other uses Monoculture computer science Monoculture is the agriculture agricultural practice of producing or growing one single crop over a wide area. It is also known as a way of farming practice of growing large stands of a single species. It is widely used in modern industrial agriculture and its implementation has allowed for large harvests from minimal labor. However, this ratio remains true only if the accounting for labor required is limited to the number of workers employed on the farm. If the indirect work of employees involved in producing chemicals and machinery are taken into account, the ratio of labor to output is higher. ref P. Whitefield 2002 , How to make a forest garden , 2nd ..., where a uniform crop is susceptible to a pathogen. Crop monoculture is the practice of growing the same ... in pop music , or in the field of computer science to describe a monoculture computer science ... date November 2008 Monoculture produces great yields by utilizing plants abilities to maximize ... 40 years modern practices such as monoculture planting and the use of synthesized fertilizers ... 279 ref Forestry In forestry , monoculture refers to the planting of one species of tree. ref http www.ag network chile.net Monoculture 20Forestry.htm ref Monoculture plantings provide great yields ... trees mixed with mature and young trees. In forestry, monoculture stands that are planted and harvested ... content w315744822422017 ref Lawns and animals Examples of monoculture include lawn s and most ... to certain common diseases. Since all plants in a monoculture are genetically similar, if a disease ... to be something other than a turf monoculture, and seeks agricultural policy that provides greater ... Monoculture and disease Use dmy dates date June 2011 Category Agricultural terminology Category ... et Ainukultuur es Monocultivo eo Monokulturo eu Monolaborantza fr Monoculture ko hr Monokultura id ... pt Monocultura ru simple Monoculture sl Monokultura sh Monokultura fi Monokulttuuri ... more details
unreferenced date January 2012 In the field of computer science , monoculture is a term used to describe a community of computers , all running identical software. All the computer systems in the community have the same vulnerabilities, and, like agricultural monoculture s, are subject to catastrophic failure in the event of a successful attack. This concept is significant when discussing computer security and computer virus viruses . In particular, Dan Geer has argued that Microsoft is a monoculture, since a majority of the overall number of computers connected to the Internet are workstations and servers running versions of the Microsoft Windows operating system , many of which are vulnerable to the same attacks. Category Computer network security computer stub ... more details
unreferenced date June 2011 A nonoculture is an ecological natural environment environment lacking in biodiversity or foundation species , defined as a bastardization of the word monoculture . Category Environments ... more details
Tumbes Peninsula is a peninsula in Biob o Region , Chile . It connects to the mainland trough the Plains of Talcahuano where the city of Talcahuano is located. The peninsula points northward, making the city of Talcahuano an excellent port and allowing port facilities and harbour s to be located in its east side. Most of the peninsula is covered by monoculture s of exotic trees which are harvested by clearcutting . coord missing Chile Category Peninsulas of Chile Category Geography of B o B o Region Biob o geo stub es Pen nsula de Tumbes ... more details
Polyculture is agriculture using multiple crops in the same space, in imitation of the diversity of natural ecosystems, and avoiding large stands of single crops, or monoculture . It includes crop rotation , multi cropping , intercropping , companion planting , beneficial weed s, and alley cropping . Polyculture, though it often requires more labor, has several advantages over monoculture The diversity of crops avoids the susceptibility of monocultures to disease. For example, a study in China reported in Nature journal Nature showed that planting several varieties of rice in the same field increased yields by 89 , largely because of a dramatic 94 decrease in the incidence of disease, which made pesticides redundant. ref August 17, 2000. http www.mindfully.org GE Rice Diversity Yield.htm Genetic Diversity and Disease Control in Rice Nature 406, 718 722. Bot generated title ref The greater variety of crops provides habitat for more species, increasing local biodiversity . This is one example of reconciliation ecology , or accommodating biodiversity within human landscapes. It is also a function of a biological pest control program. Polyculture is one of the principles of permaculture . See also Portal Agriculture and Agronomy div col 2 Agroecology Aquaponics Beneficial weed s Companion planting Forest gardening Heirloom plant Home gardens Integrated Multi trophic Aquaculture Monoculture Nurse crop div col end References references External links http www.satavic.org cropping systems.htm Crop rotation and polyculture http ag.arizona.edu OALS ALN aln48 hanzi.html Polycultures in the Brazilian drylands http www.new ag.info 01 1 perspect.html Polyculture and disease prevention http web.me.com blueheron55 NAC Site PolyCultures.html PolyCultures Food Where We Live http www.farminggroup.org Integrated Polyculture Farming System Category Permaculture Category Agricultural terminology Category Sustainable agriculture Category Organic farming Category Organic gardening Categor ... more details
a monoculture. ref name SingingSands Oriental bittersweet Asian Bittersweet this vine can kill ..., creates a monoculture. ref name SingingSands Spotted Knapweed releases toxins into the soil to poison ... more details
Multiple issues cleanup November 2009 inappropriate tone November 2009 expert December 2011 Image Rubber tapping.jpg thumb right Rubber tapping in Kerala , India Rubber tapping is the process by which the sap latex is collected from a rubber tree . An incision is made in the tree s bark, which cuts through the planting cycle to optimise the latex yield. Rubber tapping is an environmentally attractive land use. Jungle rubber is essentially old secondary forest, strongly resembling the primary forest. Its species richness is about half that of the primary forest. Michon and de Foresta 1994 found that sample jungle rubber sites contained 92 tree species, 97 lianas, and 28 epiphytes compared to 171, 89, and 63, respectively, in the primary forest, and compared to 1, 1, and 2 in monoculture estates. Thiollay 1995 estimated that jungle rubber supports about 137 bird species, against 241 in the primary forest itself. Jungle rubber is expected to resemble primary forest in its hydrological functions. ref http www.worldbank.org html prddr prdhome peg wps04 tree596.pdf ref Monoculture rubber tree plantations have far less of an environmental impact than other crops, such as coffee or especially oil palm . Process Image Rubber tree.jpg thumb Rubber tapping in Basilan , Philippines . Each night a rubber tapper must remove a thin layer of bark along a downward half spiral on the tree trunk. If done carefully and with skill, this tapping panel will yield latex for up to five years. Then the opposite side will be tapped, allowing this side to heal over. The spiral allows the latex to run down to a collecting cup. The work is done at night or in the early morning before the day s temperature rises, ref http ktemockongsamkok.blogspot.com 2007 08 my unforgettable rubber tapping.html My unforgettable rubber tapping experience , KTemoc Kongsamkok, August 21, 2007. ref so the latex will drip longer before coagulating and sealing the cut. Depending on the final product, additional chemic ... more details
File Hinweisschild grosser Zschand.jpg thumb Information board about the Gro er Zschand File grosser zschand nord teil.jpg thumb The Gro er Zschand between Neumannm hle and Zeughaus S C3 A4chsische Schweiz Zeughaus File grosser zschand grenze cz.jpg thumb Border with Czech Republic on the Gro er Zschand The Gro er Zschand is the longest dry valley in Saxon Switzerland and runs for about 6 km from the Neumann Mill in the Kirnitzsch Kirnitzsch valley to the Ro maulwiese meadown in Bohemian Switzerland . The Gro er Zschand has no permanent watercourse during times of snowmelt or after heavy rain, individual, locally limited watercourses and small marshy areas are formed. History The Gro er Zschand was used in the days before the development of Saxon Switzerland as a trade route between Bohemia and Saxony . At Zeughaus Saxon Switzerland Zeughaus there used to be a customs post. Until the present Bundesstra e 172 from Schmilka via Hrensko to Decin had been fully upgraded, the Gro er Zschand was used as a transport link from Bad Schandau . ref http de.wikipedia.org wiki Bundesstrasse 172 ref Salt licks and bear pits are witness to hunting in the region. An educational path, the Fl ersteig Rafting Trail begins at the Neumann Mill, running parallel to the Kirnitzsch river to Bad Schandau . In the northern part of the Gro er Zschand, under a rock overhang, is a cave, closed with an iron door that acted as an explosive chamber until the end of the Second World War in order to block the valley at this point. ref Wanderkarte S chsische Schweiz Gro er Zschand, 1 10,000, Rolf B hm ref Geology The northern part of the Gro er Zschand cuts like a gorge through the surrounding rock and has a moist, cool, cellar like climate. The southern part, from the Zeughaus armoury , is a broad valley with forested monoculture spruce monoculture slopes and their associated rock formations Thorwalder W nde and Partschenh rner . Economic importance As well as its historic importance as a trade rou ... more details
Infobox album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Cruelty Without Beauty Type studio Longtype Artist Soft Cell Cover Soft Cell Cruelty Without Beauty Coverart.jpg Released October 8, 2002 Recorded 2002 Genre Synthpop Length 54 56 Label Cooking Vinyl br small COOK CD245 small br Spin Art Records Spin Art br small SPART 116 small Producer David Ball musician Dave Ball , Ingo Vauk Last album This Last Night In Sodom br 1984 This album Cruelty Without Beauty br 2002 Next album The Bedsit Tapes br 2005 Album ratings rev1 Allmusic rev1score Rating 4 5 ref cite web url Allmusic class album id r607700 pure url yes title Cruelty Without Beauty Soft Cell publisher Allmusic ref Cruelty Without Beauty is the fourth studio album by Soft Cell . The album was released on October 8, 2002. Track listing Darker Times Monoculture Le Grand Guignol The Night Last Chance Together Alone Desperate Whatever It Takes All Out of Love Sensation Nation Caligula Syndrome On an Up Notes All songs written by Marc Almond and David Ball unless otherwise noted. Darker Times composed by Marc Almond, David Ball and Ingo Vauk The Night composed by Bob Gaudio and Ruzika Personnel Marc Almond vocals, backing vocals, arrangement Dave Ball electronic instruments, additional backing vocals Dominic Glover trumpet Nicol D Thomson trombone Mike Smith saxophone Chris Braide backing vocals Layout Grace Van Detta Engineer Ingo Vauk Assistant mix engineer Haicong Guo Mastering Dave Blackman Photography Evelyn Producer Dave Ball, Ingo Vauk Programming Ingo Vauk Additional help Antti Uusimaki, Philip Bagenal References reflist Category 2002 albums Category Soft Cell albums Category Cooking Vinyl albums 2000s pop rock album stub ... more details
refimprove date December 2009 The Elsick Mounth is an ancient trackway crossing the Grampian Mountains in the vicinity of Netherley, Scotland . This trackway was one of the few means of traversing the Grampian Mounth area in prehistoric and medieval times. ref W. Douglas Simpson , Proceeedings of the Society , published in the United Kingdom, 102, December 10, 1928 ref The highest pass of the route is attained within the Durris Forest . ref United Kingdom Ordnance Survey Map Landranger 45, Stonehaven and Banchory, 1 50,000 scale, 2004 ref Notable historical structures in the vicinity are Maryculter House , Lairhillock Inn and Muchalls Castle . Most of the lands through which the Elsick Mounth passes are within the Durris Forest while this forest would have been a mixed deciduous forest in ancient times, currently it is managed as a coniferous monoculture with extensive amounts of clearfelling . ref name Hogan http www.megalithic.co.uk article.php?sid 18037 C. Michael Hogan, Elsick Mounth , Megalithic Portal, ed A. Burnham ref History Roman legion s marched from Raedykes to Normandykes Roman Camp at the south of Peterculter as they sought higher ground evading the bog s of Red Moss and other low lying mosses associated with the Burn of Muchalls . That march used the Elsick Mounth, one of the ancient trackway s crossing the Grampian Mountains , ref name Hogan http www.megalithic.co.uk article.php?sid 18037 C. Michael Hogan, Elsick Mounth , Megalithic Portal, ed A. Burnham ref lying west of Netherley, Scotland Netherley . To the north the Romans proceeded to the next camp at Ythan Wells . ref http www.roman britain.org places glenmailen.htm Temporary Roman Marching Camps Ythan Wells Roman Camp ref See also Drovers road Meikle Carewe Hill References reflist External links http www.geograph.org.uk photo 598046 Photograph of clearfelling along the Elsick Mounth, Aberdeenshire, Scotland http www.leopardmag.co.uk feats 322 along an ancient drove road Article on the Elsick M ... more details
unreferenced date June 2009 Permaforestry is an approach to the wildcrafting and harvesting of the forest biomass ecology biomass that uses Plant cultivation cultivation to improve the natural harmonious systems. It is a relationship of interdependence between humans and the natural systems in which the amount of biomass available from the forest increases with the health of its natural systems. Examples of bioproduct s derived from biomass ecology biomass that are created through permaforestry Honey, maple syrup and other tree saps, gourmet foods, functional food s, berries, wild mushrooms, ginseng, wild rice, herbs, fiddleheads, fish, frogs and crustaceans, pharmaceuticals, natural health products, essential oils, educational products, arts and crafts, decorative products, floral and greenery, garden horticultural products, woodworking, lumber, biochemicals, biofuels and bioenergy. History Permaforestry was extensively practiced by many aboriginal cultures throughout the world prior to colonization. It was replaced by Industrial agriculture modern agricultural models in most regions where the land could permit the use of machinery, monoculture, or intensive farming and harvesting practices. In the beginning of the 21st century there was a new surge of interest in permaforestry practices to address social issues such as food shortages, rural impoverishment, and changes in the logging industry. Furthermore, climate change and the green shift have inspired many individuals to reconnect to nature and find their purpose within it. The high price of agricultural land and machinery, which had rendered it very difficult for aspiring farmers to obtain a family farm, has also contributed to the development of permaforestry on land that had been previously classified as unsuitable for agriculture. See also Agroforestry Biomass Biomass ecology Bioproduct Forest Forestry Native Natural landscape Nontimber Forest Products Permaculture Terra preta Traditional Ecological Knowledg ... more details
Odil Yakubov is an Uzbek language Uzbek writer who died in December 2009 at the age of 83. He wrote dozens of novels and was celebrated as writer, both in the Soviet era as in the first decade of the independence of Uzbekistan since 1991. He served as chairman of the Uzbek Writers Union from 1987 to 1992. Also he was editor in chief of the newspaper Uzbekistan Literature and Art, and heading the Uzbek state film studio. He was vice president of the Assembly of Culture of Central Asia and even served in the Congress of Soviets Soviet Congress of Peoples Deputies while Mikhail Gorbachev was president. His writing reflected care for people s demands of officials and a skeptic attitude towards the state. Yakubov raised important political issues, such as cotton monoculture and Uzbek soldiers dying during the Soviet war in Afghanistan , during sessions of the Congress of People s Deputies. Among Yakubov s most famous publications in the Uzbek language are the short stories titled Peers, Two Loves, Muqaddas, Bird Wings, and novels It s Not Easy To Become A Man, Treasures of Ulugbek, Conscience, White White Swans, and Justice. He was a close friend of the Kyrgyzistan Kyrgyz writer Chingiz Aitmatov , who died in June 2008 ref http www.rferl.org content Prominent Uzbek Writer Is Buried In Tashkent 1911149.html Prominent Uzbek Writer Is Buried In Tashkent ref . references Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Yakubov, Odil ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION Uzbek writer DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 2009 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Yakubov, Odil Category 2009 deaths Category Uzbekistani writers Category Soviet writers Uzbekistan bio stub ru , ... more details
Aktuala is the first studio album by Italian world music pioneers Aktuala . It was released on Bla Bla records in 1972. The inner sleeve of the record depicted on Maoli s site below features the large range of instruments used. Part of the point of the recording record was to ref name Maoli Maoli s web site ref to make music that was multicultural for the global vilalge and escape the global 12 note even temperament monoculture nella pluricultura del villaggio globale, affinch non si arrivi ad una monocultura, standardizzata global, dettata da un unica scala temperata di 12 note. The musicians are ref name cdliner 1992 CD reissue notes ref Walter Maioli Arabian oboe, bamboo flute, bass flute, piccolo, metal flute in C, harmonica, reeds, whistles, djembe, percussion Daniele Cavallanti soprano sax, tenor sax, clarinet Antonio Cerantola 6 string acoustic guitar, 12 string acoustic guitar, balalaika, zither, dulcimer, viola, violin Lino Capra Vaccina Moroccan bongos, kobor , African drums, tabla, gong, xylophone, whistles, cymbals, musical bow, marimba, percussion Laura Maioli tambura, percussion, whistles The tracks are ref name cdliner When The Light Began Mammoth R.C. Altamira Sarah Ngwega Alef s Dance Dejanira References Reflist External links http www.italianprog.com a aktuala.htm Page at italianprog.com http www.progarchives.com album.asp?id 6960 Page at Prog archives Categories Category Articles created via the Article Wizard Category World music groups it Aktuala album ... more details
use of mechanized farming and monoculture beginning after World War II ref 4. Jackson ... al., 183&ndash 184 ref . Monoculture In the absence of cover, species face a landscape in which their habitat ... et al., Key Topics in Conservation Biology, Ch 4 ref . Monoculture, the practice of producing a single crop over a wide area, causes fragmentation. In conventional farming, monoculture, such as with rotations ... high yields can be produced. After the mechanization of farming, monoculture became a standard practice ... of monoculture removed the nutrients and farmers compensated for that loss by using inorganic ... more details
, with little or minimal sawlog production. Monoculture s of species intended specifically for pulpwood ... Asia ref cite conference first Areerat last Kittisiri authorlink coauthors title Impacts of Monoculture ... more details
accessdate ref File Irradiance and carbon assimilation for a monoculture of Woloszynskia halophila at different pH.png thumb The relationship between irradiance and carbon assimilation for a monoculture ... more details
No footnotes date April 2008 NOTOC Ecophagy is a term coined by Robert Freitas that means the literal consumption of an ecosystem . It derives from the Greek language Greek oikos or Late Latin oeco , which refers to a house or household , and Greek phagein to eat Freitas used the term to describe a scenario involving molecular nanotechnology gone awry. In this situation called the grey goo scenario out of control self replicating nanorobots consume entire ecosystems, resulting in global ecophagy. However, the word ecophagy is now applied more generally in reference to any event nuclear war, the spread of monoculture , massive species extinctions that might fundamentally alter the planet. Scholars suggest that these events might result in ecological collapse ecocide in that they would undermine the capacity of the Earth s biological population to repair itself. Others suggest that more mundane and less spectacular events the unrelenting growth of the human population, the steady transformation of the natural world by human beings will eventually result in a planet that is considerably less vibrant, and one that is, apart from humans, essentially lifeless. These people believe that the current human trajectory puts us on a path that will eventually lead to ecophagy. In the paper in which Freitas coined the term he wrote ref Robert Freitas , 2000 Some Limits to Global Ecophagy by Biovorous Nanoreplicators, with Public Policy Recommendations ref blockquote Perhaps the earliest recognized and best known danger of molecular nanotechnology is the risk that self replicating nanorobots capable of functioning autonomously in the natural environment could quickly convert that natural environment e.g., biomass into replicas of themselves e.g., nanomass on a global basis, a scenario usually referred to as the grey goo problem but perhaps more properly termed global ecophagy . blockquote See also portalbox Ecology Biology Environment Ecocide Grey goo Molecular assemb ... more details
size of fields and orchards monoculture increase the importance of pollination management. Monoculture ... a profitable crop. Some crops, especially when planted in a monoculture situation, require a very ... more details
Harvell, C.D., H. Caswell and P. Simpson 1990 . Density effects in a colonial monoculture experimental ... and P. Simpson 1990 . Density effects in a colonial monoculture experimental studies with a marine ..., H. Caswell and P. Simpson 1990 . Density effects in a colonial monoculture experimental studies ... and P. Simpson 1990 . Density effects in a colonial monoculture experimental studies with a marine ... more details
Infobox Book name The Botany of Desire title orig translator image Image BotanyofDesire full.jpg 200px image caption author Michael Pollan illustrator cover artist country language English language English series subject genre publisher Random House release date media type pages isbn preceded by A Place of My Own followed by The Omnivore s Dilemma The Botany of Desire A Plant s Eye View of the World is a 2001 nonfiction book by journalist Michael Pollan . This work explores the nature of domesticated plants from the dual perspective of humans and the plants themselves. Pollan presents case studies that mirror four types of human desires that are reflected in the way that we Artificial selection selectively grow , breed, and genetically engineer our plants. The apple reflects the desire of sweetness, the tulip beauty, cannabis drug marijuana pleasure and the potato sustenance. Pollan narrates his own experience with each of the plants, which he then intertwines with an exploration into their social history. Each section presents an element of human domestication, or the human bumblebee as Pollan calls us. The stories range from the true story of Johnny Appleseed to Pollan s first hand research with sophisticated List of cannabis strains marijuana hybrids in Amsterdam to the paradigm shifting possibilities of Genetic engineering genetically engineered potatoes. Pollan also discusses the limitations of monoculture agriculture specifically, the adoption in Ireland of a single breed of potato the Lumper made the Irish vulnerable to a fungus that it had no resistance to, resulting in the Irish Potato Famine . The Peruvians from whom the Irish had gotten the potato grew hundreds of varieties, so their exposure to any given pest was slight. On television The book was used as the basis for The Botany of Desire , a two hour program broadcast by Public Broadcasting Service PBS . ref name Lloyd Robert Lloyd, Robert. http www.latimes.com entertainment news la et botany desire28 ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Infobox South African town censuscode 90307 ref ref name census2001 http census.adrianfrith.com place 90307 Census 2001 Statistics for Main Place ref name Haenertsburg native name nickname motto settlement type image skyline imagesize image caption map caption pushpin map pushpin label position right pushpin map caption Location of the town in Limpopo pushpin map1 pushpin label position1 right pushpin map caption1 Location of the town in South Africa subdivision type Country subdivision name flag South Africa subdivision type1 Provinces of South Africa Province subdivision name1 Limpopo subdivision type2 District municipality South Africa District municipality subdivision name2 subdivision type3 Local municipality South Africa Local municipality subdivision name3 government type leader title leader name established title established date area total km2 population as of population note population total population density km2 timezone South Africa Standard Time SAST utc offset 2 latd 23 latm 56 lats latNS S longd 29 longm 57 longs longEW E elevation m elevation ft postal code type postal code area code website footnotes Haenertsburg is a village situated on the edge of the Great Escarpment in the Limpopo Province of South Africa , on the R71 road between Polokwane formerley Pietersburg and Tzaneen . Farming and tourism are the main economic activities on The Mountain as it is called by the locals Haenertsburg is in mountainous terrain. The Iron Crown is a well known landmark. Frequent mists and relatively high rainfall have created a lush vegetation with afromontane forest patches occupying the kloofs gullies which dot the rolling grasslands and surrounding mountains. Unfortunately, large areas of rare, and botanically very diverse, grassland Woodbush Granite Grassland have been planted to timber primarily timber for pulping . These monoculture plantations extract a great deal of water and the resulting water shortages dow ... more details
This article discusses historical famine s that have occurred in the area of today s Czech Republic . Various known famines occurred throughout Czech lands between 1272 and 1847. Excessive rain, cold temperatures, hail, warfare, and disease are the main causes of famines in Czech lands. The first known famine in Czech lands occurred from 1272 until 1282 and was caused by warfare and weather, which decreased the volume of crops harvested in the region. This first instance of famine caught inhabitants off guard and caused 600,000 deaths, mostly through endemic plagues, although there were some occurrences of cannibalism. Local famines also transpired in Czech regions in 1318, caused by warfare and then in 1361 and 1366, caused by crop shortage and failures. The years 1432 through 1434 were known as the hungry years in Czech lands as they faced climatic issues for the duration of the Hussite Wars . The Hussite Wars were fought in Bohemia between the followers of the executed Jan Hus , a renowned contributor to the Protestant movement. This set of wars was one of the first known military actions fought with hand held gunpowder weapons. The final two years of this fourteen year set of wars sparked an increase in the price of grain. At one point grain was six times the price it had been prior to the wars. People in Czech lands were unable to afford grain until the price returned to an affordable rate. Around 1560 a decrease in temperature resulted in another disappointing harvest. A famine following the War of the Austrian Succession in 1748 killed 1200 people in Doksy , a city in northern Czech lands. The next recorded famine in Czech lands was the Czech Famine 1770 1771 Great Famine , which lasted from 1770 until 1771. The cause of the Great Famine was a disease of grain monoculture and heavy rains. The Great Famine killed twelve percent of Czech lands population, up to 500,000 inhabitants, and radicalized countrysides leading to peasant uprisings. This famine ended whe ... more details
The Qaraqum Canal Karakum Canal, Kara Kum Canal, Garagum Canal lang ru , Karakumsky Kanal , Turkmen Garagum kanally in Turkmenistan is one of the largest irrigation and water supply canal s in the world. Started in 1954, and completed in 1988, it is navigable over much of its 1,375 km length, and carries 13 km of water annually from the Amu Darya River across the Karakum Desert in Turkmenistan . The canal opened up huge new tracts of land to agriculture, especially to cotton monoculture heavily promoted by the Soviet Union , and supplying Ashgabat with a major source of water. Unfortunately, the primitive construction of the canal allows almost 50 of the water to escape en route, creating lakes and ponds along the canal, and a rise in groundwater leading to widespread soil salinization problems. The canal is also a major factor leading to the Aral Sea environmental disaster. History The current Qaraqum Canal was not the first major attempt to bring the Amu Darya water to the Karakums. In the early 1950s, the construction was started on the Main Turkmen Canal lang ru ru , which would start at a much more northerly location near Nukus , and run southwest toward Krasnovodsk . The canal would use around 25 of the Amu Darya s water. The works were abandoned after the death of Joseph Stalin , the current Karakum Canal route being chosen instead. ref Nikola Gavrilovich Kharin, Vegetation Degradation in Central Asia Under the Impact of Human Activities . Pp. 56 58. Springer, 2002. ISBN 1402003978. http books.google.com books?id XFmrOmqOYdQC On Google Books ref Reservoirs such as Hanhowuz Reservoir were created to help regulate it. References Reflist Rivers of Turkmenistan coord 38 15 16 N 57 49 09 E display title region TM type waterbody source dewiki Category Canals in Turkmenistan Category Buildings and structures built in the Soviet Union Category Irrigation canals Category Cotton Category A ... more details
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