The term moralobligation has a number of meanings in moral philosophy , in religion , and in layman s terms. Generally speaking, when someone says of an act that it is a moralobligation, they refer to a belief that the act is one prescribed by their set of Value personal and cultural value s. To make things easier a moralobligation means to decide right from wrong. Moral philosopher s differ as to the origin of moralobligation, and whether such obligations are external to the agent that is, are, in some sense, objective and applicable to all agents or are internal that is, are based on the agent s personal desires, upbringing, conscience, and so on . Obligation being a set code by which a person is to follow. Obligations can be found by an individual s peers that set a code that may go against the individual s own desires. The individual will express their morality by the person following the set code s through seeing it as good to appease society. See also Moral responsibility Duty Ethics Kohlberg s stages of moral development Metaethics Norm philosophy Obligation External links http plato.stanford.edu entries special obligations Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Special Obligations Category Morality Category Ethics philo stub es Obligaci n moral fr Obligation morale ... more details
unreferenced date December 2007 An obligation is a requirement to take some course of action, whether legal obligation legal or moralobligationmoral . There are also obligations in other normative contexts, such as obligations of etiquette , social obligations, and possibly in terms of politics , where obligations are requirements which must be fulfilled. These are generally legal obligations, which can incur a penalty for unfulfilment, although certain people are obliged to carry out certain actions for other reasons as well, whether as a tradition or for social reasons. Obligations vary from person to person for example, a person holding a political office will generally have far more obligations than an average adult citizen, who themselves will have more obligations than a child. Citation needed date April 2010 Obligations are generally granted in return for an increase in an individual s rights or power. Rights are more attractive possessions than obligations. The word obligation can also designate a written obligation, or such things as bank notes, coins, checks, bonds, stamps, or securities. Other uses The term obligate can also be used in a biological context, in reference to species which must occupy a certain niche or behave in a certain way in order to survive. In biology, the opposite of obligate is facultative , meaning that a species is able to behave in a certain way and may do so under certain circumstances, but that it can also survive without having to behave this way. For example, species of salamanders in the family Proteidae are obligate paedomorphosis paedomorphs , whereas species belonging to the Ambystomatidae are facultative paedomorphosis paedomorphs . In the Catholic Church, Holy Days of Obligation or Holidays of Obligation, less commonly called Feasts of Precept, are the days on which, as canon 1247 of the Code of Canon Law states, the faithful are obliged to participate in the Mass. See also Wiktionary Convention norm Convention Law of obligations ... more details
about the use of the moral in storytelling morality Unreferenced date December 2009 A moral from Latin mor lis is a message conveyed or a lesson to be learned from a narrative story or wikt event event . The moral may be left to the hearer, reader or viewer to determine for themselves, or may be explicitly encapsulated in a maxim literature maxim . Finding morals As an example of an explicit maxim, at the end of Aesop s Fables Aesop s fable of the Tortoise and the Hare , in which the plodding and determined tortoise wins a race against the much faster yet extremely arrogant hare, the stated moral is slow and steady wins the race . However, other morals can often be taken from the story itself for instance, that arrogance or overconfidence in one s abilities may lead to failure or the loss of an event, race, or contest . The use of stock characters is a means of conveying the moral of the story by eliminating complexity of personality and so spelling out the issues arising in the interplay between the characters, enables the writer to generate a clear message. With more rounded characters, such as those typically found in Shakespeare s Play theatre plays , the moral may be more nuanced but no less present, and the writer may point it up in other ways see, for example, the Prologue to Romeo and Juliet . Arts and morals Throughout the history of recorded literature, the majority of fictional writing has served not only to entertain but also to instruct, inform or improve their audiences or readership. In Ancient Greek theatre classical drama , for example, the role of the Greek chorus chorus was to comment on the proceedings and draw out a message for the audience to take away with them while the novel s of Charles Dickens are a vehicle for morals regarding the social and economic ... s literature , sometimes even being introduced with the phrase The moral of the story is . Such explicit ... stories. Aesop s Fables are the most famous of stories with strong moral conclusions. External links ... more details
Debt obligation may refer to Collateralized debt obligation Constant Proportion Debt Obligation Disambiguation Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it from being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Long comment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
Orphan date September 2008 A general obligation is a legal pledge in United States municipal finance, in which an entity pledges its full faith and credit to repay its debt, typically a general obligation bond . References Unreferenced date February 2007 references Category Finance in the United States US law stub economics stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 For the Monty Python album Monty Python s Contractual Obligation Album Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Contractual Obligation Type album Artist Humpers Cover Humpers contract cover.jpg Released May 10, 1996 Recorded Genre Punk rock Punk Length Label Epitaph Records Producer Last album This album Contractual Obligation Next album Contractual Obligation is one of two EPs released by the punk rock band, the Humpers . Track listing Wake Up and Lose Protex Blue 13 Forever My Machine Say Goodbye Fable of Love Loser s Club Fast, Fucked, and Furious For Lovers Only Category The Humpers albums Category 1996 albums 1990s punk album stub ... more details
The Renewables Obligation RO ref http www.ofgem.gov.uk Sustainability Environment RenewablObl Pages RenewablObl.aspx Ofgem and ROC Ofgem What is the Renewables Obligation ref is designed to encourage generation ... in England and Wales and in a different form the Renewables Obligation Scotland in Scotland in April 2002 and in Northern Ireland in April 2005, replacing the Non Fossil Fuel Obligation ... of Science and Technology accessdate 13 June 2011 ref The RO places an obligation on licensed electricity ... by presenting Renewables Obligation Certificates ROCs . Where suppliers do not have sufficient ROCs to cover their obligation, a payment is made into the buy out fund. The buy out price suppliers ... obligation, the price of ROCs would fall below the buy out price. The price of ROCs could approach ... or no subsidy of renewable generation. If there is less renewable production than the obligation, the price ... eRoc FAQs publisher Non Fossil Purchasing Agency accessdate 12 June 2011 ref Obligation periods run ... following the period to submit sufficient ROCs to cover their obligation, or to submit sufficient ... are passed on to consumers. ROC Percentages and Prices by Year class wikitable Obligation period ... obligation.pdf Ofgem First annual report 2002 2003 on Renewable Obligation ref ref http www.ofgem.gov.uk ... 2004 on Renewable Obligation ref ref http www.ofgem.gov.uk Sustainability Environmnt RenewablObl Documents1 Buy out and mutualisation press release1.pdf THE RENEWABLES OBLIGATION BUY OUT PRICE AND MUTUALISATION ... 202010 2011 20FINAL 20FINAL.pdf THE RENEWABLES OBLIGATION BUY OUT PRICE AND MUTUALISATION CEILING 2010 ... THE RENEWABLES OBLIGATION BUY OUT PRICE AND MUTUALISATION CEILING 2011 12 ref Renewables Obligation ... stations subject to a NFFO non fossil fuels obligation , Scottish Renewables Obligation or Northern ... Renewables Obligation was superseded by the Renewables Obligation Scotland in 2002. The default is that one ... Renewables Obligation Guidance for licensed electricity suppliers page 2 Office of Gas ... more details
Orphan date February 2010 In law , a reciprocal obligation , also known as a reciprocal agreement is a duty owed by one individual to another and vice versa. It is a type of agreement that bears upon or binds two parties in an equal manner. ref http pinoy business.com content view 709 145 ref ref http www.answers.com topic reciprocal ref See also reciprocal contract reciprocal law civil conscription References Reflist External links http www.springerlink.com content n22xg62462574553 The principle of reciprocal obligations Category Contract law Category Law of obligations Law stub ... more details
Refimprove date December 2008 The Moral Philosopher and the Moral Life was an essay by the philosopher William James , which he first delivered as a lecture to the Yale Philosophical Club, in 1891. It was later included in the collection, The Will to Believe and other Essays in Popular Philosophy. James essay anticipated theories of value pluralism later associated with Isaiah Berlin and Joseph Raz . Citation needed date December 2008 He drew a distinction between three questions in ethics philosophy ethics psychological , Metaphysics metaphysical , casuistic. The psychological question asks after the historical origin of our moral ideas and judgments the metaphysical question asks what the very meaning of the words good, ill, and obligation are the casuistic question asks what is the measure of the various goods and ills which men recognize, so that the philosopher may settle the true order of human obligations. The psychological question As James sees it, the psychological question is whether human ideas of good and evil arise from the association of certain ideals with act of simple bodily pleasures and reliefs from pain. He believes that some elements of our moral sentiment do have such a source, and that Jeremy Bentham and his followers have done the world a lasting service by pointing that out. But he doesn t believe that association and pleasure pain calculus are adequate ... wanted them, others wouldn t. It could even have moral conflict of a sort, as that one thinker ... concludes that claim and obligation are two sides of the same coin. Without a claim actually made by some concrete person there can be no obligation, but there is obligation wherever there is a claim ... could want of me, or that I could want from myself, be considered an obligation, then my obligations ... history James, William The Moral Philosopher and the Moral Life International Journal of Ethics ... mp&ml.htm Text of The Moral Philosopher and the Moral Life DEFAULTSORT Moral Philosopher and the Moral ... more details
of community is a moralobligation to care for the community in an attempt to not violate hierarchy ..., one must consider respect for authority, loyalty, duty, obligation, and honor. Autonomy The moral code of autonomy is a moralobligation to uphold individual freedom and to prevent the violation ..., liberty, and justice. Divinity The moral code of divinity is a moralobligation to inhibit violations ...Moral psychology is a field of study in both philosophy and psychology . Some use the term moral psychology relatively narrowly to refer to the study of moral development . ref See, for example, Lapsley 2006 and moral psychology 2007 . ref However, others tend to use the term more broadly to include ..., Doris & Stich 2008 and Wallace 2007 . Wallace writes Moral psychology is the study of morality in its psychological dimensions p. 86 . ref Some of the main topics of the field are moral judgment, moral reasoning , moral responsibility , moral development , moral character especially as related to virtue ethics , altruism , psychological egoism , moral luck , and moral disagreement. ref See Doris & Stich 2008 , 1. ref Moral Psychology is a novel branch within the field of Psychology. The study of moral identity is one aspect of psychology that shows the most potential for growth due to the numerous ..., G. 2011 . Moral identity What is it, how does it develop, and is it linked to moral action?. Child Development Perspectives, 5 3 , 212 218. doi 10.1111 j.1750 8606.2011.00189.x ref . A moral act is a type of behavior that refers to an act that has either a moral or immoral consequence. Moral .... However it is implemented in different ways depending on culture. In many cultures, a moral act refers ... topics of the field are moral judgment, moral reasoning, moral responsibility, moral development, moral character, altruism, psychological egoism, moral luck, moral disagreement, moral psychology, moral action, moral forecasting, emotion, and affective forecasting. ref Teper, R., Inzlicht ... more details
Moral economy is a phrase used in a number of contexts to describe the interplay between moral or cultural beliefs and economic activities. A just economy A moral economy , in one interpretation, is an economy ... network, the free rider problem lacks a solution and a moral economy becomes harder to maintain. In traditional ... acquire the force of law . The Efficient Society by Joseph Heath discusses the nature of a moral economy ... freedom , and as such comes close to being a moral economy. Other economists such as John P. Powelson relate the concept of a moral economy to the balance of economic power in their view, a moral ... s ecosystem. They argue that such a moral economy is essential if we are to avoid systemic collapse ... affluence within those populations. Economics and social norms In a related sense, moral ... of the moral economy. Law s that determine what sort of contract s will be given effect by the judiciary , and what sort of contracts are void law void or voidable , often incorporate concepts of a moral ... of moral economy. According to the beliefs which inspired these laws, economic transactions were supposed to be based on mutual obligation, not individual gain. In colonial Massachusetts ... Horwitz, Transformations in American Law , p. 173 ref . Other forms of moral economy are more informal ..., the tradition of a pre capitalist moral economy was used to justify popular action against unscrupulous ... Thompson, Moral Economy of the English Crowd Randall and Charlesworth, Moral Economy and Popular Protest ... force of this tradition in his pioneering article on The Moral Economy of the English Crowd ... , for example, showed how this ideology could be used as a method of resisting authority in The Moral ..., however, that sometimes a moral economy may not act in conformity to morality as it is now generally ..., and therefore fall within the purview of moral economy. ref Van Tessel, Only the Law ref Utopian moral economies In modern times, utopian moral economies have arisen to systematically reorganize ... more details
Image Map of Puerto Moral Huelva .png thumb right 150px Map of Puerto Moral, Huelva province Huelva Puerto Moral is a town and municipality located in the province of Huelva province Huelva , Spain . According to the 2008 census , the municipality had a population of 273 inhabitants. Municipalities in Huelva coord 37 53 N 6 28 W source kolossus itwiki display title Category Municipalities in the Province of Huelva andalusia geo stub ca Puerto Moral es Puerto Moral eo Puerto Moral eu Puerto Moral fr Puerto Moral it Puerto Moral ht Puerto Moral Huelva pt Puerto Moral ru tr Puerto Moral uk vi Puerto Moral war Puerto Moral ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2007 A moral hierarchy is a hierarchy by which actions are ranked by their morality , with respect to a moral code . The notion of a moral hierarchy tends to be thin and untenable in cases spanning multiple cultures, because moral codes are not equal, or that certain codes are Moral superiority superior to others. Philo stub Category Morality Category Ethics ... more details
for other types of responsibility Responsibility disambiguation Freedom Moral responsibility usually refers to the idea that a person has moralobligation s in some situations. Disobeying moral obligations ..., is a principle concern of ethics . People who have moral responsibility for an action are usually called moral agents . Agents are creatures that are capable of reflecting on their situation, forming ... 7, 2012 date February 2012 that agency, and thus moral responsibility, requires free will. Thus ... they do. However, moral responsibility is not necessarily the same as legal responsibility . A person ... will , they will have different views on moral responsibility. Incompatibilism Metaphysical libertarianism ... causally determined, allowing for the possibility of free will and thus moral responsibility. All ... of alternate possibilities, which posits that moral responsibility requires that we could have ... M. Identification, Situational Constraint, and Social Cognition Studies in the Attribution of Moral ... on the truth of those doctrines. A similar view has it that individual moral culpability lies .... 244 ref In law, there is a known exception to the assumption that moral culpability lies in either ... conception of moral responsibility. It suggests that any given action, and even a person s character ... that person solely morally responsible. ref http plato.stanford.edu entries moral luck ref ... . ref Nagel, Thomas. 1976, Moral Luck , Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society Supplementary vol ... s not to be confused with Fatalist s often use liberty in practical moral considerations, rather ... different moral system, some proponents say So much the worse for free will . ref name Ben1 Benditt ... St. Paul , in his Epistle to the Romans addresses the question of moral responsibility as follows ... of moral responsibility is founded on libertarian and Dualism philosophy of mind dualist intuitions ... that, as such examples become more common and well known, jurors interpretations of free will and moral ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 A moral community is a group of people drawn together by a common interest in living according to a particular morality moral philosophy . Moral communities are typically associated with a religion and advocate that religion s conception of a good life. The congregation of a Church body church , synagogue , or mosque is a typical moral community. However, some moral communities, such as the Fellowship of Reason , are secular and advocate a secular ethics . DEFAULTSORT Moral Community Category Morality Category Intentional living Philo stub ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Moral perception is a term used in ethics to denote the discernment of the morally salient qualities in particular situations. Moral perception s are argued to be necessary to moral reasoning see practical reason , the deliberation of what is the right thing to do. Moral perception is variously conceptualized by Aristotle , Hannah Arendt , and Martha C. Nussbaum . Lawrence Blum 1994 distinguishes moral perception from moral judgment. Whereas a person s judgment about what the moral course of action is the result of a conscious deliberation, the basis for that process is the perception of aspects of one s situation, which is different for each person. Moral perceptions are furthermore particular in nature. ref Blum, Lawrence. 1994. Moral Perception and Particularity. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. ref References reflist Category Ethics Category Perception philo stub ... more details
Moral superiority is the belief or attitude that one s position and actions are justified by having higher moral values than one s political, religious or moral opponent see just war concept. The idea that moral superiority is possible is opposed by those who espouse moral equivalence , either in a specific conflict or in general. See also Columns list 3 Self righteousness Demonization Victor s justice moral relativism Moral absolutism & Moral objectivism God complex Messiah complex self concept Superiority complex Category Religious behaviour and experience psych stub ... more details
Moral objectivism may refer to Robust moral realism , the meta ethical position that ethical sentences express factual propositions about robust or mind independent features of the world, and that some such propositions are true. Moral universalism also called minimal or moderate moral realism , the meta ethical position that some system of ethics or morality is universally valid, without any further semantic or metaphysical claim. The ethical branch of Ayn Rand s philosophy of Objectivism Ayn Rand Objectivism . See also Moral absolutism disambig fi Eettinen objektivismi ... more details
Moral theology is a systematic theological treatment of Christian ethics . It is usually taught on Divinity school Divinity faculties as a part of the basic curriculum. See also Catholic moral theology External links http www.newadvent.org cathen 14601a.htm Moral theology on Catholic Encyclopedia http www.britannica.com EBchecked topic 391754 moral theology Moral theology on Encyclop dia Britannica Christian theology stub Category Christian ethics Category Practical theology es Teolog a moral sk Mor lna teol gia sv Moralteologi uk ... more details
distinguish Moral universalism About moral absolutism as a theory of normative ethics moral absolutism as a theory of meta ethics Moral universalism Moral absolutism is an ethical view that certain actions are absolutely right or wrong, regardless of other contexts such as their consequences or the intentions behind them. Thus stealing, for instance, might be considered to be always immoral, even if done to promote some other good e.g., stealing food to feed a starving family , and even if it does in the end promote such a good. Moral absolutism stands in contrast to other categories of normative ethics normative ethical theories such as consequentialism , which holds that the morality in the wide sense of an act depends on the consequences or the context of the act. Moral absolutism is not the same as moral universalism also called moral objectivism . Universalism holds merely that what is right or wrong is independent of custom or opinion as opposed to moral relativism relativism , but not necessarily ... . Moral universalism is compatible with moral absolutism, but also positions such as consequentialism. Louis Pojman gives the following definitions to distinguish the two positions of moral absolutism ... cquote Moral absolutism There is at least one principle that ought never to be violated. Moral objectivism ... of Immanuel Kant , are often forms of moral absolutism, as are many religion religious moral codes. Moral absolutism and religion Moral absolutism may be understood in a strictly secular context, as in many forms of deontological ethics deontological moral rationalism . However, many religion s have ... deriving from divine commands . Therefore, they regard such a moral system as absolute, usually perfect ... Morality Moral realism Moral universalism Moral dilemma Graded absolutism Notes reflist External ... by Augustus Hopkins Strong, 1899. Ethics DEFAULTSORT Moral Absolutism Category Ethical theories Category Morality ca Absolutisme moral de Sittengesetz he id Absolutisme moral pl ... more details
Moral order may refer to Moral order is the name given to the conservative and monarchic French government of Patrice de Mac Mahon in the late 19th century. Argument from morality Moral order is the name given to Immanuel Kant s rendering of the metaphysical argument from morality . disambiguation ... more details
Moral Landscape may refer to In the Science of morality , the peaks and troughs of various ethical systems in maximizing the flourishing of conscious creatures The Moral Landscape book , a non fiction written by Sam Harris arguing that science can determine human values dab ... more details
Moral particularism is the view that there are no moral principle s and that moral judgement can be found only as one decides particular cases, either real or imagined. This stands in stark contrast to other prominent moral theories, such as deontology or utilitarianism . In the former, it is asserted that people have a set of duties that are to be considered or respected in the latter, people are to respect the happiness or the preferences of others in their actions. Particularism, to the contrary, asserts that there are no overriding principles that are applicable in every case, or that can be abstracted to apply to every case. According to particularism, most notably defended by Jonathan Dancy , moral knowledge should be understood as knowledge of moral rule of thumb rules of thumb , which are not principles, and of particular solutions, which can be used by analogy in new cases. The term particularism was coined to designate this position by R. M. Hare , in 1963 Freedom and Reason , Oxford Clarendon, p. 18 . A largely coincident view about law was defended by Ant nio Castanheira Neves Castanheira Neves in his 1967 major work. References and links Further reading Hooker B, Little MO eds. 2001 Moral particularism. OUP Dancy, Jonathan 2004 . Ethics without principles , Oxford Oxford University Press . External links Dancy, Jonathan 2005 . http plato.stanford.edu entries moral particularism Moral particularism , in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Philosophy topics Category Principles Category Ethical theories Category Meta ethics ethics stub ja pl Partykularyzm moralny pt Particularismo moral ... more details
Moral skepticism denotes a Class philosophy class of Meta ethics metaethical theories all members of which entail that no one has any moral knowledge. Many moral skeptics also make the stronger, Modal logic modal , claim that moral knowledge is impossible. Moral skepticism is particularly opposed to moral realism the view that there are knowable, mind independent moral truths. Defenders of some form of moral skepticism include David Hume , J. L. Mackie 1977 , Max Stirner , Friedrich Nietzsche , Richard ... in favor of a kind of moral relativism , not moral skepticism. However, he has influenced some contemporary moral skeptics. Forms of moral skepticism Moral skepticism divides into three subclasses moral error theory or moral nihilism , epistemological moral skepticism, and Non cognitivism noncognitivism . ref http plato.stanford.edu entries skepticism moralMoral Skepticism Stanford Encyclopedia ... justified in believing that moral claims claims of the form state of affairs x is good, action y is morally obligatory, etc. are true and, even more so b we never know that any moral claim is true. However, each gets to a and b by different routes. Moral error theory holds that we do not know that any moral claim is true because i all moral claims are false, ii we have reason to believe that all moral claims are false, and so, because iii we are not justified in believing any claim we have reason to deny, we are therefore not justified in believing any moral claims. Epistemological moral skepticism is a subclass of theory, the members of which include Pyrrhonian moral skepticism and dogmatic moral skepticism. All members of epistemological moral skepticism share two things in common first they acknowledge that we are unjustified in believing any moral claim, and second, they are agnostic on whether i is true i.e. on whether all moral claims are false . Pyrrhonian moral skepticism holds that the reason we are unjustified in believing any moral claim is that it is irrational for us ... more details
About the meta ethical position other uses Nihilism disambiguation Moral nihilism also known as ethical ... moral or immoral. For example, a moral nihilist would say that killing someone, for whatever reason, is neither inherently right nor inherently wrong. Moral nihilists consider morality to be constructed ... quote p. 292 ref Moral nihilism is distinct from moral relativism , which does allow for moral ... s to moral statements, and of course moral universalism , which holds moral statements to be objectively true or false. Insofar as only true statements can be known, moral nihilism implies moral skepticism . Forms of moral nihilism According to Sinnott Armstrong 2006a , the basic thesis of moral nihilism ... important forms of moral nihilism Error theory and Expressivism ref name ethics p. 292. Expressivism One form of moral nihilism is expressivism. Expressivism denies the principle that our moral judgments try and fail to describe the moral features, because expressivists believe when someone ... to speak the truth when making moral judgments, they are simply trying to express their feelings. We are not making an effort to describe the way the world is. We are not trying to report on the moral ... a form of non cognitivism . Non cognitivism in ethics is the view that moral statements lack ..., shared by other moral philosophies, that moral statements seek to describe some feature of the world Garner 1967, 219 220 . This position on its own is logically compatible with realism about moral values themselves. That is, one could reasonably hold that there are objective moral values but that we cannot know them and that our moral language does not seek to refer to them. This would amount to an endorsement of a type of moral skepticism, rather than nihilism. Typically, however, the rejection of the cognitivist thesis is combined with the thesis that there are, in fact, no moral facts van Roojen, 2004 . But if moral statements cannot be true, and if one cannot know something that is not true ... more details
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