In Welsh language poetry , Cynghanedd IPA cy k hane , literally harmony is the basic concept of sound arrangement within one line, using Stress linguistics stress , alliteration and rhyme . The various forms of cynghanedd show up in the definitions of all formal Welsh Verse poetry verse forms, such as the awdl . Though of ancient origin, cynghanedd and variations of it are still used today by many Welsh language poets. A number of poets have experimented with using cynghanedd in English language verse, for instance Gerard Manley Hopkins . Some of Dylan Thomas work is also influenced by cynghanedd. Forms of cynghanedd The first example below is from the poem http cy.wikisource.org wiki Cywydd y Cedor Cywydd y Cedor , by the fifteenth century female poet Gwerful Mechain . The caesuras are marked with slashes and rhyming parts are marked in bold . Note that Dd, Ll and Ch are single consonants digraphs in the Welsh alphabet . Cynghanedd groes cross harmony All consonants surrounding the main stressed vowel before the caesura must be repeated after it in the same order. However, the final consonants of the final words of each half of the line must be different, as must the main stressed vowel of each half. For example clawdd i ddal cal ddwy ddwylaw CL Dd Dd L C L Dd Dd L Here we see the pattern c l dd dd accent l present on both sides of the caesura. The stressed vowels are a a short monophthong and wy the diphthong uj . In cynghanedd groes there are no consonants in the second half of the line which are not part of the consonantal echoing. The vowels other than those under the stress may be of any kind. Cynghanedd draws partial cross harmony Exactly as in cynghanedd groes, except that there are consonants at the beginning of the second half of the line which are not present in the series of echoed consonants Rhowch wedd wen dan orchudd i R. Williams Parry Place a white face under a veil of ice rh......ch......dd........ . dn ..r.ch..dd Here the consonant sequence r ... more details
Refimprove date May 2007 North Central American English is used to refer to a dialect of American English . The region is also known as Upper Midwest among some linguists, consisting primarily of the area of Northern American English , specifically excluding the area of Inland Northern American English and areas east thereof. ref name Allen It is also sometimes called the Minnesota Accent or Great Lakes Accent . Who date September 2010 It is spoken by about 12 million people in the Upper Midwest and the northern portion of the central United States bordering Canada . This dialect region includes parts of Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Minnesota , parts of Wisconsin and Iowa , and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan . It is considered a residual region, distinct from the neighboring regions of the Western United States West , the Northern United States North , and Canada. ref name Labov Cite book last Labov first William coauthors Sharon Ash,, Charles Boberg title The Atlas of North American English publisher Mouton de Gruyter year 2006 location Berlin isbn 3 11 016746 8 ref Characteristics Not all of these characteristics are unique to the North Central region. Vowels IPA u and IPA o are conservative language conservative in this region, and do not undergo the fronting that is common in some other regions of the United States. In addition to being conservative, IPA o may be monophthong al, sometimes with lengthening IPA o IPA o . The same is true for IPA e , which leads to variants like IPA e or IPA e , though data suggests that monophthongal variants are more common for IPA o than for IPA e , and also that they are more common in coat than in ago or road , which may indicate Phonology phonological conditioning. Regionally, monophthongal mid vowels are more common in the northern tier of states, occurring more frequently in Minnesota and the Dakotas but much rarer in Iowa and Nebraska . ref name Allen Cite book last Allen first Harold B. title The Lingu ... more details
Darkhad also Darkhat is a dialect in between Mongolian language Central Mongolian and Oirat language Oirat ref Sanjaa and Tuyaa 2001 33 34 ref that is probably best classified as a dialect of Khalkha Mongolian with some Oirat features. ref eg Svantesson et al. 2005 142. ref However, it seems to have substantially Language contact assimilated to the Khalkha dialect since it first was described by San eev, ref G sp r 2006 25 based on own field research and San eev 1931 ref and some classificational differences seem to be due to what historical or even ideal state got classified. It is spoken by a population of about 20.350 people ref Ethnologue ref mainly living in the west of Lake Kh vsg l in the Sums of Mongolia sum s Bayanz rkh, Kh vsg l Bayanz rkh , Ulaan Uul, Kh vsg l Ulaan Uul and Renchinlkh mbe, Kh vsg l Rinchinlkh mbe in the Kh vsg l Province of Mongolia . ref San aa and Tujaa 2001 33 ref Phonetics and phonology In contrast to Oirat, it has IPA o and IPA u and a diphthong ized equivalent of ai. ref Rinchen 1979 176 177, 179, 197, 202, phoneme analysis according to Svantesson et al. 2005. ref However, monophthong ized Reflex disambiguation reflexes of ai can be encountered and more so in older language material, so it can be assumed that IPA ai e due to Khalkha influence. ref G sp r 2006 16 17, 19 ref Somewhat similar developments can be observed for other vowels, ref G sp r 2006 13 20 ref but as at least IPA n and IPA l can get Palatalization palatalized , ref G sp r 2006 22 23 ref it is problematic whether palatalized consonants or Front vowel fronted vowels have to be considered as phoneme s. ref Non initial i has disappeared from the phonemic representation G sp r 2006 11 , but as G sp r doesn t ask the question. ref It patterns with the Oirat dialects of the Mongolian state in that it retains n ref Rinchen 1979 231 234 instead of IPA , an underlined n is used which is cryptically explained as a nasalized n , but is used on 185 and 189 to mark the we ... more details
Mandarin vowels A Chinese vowel diagram or Chinese vowel chart is a schematic arrangement of the vowels of the Chinese language , which usually refers to Standard Chinese . The earliest known Chinese vowel diagrams were made public in 1920 by Chinese linguist Yi Tso lin with the publication of his Lectures on Chinese Phonetics , three years after Daniel Jones phonetician Daniel Jones published the famous cardinal vowel diagram in 1917. Yi Tso lin refers to those diagrams as simple compound rhyme composition charts , which are diagrams depicting Chinese monophthong s and diphthong s. Unlike the trapezoidal English vowel diagram right , the Chinese vowel diagram left is triangular. The phonetic symbols used in this diagram are known as the National Phonetic Alphabet or National Phonetic Symbols or simply Bopomofo . Six vowels or monophthongs simple rhyme or are depicted in this diagram. They are IPA IPA i , as in , easy IPA IPA u , as in , fog IPA IPA , as in , two IPA IPA o , as in , broken IPA IPA , as in , hungry IPA IPA a , as in , fear Note that this chart utilizes four degrees of vowel height closed, half closed, half open, open , three degrees of vowel backness front, central, back , and three degrees of vowel roundedness spread, natural, round . The placement of IPA may be questionable, but all other vowels are generally speaking where they ought to be. Image chn vowels 1.jpg thumb right upright 1.3 alt Chinese vowel diagram for monophthongs Image chn vowels 2.jpg thumb right upright 1.4 alt Chinese vowel diagram for falling diphthongs Image chn vowels 3.jpg thumb right upright 1.4 alt Chinese vowel diagram for rising diphthongs The same vowel chart is used to depict diphthongs compound rhyme or , with an arrow indicating the starting position and ending position of each diphthong. Six falling diphthongs are depicted in the following diagram. They are IPA IPA y , as in , jade IPA IPA ... more details
by front vowels. Vowels Blackfoot has a vowel system with three monophthong s, IPA i o a . Vowel ... 2 3 ref The short monophthong s exhibit allophone allophonic changes as well. IPA a and IPA o are raised ... more details
the monophthong IPA IPA k , l for coaj , oal . The stressed vowel IPA e becomes IPA ... IPA j becomes the monophthong IPA IPA k n e, m n e, p n e for c ine , m ine , p ine . Morphological ... more details
Publishing Company, 1985, pp.94, 201 ref Words such as late, face, say, game are pronounced with a monophthong ... vowel IPA o , as in goat , may have a monophthong IPA o or IPA . ref name suw74 In a recent trend, a fronted monophthong IPA is common amongst young women ref http www.bbc.co.uk voices ... may become a monophthong IPA a before a voiced consonant. For example, five becomes IPA fa v ... half of Yorkshire, there is a tendency to pronounce the phoneme IPA a as in mouth as a monophthong ... more details
Deterding, David year 1997 title The formants of monophthong vowels in Standard Southern British ... year 2003 title An instrumental study of the monophthong vowels of Singapore English url journal ... the other vowels. Monophthongs, diphthongs, triphthongs Main Monophthong Diphthong Triphthong Semivowel A vowel sound whose quality doesn t change over the duration of the vowel is called a monophthong ... has all three types the vowel sound in hit is a monophthong IPA , the vowel sound in boy is in most ... by the letters ow and a monophthong represented by the letters er . Some linguists use the terms diphthong ... sound. ref W is used in representing some diphthong s as in co w and to represent a monophthong ... more details
Incubator code swg Main Page Infobox language name Swabian nativename Schw bisch ref name ethnologue http www.ethnologue.com show language.asp?code swg Ethnologue entry ref states Germany ref name ethnologue speakers 819,000 date 2006 ethnicity familycolor Indo European fam2 Germanic languages Germanic fam3 West Germanic languages West Germanic fam4 High German languages High German fam5 Alemannic languages Alemannic ref name ethnologue script Latin script Latin German alphabet iso3 swg notice IPA Swabian Audio Schw bisch.ogg Schw bisch is one of the Alemannic German Alemannic dialects of High German languages High German . It is spoken in Swabia , a region which covers much of Germany s southwestern state Baden W rttemberg , including its capital Stuttgart , the rural area known as the Swabian Alb , and Bavaria . Swabian is also spoken by part of the Danube Swabian minorities in Hungary , former Yugoslavia , Romania , and the former Soviet Union specify date March 2011 where? . Description and character The dialect ranges from a standard Swabian, spoken in Stuttgart, to slightly differing and thicker forms found in smaller towns in the countryside. Older people can often tell the exact village a person comes from merely by hearing their accent. Swabian is difficult to understand for speakers of Standard German . It contains vocabulary that differs altogether from Standard German. For example, jam in Standard German is Marmelade while in Swabian it is Gs lz . Linguistic Some characteristics in comparison to Standard German Citation needed date January 2009 The Middle High German monophthong s and have become IPA e i and IPA o u , not IPA a and IPA a . The ending et is used for verbs in the first person plural. For example, we go is mir ganget instead of Standard German s wir gehen . As in other Alemannic dialects, the pronunciation of s before t and p is IPA For example, Fest party , is pronounced as Fescht . There are also a few other sound shifts. All pl ... more details
IPA notice Trisyllabic laxing or trisyllabic shortening is any of three processes in English language English whereby tense vowels which are long vowels or diphthong s become lax i.e. short monophthong s lax in word formation when followed by two syllables, of which the first syllable is unstressed The earliest occurrence of trisyllabic laxing occurred in late Old English , and caused stressed long vowel s to become shortened before clusters of two consonants when two or more syllables followed. Later in Middle English this process was expanded, and applied to all vowels when two or more syllables followed. The Middle English sound change remained in the language and is still a mostly productive process in Modern English . This process is detailed in Chomsky & Halle s Sound Pattern of English . The Middle English sound change occurred before the Great Vowel Shift and other changes to the nature of vowels. As a result of these changes, the pairs of vowels related by trisyllabic laxing often bear little resemblance to each other in Modern English however, originally they always bore a consistent relationship. For example, tense IPA a was IPA u and lax IPA was IPA u at the time of trisyllabic laxing. In some cases, trisyllabic laxing appears to take place when it shouldn t, for example, in south vs. southern . In such cases, the apparent anomaly is due to later sound changes e.g. southern was pronounced IPA su ern at the time that trisyllabic laxing applied. In the modern language, there are systematic exceptions to the process, such as in words ending in ness e.g. mindfulness, loneliness . There are also occasional, non systematic exceptions such as obese, obesity IPA o bi s ti , not IPA o b s ti . cellspacing 5 class wikitable Tense br vowel Lax br vowel Change in br Middle English examples align center IPA i IPA align center IPA align center IPA e e br IPA e ser span style color 800000 e span ne, ser span style color 800000 e span nity span class IPA ... more details
Sound change In historical linguistics , vowel breaking sometimes called vowel fracture ref The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. ref is the change of a monophthong into a diphthong or triphthong . The change into a diphthong is also known as diphthongization . Vowel breaking is often distinguished from diphthongization and defined more narrowly as a harmonic i.e., assimilation linguistics assimilatory process involving diphthongization triggered by a following vowel or consonant. The original pure vowel typically breaks into two segments, where the first segment matches the original vowel and the second segment is harmonic with the nature of the triggering vowel or consonant. For example, the second segment may be u a back vowel if the following vowel or consonant is back e.g., velar consonant velar or pharyngeal consonant pharyngeal , and the second segment may be i a front vowel if the following vowel or consonant is front e.g., palatal consonant palatal . Thus, vowel breaking in this restricted sense can be viewed as an example of assimilation linguistics assimilation of a vowel to a following vowel or consonant. Southern American English Vowel breaking is characteristic of the Southern drawl of Southern American English , where the short front vowel s have developed a glide up to j , and then in some areas back down to schwa pat IPA p j t , pet IPA p j t , pit IPA p j t . fact date April 2010 Middle English main Middle English breaking In early Middle English , a vowel IPA i was inserted between a front vowel and a following IPA h pronounced IPA in this context , and a vowel IPA u was inserted between a back vowel and a following IPA h pronounced IPA x in this context . This is a prototypical example of the narrow sense of vowel breaking as described above The original vowel breaks into a diphthong that assimilates to the following consonant, gaining a front IPA i before a palatal consonant ... more details
Infobox Language name Mwotlap pronunciation IPA xx m t lap states Vanuatu region Mota Lava island, Banks Islands speakers 2100 familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian fam3 Oceanic languages Oceanic fam4 Southern Oceanic languages Southern Oceanic fam5 Vanuatu fam6 Northern Vanuatu languages Northern Vanuatu fam7 East Vanuatu languages East Vanuatu iso3 mlv Mwotlap pronounced IPA xx m t lap formerly known as Motlav is an Oceanic languages Oceanic language spoken by about 2,100 people, ref http alex.francois.free.fr AF field.htm Vanuatu List of Banks islands languages . ref on the island of Mota Lava or Motalava , in the Banks Islands , in the northern part of Vanuatu . Mwotlap belongs to the East Vanuatu languages , a branch of the Austronesian languages family. Mwotlap was first described in 2001, by the linguist Alexandre Fran ois . Phonology Mwotlap has 7 phoneme phonemic vowels, which are all short monophthong s ref Harvcoltxt Fran ois 2005a p 445 Harvcoltxt Fran ois 2005b p 116 . ref class wikitable Front vowel Front Back vowel Back Close vowel Close align center IPA i align center IPA u Near close vowel Near close align center IPA align center IPA Open mid vowel Open mid align center IPA align center IPA Open vowel Open colspan 2 style text align center IPA a Notes reflist References Citation last Fran ois first Alexandre author link contribution Vowel shifting and cloning in Motlav historical explanation vs. formal description editor last Klamer editor first Marian title Proceedings of AFLA 7 The Seventh Meeting of Austronesian Formal Linguistics Association volume pages 49 68 publisher Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam place Amsterdam year 2000 contribution url http anu.academia.edu AlexFran C3 A7ois Papers 1371109 Vowel shifting and cloning in Mwotlap historical explanation vs. formal description Fran ois, Alexandre 2001 , http alex.francois.free.fr AFpub books e.htm Contraintes de structures et libert dans ... more details
Arpabet is a phonetic transcription code developed by Advanced Research Projects Agency ARPA as a part of their Speech Understanding Project 1971 1976 . It represents each phoneme of General American English with a distinct sequence of ASCII characters. Arpabet has been used in several speech synthesizers , like SAM for the Commodore 64 , Say for the Amiga and TextAssist for the Personal computer PC . It is also used in the CMU Pronouncing Dictionary . Symbols In Arpabet, every phoneme is represented by one or two capital letters. Digits are used as Stress linguistics stress indicators and are placed at the end of the stressed syllabic vowel . Punctuation marks are used like in the written language, to represent intonation changes at the end of clauses and sentences . The stress values are Stress class wikitable Value Description 0 Unstressed vowel No stress 1 Primary stress 2 Secondary stress Vowels Monophthong s class wikitable Arpabet WP IPA for English IPA Word examples AO IPA off AO1 F fall F AO1 L frost F R AO1 S T AA IPA father F AA1 DH ER , cot K AA1 T IY IPA i bee B IY1 she SH IY1 UW IPA u you Y UW1 new N UW1 food F UW1 D EH IPA red R EH1 D men M EH1 N IH IPA big B IH1 G win W IH1 N UH IPA should SH UH1 D , could K UH1 D rowspan 2 AH IPA but B AH1 T , sun S AH1 N rowspan 2 IPA sofa S OW1 F AH0 , alone AH0 L OW1 N AX discus D IH1 S K AX0 S note distinction from discuss D IH0 S K AH1 S AE IPA at AE1 T fast F AE1 S T Diphthong s class wikitable Arpabet WP IPA for English IPA Word Examples EY IPA e say S EY1 eight EY1 T AY IPA a my M AY1 why W AY1 ride R AY1 D OW IPA o show SH OW1 coat K OW1 T AW IPA a how HH AW1 now N AW1 OY IPA boy B OY1 toy T OY1 R colored vowel s class wikitable Arpabet WP IPA for English IPA Word Examples rowspan 2 ER IPA her HH ER0 bird B ER1 D hurt HH ER1 T , nurse N ER1 S IPA father F AA1 DH ER coward K AW1 ER D EH R IPA r air EH1 R where W EH1 R hair HH EH1 R UH R IPA r cure K Y UH1 R bureau B Y UH1 R OW0 , ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
