describes the behavior of one electron ... opposite spin. Necessarily this is an approximation, and highly accurate descriptions of the molecular electronic wave function do not have orbitals see configuration interaction . Formation of molecular orbitals Molecular orbitals arise from allowed interactions between atomic orbital s, which are allowed ..., which is significant if the atomic orbitals are close in energy. Finally, the number of molecular ... the molecule. Qualitative discussion For an imprecise, but qualitatively useful, discussion of the molecular structure, the molecular orbitals can be obtained from the Linear combination of atomic orbitals molecular orbital method ansatz . Here, the molecular orbitals are expressed as linear combination s of atomic orbital s. Linear combinations of atomic orbitals LCAO Molecular orbitals were first ... On the interpretation of some phenomena in molecular spectra Zeitschrift f r Physik , vol. 36, pages ... The linear combination of atomic orbitals molecular orbital method linear combination of atomic ... more details
DEFAULTSORT Molecular Autoionization Category Molecularphysics Chemistry stub no Molekyl r ...Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 about molecular autoionization in solution chemistry by reaction of two identical molecules autoionization of a single atom or molecule a different process studied in physics autoionization Molecular autoionization is a reaction between molecule s of the same substance to produce ion s and is created by semipolar bond s. The oxidation number on all atoms in such a reaction remains unchanged. Such autoionization can be protic hydron chemistry H sup sup transfer , or non protic . Some examples of each are Autoprotolysis Protic solvents span class nounderlines 2 properties of water H sub 2 sub O eqm hydroxonium H sub 3 sub O sup sup hydroxide OH sup sup span see water below div class nounderlines 2 ammonia NH sub 3 sub eqm ammonium NH sub 4 sub sup sup amide ion NH sub 2 sub sup sup div div class nounderlines 2 sulfuric acid H sub 2 sub SO sub 4 sub eqm sulfuric acid Polarity and conductivity H sub 3 sub SO sub 4 sub sup sup bisulfate HSO sub 4 sub sup sup div div class nounderlines 3 hydrogen fluoride HF eqm H sub 2 sub F sup sup bifluoride HF sub 2 sub sup sup div Non protic solvents div class nounderlines 2 phosphorus pentafluoride PF sub 5 sub eqm PF sub 6 sub sup sup PF sub 4 sub sup sup div div class nounderlines 2 sulfur dioxide SO sub 2 sub eqm sulfite SO sub 3 sub sup 2 sup SO sup 2 sup div div class nounderlines 4 aluminium trichloride AlCl sub 3 sub eqm 3 AlCl sub 4 sub sup sup Al sup 3 sup div div class nounderlines 2 bromine trifluoride BrF sub 3 sub eqm BrF sub 2 sub sup sup BrF sub 4 sub sup sup div This type of autoionization can occur in gas es or solid s, but occurs more readily in liquid s. In gases, the molecules are so far apart that ion formation is very unfavorable, and in solids, there is not enough molecular movement. As long as the phase remains constant, autoionization normally increases substantially ... more details
Molecular electronics , sometimes called moletronics , involves the study and application of molecular ... of conductive polymers as well as Molecular scale electronics single molecule electronic components for nanotechnology . An interdisciplinary pursuit, molecular electronics spans physics, chemistry, and materials science. The unifying feature is the use of molecular building blocks for the fabrication ... such as transistors and molecular scale switches. Due to the prospect of size reduction in electronics offered by molecular level control of properties, molecular electronics has aroused much excitement both in science fiction and among scientists. Molecular electronics provides a potential ... circuits . Molecular electronics comprises two related but separate subdisciplines molecular materials ..., while molecular scale electronics focuses on single molecule applications. ref Cite book last Petty first M.C. coauthors Bryce, M.R. & Bloor, D. title Introduction to Molecular Electronics publisher ... in molecular scale electronics journal Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences volume 852 pages 197 204 year 1998 doi 10.1111 j.1749 6632.1998.tb09873.x ref Molecular scale electronics main Molecular scale electronics Nanoelectronics Molecular scale electronics, also called single molecule electronics ... exclusively of molecular sized compounds are still very far from being realized. However, the continuous ... the molecular components and the bulk material of the electrodes. Molecular electronics operates ... representation of a rotaxane , useful as a molecular switch. One of the biggest problems with measuring ... of nanometers alternative strategies are put into use. These include molecular sized gaps called break ... false S rensen, J.K. . 2006 . Synthesis of new components, functionalized with 60 fullerene, for molecular ... to connect a molecular sized circuit to bulk electrodes in a way that gives reproducible results. Also ... cryogenic temperatures close to absolute zero which is very energy consuming. Molecular materials for electronics ... more details
Infobox Journal title Physics Letters cover discipline Physics language English abbreviation Phys. Lett. publisher Elsevier country Netherlands frequency 48 issues year history openaccess editor VM Agranovich, AR Bishop, et al. license impact 1.963 A , 5.255 B impact year 2010 website http www.elsevier.com wps find journaldescription.cws home 505705 description link1 link1 name link2 link2 name RSS atom JSTOR OCLC LCCN CODEN ISSNlabel Physics Letters A ISSN 0375 9601 eISSN ISSN2label Physics Letters B ISSN2 0370 2693 boxwidth Physics Letters ref http www.sciencedirect.com science journal 00319163 Physics Letters ref was a scientific journal published from 1962 to 1966, when it split in two series now published by Elsevier Physics Letters A condensed matter physics, theoretical physics, nonlinear science, statistical physics, mathematical and computational physics, general and cross disciplinary physics including foundations , atomic, molecular and cluster physics, plasma and fluid physics, optical physics, biological physics and nanoscience. ref http www.elsevier.com wps find journaldescription.cws home 505705 description Physics Letters A ref Physics Letters B nuclear physics, theoretical nuclear physics, experimental high energy physics, theoretical high energy physics, and astrophysics. ref http www.elsevier.com wps find journaldescription.cws home 505706 description Physics Letters B ref See also List of periodicals published by Elsevier References reflist journal stub Category Physics journals Category Publications established in 1962 Category Elsevier academic journals de Physics Letters fr Physics Letters A it Physics Letters tr Physics Letters zh ... more details
Molecular Mechanics Category Molecularphysics Category Computational chemistry Category Intermolecular ... the bond stretching energy of this ethane molecule. Molecular mechanics uses Classical mechanics Newtonian mechanics to model molecular systems. The potential energy of all systems in molecular mechanics is calculated using Force field chemistry force field s. Molecular mechanics can be used to study ... of atoms. All atomistic molecular mechanics methods have the following properties Each atom ... right Molecular mechanics potential energy function with continuum solvent. The following functional ... the molecular system s potential energy E in a given conformation as a sum of individual energy ... study especially for proteins . The Quantized Valence Bonds Molecular Mechanics QVBMM force field implemented in Exorga, Incorporated s StruMM3D product, once named STR3DI32 is unique in molecular mechanics .... ref cite journal last Box first Vernon G. S. title The Molecular Mechanics of Quantized Valence Bonds journal Journal of Molecular Modeling date 1997 03 17 volume 3 issue 3 pages 124 141 doi 10.1007 ... for lone pairs of electrons. On the other hand, the molecular recognition features of StruMM3D ... for actively using lone pairs of electrons in its calculations. These molecular recognition ... effort to produce a MM3 file. Most molecular modelers, and StruMM3D, can generate MM2, XYZ, and other files which can be read by MM3. Areas of application The prototypical molecular mechanics application ... states requires also conformational entropy be included, which is possible but rarely done. Molecular ... an accurate quantitative prediction of their relative affinities by a combination of molecular ... of complex molecules combining molecular mechanics and continuum models journal Acc Chem Res. volume ... pmid 17360348 pmc 1829236 doi 10.1073 pnas.0700188104 bibcode 2007PNAS..104.4898B ref docking molecular ... Design of Protein Ligand Binding Based on the Molecular Mechanics Energy Model journal J Mol Biol ... more details
Infobox Journal title Molecular Cell cover editor discipline Cell biology , molecular biological abbreviation Mol. Cell publisher Cell Press country frequency history 1997 present openaccess license impact impact year website http www.cell.com molecular cell link1 link1 name link2 link2 name RSS http www.cell.com molecular cell rss atom JSTOR OCLC 38065664 LCCN CODEN ISSN 1097 2765 eISSN boxwidth Molecular Cell publishes research articles and review material that focus on analyzes at the molecular level, with an emphasis on new mechanistic insights. Launched in 1997, Molecular Cell publishes 24 issues a year. The impact factor of Molecular Cell in 2009 is 14.608. Category Publications established in 1997 Category Molecular and cellular biology journals biology journal stub fr Molecular Cell ... more details
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