refimprove date April 2008 A monophthong Ancient Greek Greek mon phthongos ref LSJ mono fqoggos ref ref from m nos single and phth ngos sound is a pure vowel sound, one whose articulation at both beginning and end is relatively fixed, and which does not semivowel glide up or down towards a new position of articulation. The monophthongs can be contrasted with diphthong s, where the vowel quality changes within the same syllable, and hiatus linguistics hiatus , where two vowels are next to each other in different syllables. Sound changes The conversion of monophthongs to diphthongs diphthongization or of diphthongs to monophthongs monophthongization , is a major element of language change and is likely the cause of further changes. English Some sounds that may be perceived by native speakers as monophthongs in English are, in fact, diphthongs the vowel sound in pay &mdash pronounced IPA pe &mdash is an example of this. Some dialects of English make monophthongs out of former diphthongs. For instance, Southern American English tends to alter the diphthong IPA a as in eye to an IPA a somewhere between IPA and IPA . On the other hand, former monophthongs have become diphthongs in American English. For instance, the IPA in words like pin changes to IPA in some American dialects. Sanskrit Historically, some languages treat vowel sounds that were formerly diphthongs as monophthongs. Such is the case in Sanskrit , in whose grammar the sounds now realised as IPA e and IPA o are conceptually ai and au , and are written that way in the Devanagari and related alphabets. The sounds IPA ai and IPA au exist in Sanskrit, but are written as if they were i and u , with long initial vowels. Similar processes of the creation of new monophthongs from old diphthongs ... wikt monophthong Category Vowels af Monoftong als Monophthong br Monoftongenn de Monophthong fr Monophtongue ... nn Monoftong pl Monoftong ru simple Monophthong fi Monoftongi sv Monoftong uk ... more details
unreferenced date September 2008 Hamburgisch is a group of Northern Low Saxon variety linguistics varieties spoken in Hamburg , Germany . Occasionally, the term Hamburgisch is also used for Hamburg Missingsch , a variety of standard German with Low Saxon substrates. These are urban dialects that have absorbed numerous English language English and Dutch language Dutch loanwords, for instance T rn trip turn and suutje gently Dutch zoetjes . Hamburg is pronounced IPA de hamb r in these dialects, with a ch similar to that in the standard German word Milch . Typical of the Hamburg dialects and other Lower Elbe dialects is the pronunciation and spelling eu pronounced oi for the diphthong IPA written , h or , e.g. class wikitable in Hamburg elsewhere English keupen IPA k pm k pen IPA k pm to buy scheun IPA n sch n IPA n beautiful However, as in most other Low Saxon languages Low Saxon Low German dialects, the long monophthong IPA is pronounced IPAblink as in French peu , for instance K m K m IPA k m caraway . The Low Saxon language in Hamburg is divided in several subdialects, e.g. Finkwarder Platt Olwarder Platt Veerlanner Platt with many sub sub dialects Barmbeker Platt The Hamborger Veermaster is a famous sea shanty sung in the regional dialect. Literature Citation first1 Walther last1 Christoph first2 Agathe last2 Lasch first3 Hans last3 Kuhn first4 Ulrich last4 Pretzel first5 K the last5 Scheel last6 Meier last7 M hn year 1985 2006 title Hamburgisches W rterbuch location Neum nster publisher K. Wachholtz oclc 182559541 edition 2 first6 J rgen first7 Dieter de icon nds icon External links http www.plattmaster.de Hamburg Category Hamburg culture Category Low German Category German dialects Category Languages of Germany de Hamburger Platt mk nds Hamborger Platt sv Hamburgska ... more details
wiktionary Contraction may refer to In physiology Muscle contraction , one that occurs when a muscle fiber lengthens or shortens Uterine contraction , contraction of the uterus , such as during childbirth Wound healing Contraction Contraction , a stage in wound healing In linguistics Poetic contraction , the omission of letters in a word for poetic reasons Synalepha , merging of two syllables of adjacent words Elision , the loss of a sound Syncope phonetics , the loss of sounds inside a word Contraction grammar , the shortening of a word or words by loss of a sound or sounds Synaeresis , the pronunciation of two vowels as a diphthong Crasis , contraction of two vowels into one monophthong In science Lanthanoid contraction , the decrease in size of the ionic radius of lanthanide elements with their growing atomic number series of Rare Earth Elements REE in the Mendeleev Table The reverse of thermal expansion In mathematics Contraction mapping , in mathematics, a type of function on a metric space Contraction operator theory Edge contraction or vertex contraction, graph operations used in graph theory Tensor contraction in tensor theory Conditional independence Rules of conditional independence Contraction Conditional Independence , in probability, one of the rules of Conditional Independence Other Economic contraction or recession , a reversal of economic growth the opposite of economic expansion A structural rule in proof theory see idempotency of entailment In sports, the sometimes forced elimination of a team. The opposite of Expansion team expansion . Example the elimination of several teams after the Canadian Football League Canadian Football League s CFL USA failed attempt to expand into the United States in the early 1990s. disambig cs Kontrakce de Kontraktion es Contracci n fr Contraction nl Contractie pl Kontrakcja sv Kontraktion ... more details
The name, Chaemae , were an ancient Germanic tribe cited by Ptolemy in his Geography 2.10 as Chaimai , which also can be written in English, Khaimai . Ptolemy tells us next to nothing about them, only that they were next to the Bructeri . That little turns out to be a great deal. It is often suggested that the Chaemae and the Banochaemae are alternative names for the Chamavi , based on a common derivation. We know, however, that the Chamavi and their neighbors forcibly expelled the Bructeri from their original lands, which became Hamaland after the Chamavi moved in. The two peoples are not likely to have had neighborly feelings for each other now. All three names probably come from common Germanic haimaz, home , from Indo European tkei , settle. Where the Cham avi reflect the ham form English ham let , the other two reflect the heim form as in Bo haem ia . The monophthong ization was an Ingvaeonic innovation. We are more familiar with ham because a large part of the lowlanders moved to Britain. The Chaemi may reflect a more ancient distribution of people calling themselves settlers or natives. Why they would have done so remains obscure, but the name is of the same type as hed English heath , human and possibly but less certainly man . See also Portal Ancient Germanic culture List of Germanic peoples Germanic peoples Category Ancient peoples Category Ancient Germanic peoples Category Germanic peoples Category Ethnic groups in Europe Category History of the Germanic peoples Category Iron Age Europe Euro ethno group stub it Chemi ... more details
About synaeresis in linguistics syneresis in chemistry syneresis chemistry Sound change Refimprove date December 2009 In linguistics , synaeresis or syneresis see American and British English spelling differences Simplification of ae and oe American and British spelling differences is a sound change metaplasm by which two vowel s are pronounced together rather than separately. The opposite is diaeresis . Etymology Synaeresis comes from Greek syna resis a taking or drawing together , ref LSJ sunai resis ref ref from synair ref LSJ sunaire w ref LSJ sun with and LSJ ai re w grasp . Examples Ancient Greek In Ancient Greek , synaeresis is the pronunciation of two separate vowels as a diphthong IPA ai , and diaeresis is the separation of a diphthong into two vowels IPA a.i . Certain words in Proto Indo European had two vowels separated by the consonant s or y esu good . In Greek, this consonant changed to h ehu , and was lost between vowels eu . In Homer , the two vowels were sometimes pronounced separately diaeresis lang grc and sometimes together synaeresis lang grc . Later in Attic Greek , they were always pronounced together. Modern Greek In Modern Greek, where original diphthongs are pronounced as monophthongs, synaeresis is the pronunciation of two vowel sounds as a monophthong IPA e , and diaeresis is the pronunciation of the two vowels as a diphthong IPA ai . English Synaeresis often occurs with English reduced vowel s, as in Asia IPA en e zi. IPA e . References Reflist See also Diaeresis Metaplasm Synalepha Crasis Elision Contraction grammar Contraction Synizesis Category Figures of speech Category Phonetics Category Poetic devices Ling stub br Sinairezenn de Kontraktion Linguistik es Sin resis m trica fr Syn r se gl Sin rese nl Syneresis taalkunde pl Synereza j zykoznawstwo pt Sin rese ru ... more details
Distinguish Koro language India Koro language New Guinea Infobox Language name Koro states Vanuatu region Gaua speakers 280 familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian fam3 Oceanic languages Oceanic fam4 Southern Oceanic languages Southern Oceanic fam5 Vanuatu fam6 Northern Vanuatu languages Northern Vanuatu fam7 East Vanuatu languages East Vanuatu iso3 krf Koro is an Oceanic language spoken on Gaua Gaua island in Vanuatu . Its 280 speakers live in the village of Koro Vanuatu Koro , on the south coast of Gaua. ref Harvcoltxt Fran ois 2005 p 444 ref Koro is a distinct language from its immediate neighbours, Dorig language Dorig 300 sp. and Olrat language Olrat 4 sp. . ref http alex.francois.free.fr AF field.htm List of Banks islands languages . ref Phonology Koro has 8 phoneme phonemic vowels. These include 7 monophthong s IPA i a u and one diphthong IPA a . ref Harvcoltxt Fran ois 2005 p 445 ref References reflist Bibliography citation doi last Fran ois first Alexandre year 2005 title Unraveling the History of the Vowels of Seventeen Northern Vanuatu Languages journal Oceanic Linguistics volume 44 issue 2 pages 443 504 url http anu.academia.edu AlexFran C3 A7ois Papers 1371181 Unraveling the history of the vowels of seventeen northern Vanuatu languages External links http alex.francois.free.fr AlexFrancois Torba languages map.htm Linguistic map of north Vanuatu, showing range of Koro on Gaua . Category Languages of Vanuatu Category East Vanuatu languages Category Torba Province Vanuatu stub au lang stub fr Koro langue du Vanuatu pms Lenga Koro, Vanuatu ... more details
disputed date July 2011 noref date December 2010 History of the Greek language 240 The Dialect of Chalkidiki , Chalkidiki Greek , is a dialect of the Greek language spoken in Chalkidiki Khalkidiki, Halkidiki, Greek . br Regarding the words , as in any other language , the old i.e. a generation ago or before it dialect fr m the Greek di alektos of Northern Greece and especially of Chalkidiki Prefecture , Greece , is divided into three parts br 1. The extra Greek words used in the dialect br 2. The extra words of foreign origin br 3. The pronunciation of the words, and the Intonation linguistics intonation br What prevails, however, and is heard is the pronunciation of the words is the vowel reduction . The Greek language, as other languages of Mediterranean countries, has five basic sounds of vowel s, five cardinal vowels br i , monophthongs or diphthongs , , , , br e , monophthong or diphthong , br a , monophthong br o , monophthongs , br u , diphthong br It is well known in linguistics pronunciation, phonetics , that some vowels are created in the upper part of the cavity of the mouth high vowels in front i , in the back u , others in the middle of the mouth Mid vowel mid vowels in front e , in the back o , and others in the nether part of the mouth low vowels a . br As a rule the sounds of vowels that are to be articulated in the middle or upper part, when they are not Stress linguistics accented Stress phonology stressed , they are vowel reduction reduced , i.e. they tend to be created in the upper or uppermost part. As a result the sound e is reduced to i , the sound o is reduced u , and the sounds u and i , in syllables preceded by consonants , are reduced very much i becomes j , or even not sounded at all lost not lost when with other vowels . One can find this also in other regions of the Greek mainland br Examples of Pronunciation br , becomes j avriu a pami isalu nik ... more details
lede date September 2011 Old Norse language map Danish language Old Norse topics The Danish language develops during the Middle Ages out of the Old East Norse , the common predecessor of Danish and Swedish language Swedish , itself a late form of common Old Norse . The history of Danish can by convention be divided into Old Danish Old East Norse , 9th to 11th centuries Middle Danish, 12th to 15th centuries Modern Danish, 16th century to present. Old Danish main Old East Norse Old East Norse is in Sweden called Runic Swedish and in Denmark Runic Danish , but until the 12th century, the dialect was the same in the two countries. The dialects are called runic because the main body of text appears in the runic alphabet . Unlike Proto Norse language Proto Norse , which was written with the Elder Futhark alphabet, Old Norse was written with the Younger Futhark alphabet, which only had 16 letters. Due to the limited number of runes, some runes were used for a range of phoneme s, such as the rune for the vowel u which was also used for the vowels o , and y , and the rune for i which was also used for e . A change that separated Old East Norse Runic Swedish Danish from Old West Norse was the change of the diphthong i Old West Norse ei to the monophthong e , as in st in to sten . This is reflected in runic inscriptions where the older read stain and the later stin . There was also a change of au as in dau r into as in d r . This change is shown in runic inscriptions as a change from tau r into tu r . Moreover, the y Old West Norse ey diphthong changed into as well, as in the Old Norse word for island . Middle Danish From 1100 and onwards, the dialect of Denmark began to diverge from that of Sweden. The innovations spread unevenly from Denmark which created a series of minor dialectal boundaries, isogloss es, ranging from Zealand Denmark Zealand to Svealand . Modern Danish The first translation of the Bible in Danish was published in 1550. Some notable authors of work ... more details
Infobox language name Oksapmin nativename nuxule me our language region Telefomin District , Sandaun states Papua New Guinea speakers 8,000 date 1991 ethnicity familycolor Papuan fam1 Trans New Guinea languages Trans New Guinea fam2 Central and South New Guinea languages Central & South New Guinea ? fam3 Ok Oksapmin iso3 opm dia1 Upper Oksapmin dia2 Lower Oksapmin script Latin script Latin notice IPA Oksapmin is a Trans New Guinea languages Trans New Guinea language spoken in Telefomin District , Sandaun , Papua New Guinea . It has been influenced by the Ok languages indeed, the name Oksapmin is from an Ok language , and the similarities with those languages were attributed to borrowing in the classifications of both Stephen Wurm 1975 and Malcolm Ross 2005 , where Oksapmin was placed as an independent branch of Trans New Guinea. However, Loughnane 2009 ref name lough2 http repository.unimelb.edu.au 10187 4788 Loughnane, Robyn. 2009 A Grammar of Oksapmin. Doctoral dissertation, University of Melbourne. ref and Loughnane and Fedden 2011 ref name lough3 http dx.doi.org 10.1080 07268602.2011.533635 Loughnane, Robyn and Fedden, Sebastian 2011 Is Oksapmin Ok? A Study of the Genetic Relationship between Oksapmin and the Ok Languages , Australian Journal of Linguistics, 31 1, 1 42. ref demonstrated that that it is related to the Ok languages, though they share innovative features not found in Oksapmin. The two principal dialects are distinct enough to cause some problems with mutually intelligibility. Oksapmin has dyadic kinship term s. ref name lough http conferences.arts.usyd.edu.au program.php?cf 19 The Oksapmin Kinship System , retrieved May 21, 2009. ref Phonology Vowels There are seven monophthong s, IPA i e a o u , and one diphthong , IPA ai . Consonants class wikitable style text align center rowspan 2 colspan 2 rowspan 2 Bilabial consonant Bilabial rowspan 2 Alveolar consonant Alveolar rowspan 2 Palatal consonant Palatal colspan 2 Velar consonant Velar Unround ... more details
Texan English is dialect of English spoken in Texas . It is a subdialect of Southern American English and shares features with other English dialects of the Southern United States such as Ozark English . Phonetics Pin pen merger ref name american Cite web url http www.pbs.org speak seatosea americanvarieties texan drawl title Drawl or Nothin work Do You Speak American? year 2005 publisher PBS accessdate 3 September 2010 ref Monophthong ref name american Cot caught merger ref name american Lexicon Y all a second person plural pronoun a shortened form of you all ref name american Fixin to a future tense modal verb analogous to going to in much of American English ref name american Blue norther storm that comes up as cold air comes over the warm gulf air the resulting cloud appears blue black thus giving it its name ref name talk Cite web url http www.rice.edu armadillo Texas talk.html title Texas Talk date March 2, 1996 publisher Rice University accessdate 3 September 2010 ref Howdy a general greeting a shortened form of How do you do? ref name talk Looker an attractive woman ref name talk Over Yonder an adverbial used to designate a faraway place analogous to over there ref name talk skunk Pole cat a skunk ref name american Turd blossom a flower sprouting from a deposit of cow manure Ol Boy A good friend. Good ol boy A good friend with connections. Yep Yes. Feeder Frontage road or access road Houston and East Texas . Coca Cola Coke Any flavor of soda. Hours A measure of distance. I live two hours south of Waco. Maverick loner Tank pond Nuther another Fess up confess or admit References See Wikipedia Footnotes on how to create references using ref ref tags which will then appear here automatically Reflist External links Texas Languages of Texas Categories Category Texas culture Category American English Lang stub es Ingl s texano ... more details
Infobox Language name Lo Toga states Vanuatu region Torres Islands speakers 580 familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian fam3 Oceanic languages Oceanic fam4 Southern Oceanic languages Southern Oceanic fam5 Vanuatu fam6 Northern Vanuatu languages Northern Vanuatu fam7 East Vanuatu languages East Vanuatu iso3 lht Lo Toga is an Oceanic language spoken in the Torres islands of Vanuatu . ref Harvcoltxt Fran ois 2005 p 444 ref Situation and dialects Its 580 speakers live mostly in Lo island Lo and Toga island Toga , the two main islands in the southern half of the Torres group. The same language is also spoken by the small populations of the two other islands of Linua and Tegua. Lo Toga is itself divided into two very close dialects, Lo spoken on Lo island and Toga spoken on Toga . The name Toga has been used sometimes to refer to the whole language of Lo Toga. Conversely, Lo Toga is a distinct language from the other language of the Torres group, Hiw language Hiw . Phonology The Lo dialect of Lo Toga has 13 phoneme phonemic vowels. These include 8 monophthong s i e a o , and five diphthong s i e i i a o o . ref Harvcoltxt Fran ois 2005 p 460 ref References reflist Bibliography citation doi last Fran ois first Alexandre year 2005 title Unraveling the history of vowels in seventeen north Vanuatu languages journal Oceanic Linguistics volume 44 issue 2 pages 443 504 url http alex.francois.free.fr data AlexFrancois VowelsNorthernVanuatu OL44 2.pdf Citation last Fran ois first Alexandre author link contribution Pragmatic demotion and clause dependency On two atypical subordinating strategies in Lo Toga and Hiw Torres, Vanuatu editor last Bril editor first Isabelle title Clause hierarchy and Clause linking The Syntax and Pragmatics interface volume pages 499 548 publisher Benjamins place Amsterdam year in press contribution url http alex.francois.free.fr data AlexFrancois 2009 Pragmatic demotion Bril Dependency preprint.pdf Exter ... more details
Infobox language name Mwerlap states Vanuatu region Merelava , Gaua speakers c. 1100 ref http alex.francois.free.fr AlexFrancois Torba languages map.htm Linguistic map of north Vanuatu, showing range of Mwerlap . ref familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian fam3 Oceanic languages Oceanic fam4 Southern Oceanic languages Southern Oceanic fam5 Vanuatu fam6 Northern Vanuatu languages Northern Vanuatu fam7 East Vanuatu languages East Vanuatu iso3 mrm notice IPA Mwerlap is an Oceanic languages Oceanic language spoken in the south of the Banks Islands in Vanuatu . Its 900 speakers live mostly in Merelava and Merig , but a fair proportion have also settled the east coast of Gaua Gaua island . ref Harvcoltxt Fran ois 2005 p 444 ref Besides, a number of Mwerlap speakers live in the two cities of Vanuatu, Port Vila and Luganville . Names Mwerlap is the name of Merelava island in the language, phonetically IPA rlap . The language is sometimes referred to as Merelava or Merlav in the literature. Merelava reflects the name of the island in Mota language Mota , another language of the Banks Islands. Merlav represents an earlier attempt at transcribing the vernacular name of the island. Phonology Mwerlap has 12 phoneme phonemic vowels. These include 9 monophthong s IPA i a and 3 diphthong s IPA a . ref Harvcoltxt Fran ois 2005 pp 445, 460 . ref References reflist Bibliography citation doi last Fran ois first Alexandre year 2005 title Unraveling the history of vowels in seventeen north Vanuatu languages journal Oceanic Linguistics volume 44 issue 2 pages 443 504 url http alex.francois.free.fr data AlexFrancois VowelsNorthernVanuatu OL44 2.pdf External links http www.language archives.org language mrm Bibliographic information on Merlav Mwerlap http justus.anglican.org resources bcp Melanesia merelava intro.html Na Buk Tatar, Portions of the Book of Common Prayer in the Merelava Mwerlap language Category Languages of Vanua ... more details
Infobox Language name Hiw states Vanuatu region Hiw island Hiw speakers 280 familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian fam3 Oceanic languages Oceanic fam4 Southern Oceanic languages Southern Oceanic fam5 Vanuatu fam6 Northern Vanuatu languages Northern Vanuatu fam7 East Vanuatu languages East Vanuatu iso3 hiw Hiw sometimes spelled Hiu is an Oceanic languages Oceanic language spoken on Hiw island , in the Torres islands of Vanuatu . ref Harvcoltxt Fran ois 2005 p 444 ref It is distinct from Lo Toga language Lo Toga , the other language of the Torres group. The language Hiw has 280 speakers, and is considered endangered languages endangered . ref http www.unesco.org culture languages atlas en atlasmap language id 2504.html UNESCO Atlas of the World s Languages in Danger Hiw . ref Phonology Hiw has 9 phoneme phonemic vowel s. These are all short monophthong s IPA i e a o . ref Harvcoltxt Fran ois 2010a p 396 ref Hiw is the only Austronesian language whose consonant inventory includes a prestopped velar lateral approximant IPA g this complex segment is the only Liquid consonant liquid of the language. ref Harvcoltxt Fran ois 2010a ref References reflist Bibliography citation doi last Fran ois first Alexandre year 2005 title Unraveling the history of vowels in seventeen north Vanuatu languages journal Oceanic Linguistics volume 44 issue 2 pages 443 504 url http anu.academia.edu AlexFran C3 A7ois Papers 1371181 Unraveling the history of the vowels of seventeen northern Vanuatu languages citation doi last Fran ois first Alexandre year 2010a title Phonotactics and the prestopped velar lateral of Hiw Resolving the ambiguity of a complex segment journal Phonology volume 27 issue 3 pages 393 434 url http anu.academia.edu AlexFran C3 A7ois Papers 878193 Phonotactics and the prestopped velar lateral in Hiw Citation last Fran ois first Alexandre author link contribution Pragmatic demotion and clause dependency On two atypical subordina ... more details
Distinguish Doric Greek Doric dialect Scotland Infobox Language name Dorig states Vanuatu region Gaua speakers 300 familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian fam3 Oceanic languages Oceanic fam4 Southern Oceanic languages Southern Oceanic fam5 Vanuatu fam6 Northern Vanuatu languages Northern Vanuatu fam7 East Vanuatu languages East Vanuatu iso3 wwo Dorig sometimes called Wetamut is an Oceanic language spoken on Gaua Gaua island in Vanuatu . Its 300 speakers live mostly in the village of Dorig Vanuatu Dorig IPA xx d ri , on the south coast of Gaua. Smaller speaker communities can be found in the villages of Qteon east coast and Qtevut west coast . Dorig s immediate neighbours are Koro language Vanuatu Koro and Mwerlap language Mwerlap . ref http alex.francois.free.fr AF field.htm Vanuatu List of Banks islands languages . ref Phonology Dorig has 8 phoneme phonemic vowels. These include 7 short monophthong s IPA i a u and one long vowel IPA a . ref Harvcoltxt Fran ois 2005 p 445 ref class wikitable style text align center Dorig vowels Front vowel Front Back vowel Back close vowel Close IPAlink i IPAlink u near close vowel Near close IPAlink IPAlink open mid vowel Open mid IPAlink IPAlink open vowel Open colspan 2 style text align center IPAlink a IPAlink a The phonotactics phonotactic template for a syllable in Dorig is IPA CCVC e.g. IPA rk p a woman IPA m sar poor IPA wr t octopus . Remarkably, the consonant clusters of these IPA CCVC syllables are not constrained by the Sonority Sequencing Principle . ref Harvcoltxt Fran ois 2010 p 407 ref References reflist Bibliography citation doi last Fran ois first Alexandre year 2005 title Unraveling the history of the vowels of seventeen northern Vanuatu languages journal Oceanic Linguistics volume 44 issue 2 pages 443 504 url http anu.academia.edu AlexFran C3 A7ois Papers 1371181 Unraveling the history of the vowels of seventeen northern Vanuatu languages citation d ... more details
Infobox Language name Lemerig states Vanuatu region Vanua Lava speakers 2 date 2010 familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian fam3 Oceanic languages Oceanic fam4 Southern Oceanic languages Southern Oceanic fam5 Vanuatu fam6 Northern Vanuatu languages Northern Vanuatu fam7 East Vanuatu languages East Vanuatu iso3 lrz Lemerig sometimes also called Pak or Sasar is an Oceanic language spoken on Vanua Lava , in Vanuatu . Lemerig is not actively spoken any more. Its 2 remaining speakers live on the northern coast of the island. ref http alex.francois.free.fr AF field.htm Vanuatu List of Banks islands languages . ref The language has receded language shift in favour of its neighbours Mwotlap language Mwotlap and Vera a language Vera a . ref Harvcoltxt Fran ois 2012 p 87 ref Phonology Lemerig has 11 phoneme phonemic vowels. These are all short monophthong s IPA i a u . ref Harvcoltxt Fran ois 2011 p 194 ref class wikitable style text align center Lemerig vowels rowspan 2 colspan 2 Front vowel Front rowspan 2 Back vowel Back small plain small small round small Close vowel Close IPAlink i IPAlink u near close vowel Near close IPAlink IPAlink IPAlink open mid vowel Open mid IPAlink IPAlink IPAlink near open vowel Near open IPAlink IPAlink open vowel Open colspan 3 style text align center IPAlink a References reflist Bibliography citation last Fran ois first Alexandre author link Alexandre Fran ois linguist year 2011 title Social ecology and language history in the northern Vanuatu linkage A tale of divergence and convergence journal Journal of Historical Linguistics volume 1 issue 2 pages 175 246 doi 10.1075 jhl.1.2.03fra url http anu.academia.edu AlexFran C3 A7ois Papers 1371247 Social ecology and language history in the northern Vanuatu linkage A tale of divergence and convergence . citation last Fran ois first Alexandre year 2012 title The dynamics of linguistic diversity Egalitarian multilinguali ... more details
wikitable Monophthong s Front vowel Front Central vowel Central Back vowel Back Close vowel Close ... align center IPA a class wikitable Monophthong s Front vowel Front Central vowel Central ... more details
Old Norse language map Old Norse topics Old Gutnish was the dialect of Old Norse that was spoken on the Baltic Sea Baltic island of Gotland . It shows sufficient differences from the Old Norse Old East Norse Old East Norse dialect also called Runic Swedish or Runic Danish that it is considered to be a separate branch. Modern Gutnish Gutnish is still spoken in some parts of Gotland and on the adjoining island of F r . The root Gut is identical to Goth , and it is often remarked that the language has similarities with the Gothic language . These similarities have led scholars such as Elias Wess n and Dietrich Hofmann to suggest that it is most closely related to Gothic. The most well known example of such a similarity is that Gothic and Gutnish called both adult and young sheep lamb . The Old Norse diphthong au e.g. auga eye remained in Old Gutnish and Old West Norse, while in Old East Norse except for peripheral dialects it evolved into the monophthong , i.e. a long version of . Likewise the diphthong ai in bain bone remained in Old Gutnish while it in Old West Norse became ei as in bein and in Old East Norse it became b n . Whereas Old West Norse had the ey diphthong and Old East Norse evolved the monophthong Old Gutnish had oy . class wikitable Proto Germanic Old Gutnish Old West Norse Old East Norse augon eye br baino bone br hauzjan hear auga br bain br hoyra auga br bein br heyra auga ga br b in b n br h yra h ra Most of the corpus of Old Gutnish is found in the Gutasaga from the 13th century. Language sample Citation issi ieluar haf i ann sun sum hit haf i. En haf a cuna hit huita stierna aun tu byg u fyrsti agutlandi fyrstu nat sum aun saman suafu a droymdi hennj draumbr. So sum rir ormar warin slungnir saman j barmj hennar Oc ytti hennj sum air scri in yr barmi hennar. inna draum seg i han firi has a bonda sinum hann ria dravm inna so. Alt ir baugum bundit bo land al itta war a oc faum ria syni aiga. aim gaf hann namn allum o fydum. gu ... more details
various pairs of vowel letters that used to be pronounced as diphthong s but have been shortened to monophthong ... nowiki nowiki The diphthong IPA yi was monophthong ized to IPA y in Classical Attic Greek, but survives ... more details
A spurious diphthong or false diphthong is an Ancient Greek vowel that is etymologically a vowel length long vowel , but is written exactly like a true diphthong , ei, ou . ref Herbert Weir Smyth , Greek Grammar , http www.ccel.org s smyth grammar html smyth 1a uni.htm 25 par. 25 diphthongs ref Origin A spurious diphthong has two origins from compensatory lengthening of short , e, o after the deletion phonology deletion of a consonant, or from contraction of two vowels ref Smyth, http www.ccel.org s smyth grammar html smyth 1a uni.htm 6 par. 6 genuine and spurious ei, ou ref ref Smyth, http www.ccel.org s smyth grammar html smyth 1d uni.htm 113 par. 113 , ref assibilation from palatalization muse Semivowel Transcription ref Smyth, http www.ccel.org s smyth grammar html smyth 2b uni.htm 221 par. 221 ya in short a feminine ref giver feminine compare masculine you pl. love mind In general, spurious , contracts from , , , , . The specific rules are more complex. True diphthongs By contrast, true diphthongs are e or o placed before i or u . Some come from e grade of Indo European ablaut ablaut i , or o grade u , and coexist beside forms with the other grade I leave e grade genuine diphthong reduplication I have left o grade I will come e grade Homeric Greek Homeric I have come o grade ref LSJ e rxomai ref ref ref Smyth, http www.ccel.org s smyth grammar html smyth 1b uni.htm 36 par. 36 vowel grades ref Pronunciation Early in the history of Greek , the diphthong versions of and would have been pronounced as IPA ei , ou , and the long vowel versions as IPA e , o . By the Classical Greece Classical period, the diphthong and long vowel had merged in pronunciation and were both pronounced as long monophthong s IPA e , o . By the time of Koine Greek , and had shifted to IPA i ,&nbs ... more details
. A disyllabic sequence of a monophthong IPA i and a diphthong IPA j is written or ... of a monophthong IPA and a diphthong IPA j is written or when at the end of a word . For example ... sequence of a monophthong IPA and a diphthong IPA ji is written . For example, IPA ji I was is written ... section Consonants below for an example. The disyllabic sequence of the monophthong IPA i and the diphthong ... sequence of the monophthong IPA and the diphthong IPA ju is written . For example, IPA jutjun ... represents IPA j when followed by , denoting IPA i.j , a disyllabic sequence of a monophthong IPA ... more details
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