orphan date October 2010 Pfam box Symbol Multi Drug Res Name Small MultidrugResistance protein image width caption Pfam PF00893 InterPro IPR000390 SMART Prosite SCOP 1s7b TCDB 2.A.7 OPM family OPM protein 2f2m PDB PDB3 1s7b B 2 94 PDB3 2f2m A 2 94 Small multidrugresistance protein is a Protein family family of integral membrane protein s which confer drug resistance to a wide range of toxic compounds by removing them for the cells. The efflux is coupled to an influx of protons. An example is Escherichia coli mvrC Uniprot P23895 which prevents the incorporation of methyl viologen into cells ref name PUB00009428 cite journal author Morimyo M, Hongo E, Hama inaba H, Machida I title Cloning and characterization of the mvrC gene of Escherichia coli K 12 which confers resistance against methyl viologen toxicity journal Nucleic Acids Res. volume 20 issue 12 pages 3159 3165 year 1992 pmid 1320256 doi 10.1093 nar 20.12.3159 pmc 312453 ref and is involved in ethidium bromide efflux ref name PUB00009429 cite journal author Purewal AS title Nucleotide sequence of the ethidium efflux gene from Escherichia coli journal FEMS Microbiol. Lett. volume 66 issue 2 pages 229 231 year 1991 pmid 1936950 ref . References reflist InterPro content IPR000390 Category Protein domains Category Protein families Category Membrane proteins membrane protein stub ... more details
PBB geneid 1244 Multidrugresistance associated protein 2 MRP2 also called canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1 CMOAT or ATP binding cassette sub family C member 2 ABCC2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ABCC2 gene . ref name pmid8797578 ref name pmid9284939 ref name entrez Function MRP2 is a member of the superfamily of ATP binding cassette transporter ATP binding cassette ... with the efflux proteins, P glycoprotein and multidrugresistance proteins journal J. Acquir. Immune ... multidrugresistance proteins MRP1 and MRP2 with organic anions journal Mol. Pharmacol. volume 57 ... cloning of the hepatocyte canalicular isoform of the multidrugresistance protein, cMrp, reveals ... Exon intron organization of the human multidrugresistance protein 2 MRP2 gene mutated in Dubin Johnson ... with cMOAT MRP2 , the multidrugresistance associated protein. journal Lab. Invest. volume ... E, et al. title The human multidrugresistance protein 2 gene functional characterization of the 5 ... RI, et al. title Expression of members of the multidrugresistance protein family in human term ... protein maturation of the conjugate export pump multidrugresistance protein 2 as a consequence ... Identification and functional analysis of two novel mutations in the multidrugresistance protein 2 ... K, Van Vaeck L, Mols R, De Clercq E, Augustijns P title Multidrugresistance associated protein ... drug resistance . This protein is expressed in the canalicular apical part of the hepatocyte and functions ... therefore, this protein appears to contribute to drug resistance in mammalian cells. MRP2 is also expressed ... with Fanconi syndrome. Interactive pathway map IrinotecanPathway WP229 highlight Multidrugresistance associated protein 2 See also ATP binding cassette transporter References reflist refs ref ... s 2000 9391 cite journal author Gerk PM, Vore M title Regulation of expression of the multidrugresistance associated protein 2 MRP2 and its role in drug disposition. journal J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther ... more details
distinguish multidrugresistanceMultidrug tolerance or antibiotic tolerance is the ability of a disease causing microorganism to resist killing by antibiotic s or other antimicrobial s. It is mechanistically distinct from multidrugresistance ref name Lewis2007 cite journal author Lewis K title Persister cells, dormancy and infectious disease journal Nat Rev Microbiol. volume 5 issue 1 pages 48 56 year 2007 url http www.nature.com nrmicro journal v5 n1 abs nrmicro1557.html doi 10.1038 nrmicro1557 pmid 17143318 ref It is not caused by mutant microbes, but rather by microbial cells that exist in a transient, dormancy dormant , non dividing state. Microorganisms that display multidrug tolerance can be bacteria , pathogenic fungi fungi or protozoa parasites . Relevance to chronic infections Multidrug tolerance is caused by a small subpopulation of microbial cells termed persisters. ref name ... from multidrugresistance Unlike resistance, multidrug tolerance is a wikt transient transient , non heritable phenotype . ref name Lewis2007 ref name Bigger1944 ref name Gefen2009 Multidrug tolerant persister cells are not antibiotic resistance antibiotic resistant mutants. Resistance is caused ... multidrug or antibiotic tolerance poses medically important challenges. ref name Lewis2007 It is largely ..., multidrug tolerance is caused by a reversible physiological state in a small subpopulation of genetically ... The molecular mechanisms that underlie persister cell formation and multidrug tolerance are largely ... of HipA Mediated Multidrug Tolerance and its Neutralization by HipB journal Science volume ... treatment In May 2011, it was reported by Nature.com that aminoglycosides can help suppress multidrug ... resistance Antibiotic sensitivity Bacteria Biofilm Chronic wound Dormancy Infection Infectious Disease Multidrugresistance Pathogen Relapse References Reflist External links http www.northeastern.edu adc persistercells.php Persister cells and mode of action of HipA DEFAULTSORT Multidrug Tolerance ... more details
The Resistance can refer to a Resistance movement . It can also refer to The Resistance series , a book series by Vlad Matviets The Resistance album The Resistance album , an album by British rock band Muse The Resistance Animorphs , an Animorphs book The Resistance comics , a Wildstorm comic book series The Resistance party game , a card game The Resistance series , an American science fiction series The Resistance novel , a children s novel by Gemma Malley, published in 2008 Battlestar Galactica The Resistance , a series of Battlestar Galactica Webisodes The Resistance , a song on the studio album New Surrender by the rock band Anberlin See also Resistance disambiguation Resistance deliberate link to the dab redirect page per WP DAB disambig ... more details
wiktionary resistance tocright Resistance may refer to Physics Electrical resistance , a measure of the degree to which an object opposes an electric current through it Friction , Drag physics air resistance , fluid or gas forces opposing motion and flow Geological resistance , a measure of how well ... pore spaces or fractures in soil or rock Thermal resistance , a measure of difficulty of heat transfer ... resistance in electronics , heat considerations in electronics design In materials science, the term is sometimes used for hardness Investing Resistance technical analysis , a price level in security trading that, if reached, activates many sell triggers Medicine Antibiotic resistance , used for bacteria resistant to antibiotics. Airway resistance , a concept used in respiratory physiology to describe ... determine airflow. Politics and military Resistance movement , a group trying to thwart foreign occupation Resistance during World War II French Resistance Polish resistance movement in World War II Polish ResistanceResistance socialist youth organisation , an Australian Marxist organisation Draft dodger Draft resistance , organized or personal opposition to military conscription HMS Resistance HMS Resistance , the name of four ships of the Royal Navy, and one planned one Resistance military is the ability of an organized force to stand on the defensive White Aryan ResistanceResistance Journal of the Earth Liberation Movement , an earth liberation magazine Resistance YBNP , from 2011, new name of Young BNP age 18 30 Entertainment In music Resistance Burning Spear album Resistance Burning Spear album , 1986 album Resistance Mika Nakashima album Resistance Mika Nakashima album , 2002 album Resistance Alove for Enemies album Resistance Alove for Enemies album , 2006 album The Resistance album The Resistance Muse album , 2009 album Resistance song Resistance , the title track from the same album. Resistance , a song by Japanese band High and Mighty Color La Resistance South Park song ... more details
orphan date December 2010 MDRGN bacteria is an abbreviation for multidrug resistant gram negative bacteria . For hospitalized patients, and especially patients in intensive care unit s, these bacterial infections pose a serious and as of 2010 rapidly emerging threat. cquote Overuse of antimicrobial agents and problems with infection control practices have led to the development of multidrug resistant gram negative bacterial infections. We used to use carbapenems as the main option in several countries for those severe infections however, now there are several mechanisms of resistance, including carbapenemase production among Acinetobacter , Pseudomonas , and Klebsiella isolates. Subsequently, carbapenems are sometimes not active against those serious infections. That is why clinicians around the world have reconsidered the use of older antimicrobial agents, including polymyxins . Matthew Falagas, MD. The above quote was taken from an interview by Luke F. Chen, at the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2010 Annual Meeting. ref Cite news last Chen first Luke F. title The Increasing Threat of Multidrug Resistant Gram Negative Infections newspaper Medscape Medical News publisher WebMD date 23 Nov 2010 url http www.medscape.com viewarticle 732946 accessdate 01 Dec 2010 ref A study of MDRGN in long term care facilities, reported in 2010, concluded that patients with severe dementia who require assistance with the activities of daily life are at high risk of MDRGN co colonization and may be the superspreaders of MDRGN in these facilities. ref Cite conference first Snyder last Graham M. coauthors O Fallon, E and D Agata, EMC title Risk Factors for Co Colonization with Multidrug Resistant Gram Negative Bacteria in a Long Term Care Facility booktitle pages publisher International Conference on Healthcare Associated Infections date 21 Mar 2010 location Atlanta url http shea.confex.com shea 2010 webprogram Paper1601.html doi accessdate 01 Dec 2010 ref References Reflist Pharmacology ... more details
commonly, the term is used in the context of resistance acquired by pathogen s. When an organism is resistant to more than one drug, it is said to be multidrugresistancemultidrug resistant . In a broad ... Multidrugresistance Antibiotic resistance Mass drug administration Pharmacoepidemiology Primary drug ... Drug Resistance An informative article on multidrugresistance http www.fda.gov drugs resourcesforyou ...Drug resistance is the reduction in effectiveness of a drug such as an antimicrobial or an antineoplastic ref MeshName Drug Resistance ref in curing a disease or condition. When the drug is not intended ... the same arms race problems as external drug delivery. The development of antibiotic resistance ..., resulting in antibiotic resistance. ref http www.detectingdesign.com antibioticresistance.html ref ... Enzymology of Bacterial Resistance Jed F. Fisher, Shahriar Mobashery ref Resistance to chemicals is only one aspect of the problem, another being resistance to physical factors such as temperature ... factors affecting microbial life . Introduction Drug or toxin or chemical resistance is a consequence ..., resistance to the drug will inevitably follow. This can be seen in cancerous tumours where some cells may develop resistance to the drugs used in chemotherapy . ref http www.merckmanuals.com home drugs factors affecting response to drugs tolerance and resistance to drugs.html ref Malaria in 2012 ... news health 17628172 BBC News ref A rapid process of sharing resistance exists among single celled ... resistance to the anticoagulant rodenticides, with particular reference to Denmark year 1972 volume ... Hyeock Lee, J. Marshall Clark 2008 . Biochemical and Molecular Analysis of Deltamethrin Resistance ... to develop resistance and thereby become increasingly problematic. ref http www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au bhcv2 bhcarticles.nsf pages Antibacterial cleaning products ref Drug resistance develops naturally ... account for more than 85 of the mortality from infection worldwide. Resistance to first line ... more details
disambig Hydraulic resistance may refer to Resistance training hydraulic resistance training Hydraulic conductivity hydraulic resistance of an aquifer ... more details
microbiology multidrug efflux pumps with chromosomally encoded antibiotic resistance genes for example ... gene transfer of antibiotic resistance determinants. Evolution of multidrugresistance ... Freedom were treated. Most of these showed multidrugresistance MRAB , with a few isolates resistant ...Antibiotic resistance is a type of drug resistance where a microorganism is able to survive exposure to an antibiotic . While a spontaneous or induced genetic mutation in bacteria may confer resistance to antimicrobial drugs, gene s that confer resistance can be Horizontal gene transfer transferred between ... transduction , or transformation genetics transformation . Thus a gene for antibiotic resistance which ... then selects for the antibiotic resistant trait. Many antibiotic resistance genes reside on plasmids , facilitating their transfer. If a bacterium carries several resistance genes, it is called multidrug resistant MDR or, informally, a superbug or super bacterium . Genes for resistance to antibiotics ... and the susceptible bacteria to die off. As resistance towards antibiotics becomes more common ... Monciardini Sosio 2010 pp 423 430 Clarify date September 2011 Antibiotic resistance therefore poses a significant problem. Causes main Origin of antibiotic resistance Antibiotic misuse The widespread ... a role in the development of muiltidrug resistance varieties and the spread of resistance between ... en index.html title Use of antimicrobials outside human medicine and resultant antimicrobial resistance ... month January year 2002 ref harv format Broken link ref Other practices contributing towards resistance ... use of antibacterials in soaps and other products, although not clearly contributing to resistance ... getsmart antibiotic use anitbiotic resistance faqs.html j trans title Are antibacterial containing ... their use add to the problem of resistance? title Antibiotic Resistance Questions & Answers publisher ... of sensitivity resistance of the superbugs to the antibiotic used and high tissue penetration ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 Amp resistance is a term for antibiotic resistanceresistance to the antibiotic ampicillin . It is used as a selectable marker in bacterial transformation. DEFAULTSORT Amp Resistance Category Antibiotics Bacteria stub ... more details
The Zeitun Resistance by the Armenian militia against the Ottoman Empire may refer to Zeitun Rebellion 1895 1896 Zeitun Rebellion in 1895 1896 , First Zeitun Resistance. Zeitun Resistance 1915 Second Zeitun Resistance . disambig ... more details
The Sasun Resistance by the Armenian militia against the Ottoman Empire may refer to Sasun Resistance 1894 Sasun Uprising 1904 Sasun Resistance 1904 disambig ru ... more details
Specific resistance may refer to Resistivity Specific electrical resistance Specific airway resistance R sub aw sub functional residual capacity FRC disambig ... more details
Czechoslovakian resistance can refer to Czech resistance to Nazi occupation Czech resistance to Soviet domination see Prague Spring and Velvet Revolution disambig ... more details
Jewish resistance may refer to Jewish Resistance Movement , a Jewish underground movement in Mandate Palestine Jewish resistance under Nazi rule disambig ... more details
Underground resistance may refer to Underground Resistance band , a musical collective from Detroit, Michigan Underground resistance during World War II , the inhabitants of various locales resisting the rule of the Nazis, the Empire of Japan, and Mussolini disambig ... more details
Unreferenced date February 2007 In military terminology, resistance or organised resistance refers to the ability of a military unit to continue to oppose an attack. Resistance ends when a unit surrender military surrender s, when all members of unit are killed or captured, or when a unit disperses. The term is used in the phrase organized resistance has ceased to describe the end of a battle or military campaign campaign when no formal surrender occurs after a unit is defeated. The term also occurs in the phrase Salients, re entrants and pockets pocket of resistance . When a unit disperses, individuals who avoid capture may continue to resist the opposing force, e.g. by joining or forming a resistance movement , but this resistance is no longer organized resistance in the military sense. DEFAULTSORT Resistance Military Category Military strategy Mil stub ... more details
In genetics , the term horizontal resistance was first used by J.E. Vanderplank ref name Vanderplank1963 Vanderplank, J.E. 1963 Plant Diseases Epidemics and Control. Academic Press, New York and London, 349pp. ref to describe many gene resistance. This contrasts with the term Vertical Resistance vertical resistance which was used to describe single gene resistance. Raoul A Robinson Raoul A. Robinson ref name Robinson1976 Raoul A Robinson Robinson, Raoul A. 1976 Plant Pathosystems. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 184pp. ref further refined the definition of horizontal resistance. Unlike Vertical Resistance vertical resistance and parasitic ability, horizontal resistance and horizontal parasitic ability are entirely independent of each other in genetic terms. In the first round of breeding for horizontal resistance, plants are exposed to pathogens and selected for partial resistance. Plants unaffected by the pathogen have vertical resistance and are removed. Obviously plants with no resistance die, the remaining plants have partial resistance and their seed is stored and bred back up to sufficient volume for further testing. The hope is that in these remaining plants are multiple types of partially resistant genes, and by crossbreeding this pool back on itself multiple partial resistance genes will be encouraged and provide resistance to a larger variety of pathogens than vertical resistance . Successive rounds of breeding for horizontal resistance proceed in a more traditional fashion, selecting plants for disease resistance as measured by yield. These plants are exposed to native regional pathogens, and given minimal assistance in fighting them. ref name Beyond GMO the REAL answer to healthy, disease resistant crops http newfarm.rodaleinstitute.org international pan am don nov04 chapingo.shtml ref References reflist 2 Category Phytopathology Category Molecular biology genetics stub ... more details
The term vertical resistance was first used by J.E. Vanderplank ref name Vanderplank1963 Vanderplank, J.E. 1963 Plant Diseases Epidemics and Control. Academic Press, New York and London, 349pp. ref to describe single gene resistance. This contrasted the term Horizontal Resistance horizontal resistance which was used to describe many gene resistance. Raoul A Robinson Raoul A. Robinson ref name Robinson1976 Raoul A Robinson Robinson, Raoul A. 1976 Plant Pathosystems. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 184pp. ref further refined the definition of vertical resistance, emphasizing that in vertical resistance there are single genes for resistance in the host plant, and there are also single genes for parasitic ability in the parasite. This is a very important phenomenon known as the Gene For Gene Relationship gene for gene relationship , and it is the definitive character of vertical resistance. References reflist 2 Category Phytopathology Category Molecular biology genetics stub ... more details
Resistance training has two different meanings. A broader meaning that refers to any training that uses a resistance to the force of muscular contraction better termed strength training , and elastic or hydraulic resistance, which refers to a specific type of strength training that uses elastic or hydraulic tension physics tension to provide this resistance. This article discusses the more limited definition of elastic hydraulic resistance training. Basic principles Resistance training is a form of strength training in which each effort is performed against a specific opposing force generated by resistance i.e. resistance to being pushed, squeezed, stretched or bent . Exercises are isotonic exercise ... part is holding still against the force. Resistance exercise is used to develop the physical strength strength and organ hypertrophy size of skeletal muscle s. Properly performed, resistance training ... of resistance training, according to the American Sports Medicine Institute ASMI , is to gradually ... resistance training will strengthen and tone muscles and increase bone mass Fact date January 2011 . Resistance training should not be confused with weightlifting, powerlifting or bodybuilding ... such as gravity weight training or cliometrics rather an immovable resistance isometric exercise isometrics ... of motion is important in resistance training because muscle overload occurs only at the specific joint angles where the muscle is worked. Resistance training can be performed using various types of exercise equipment or Resistance band Resistance bands Exercise machine s Swimming machine s Mani war questions this entry The study Fat metabolism and acute resistance exercise in trained men conducted by East Carolina University found that resistance exercise is more beneficial than aerobic exercise for fat loss Fact date January 2011 . The purpose of the study was to see how resistance exercise ... title Fat metabolism and acute resistance exercise in trained men journal Journal of Applied ... more details
Cross resistance is the Drug tolerance tolerance to a usually toxic substance as a result of exposure to a similarly acting substance. It is a phenomenon affecting e.g. pesticide s and antibiotic s. As an example rifabutin and rifampin cross react in the treatment of tuberculosis. This sort of resistance is also see against drugs involved with the treatment of HIV. Drugs ending with ine and inavir are the most common. See also Drug resistance Pesticide resistance Category Toxicology immunology stub med toxic stub ja de Kreuzresistenz ... more details
Heroes of the Resistance was a set of Commemorative stamp stamps issued from 1957 to 1961 by La Poste , commemorating 26 members of the French Resistance who died during the German occupation of France during World War II Occupation between 1940 and 1945 apart from Edmond Debeaumarch , who died in 1959 . Of the 26, two are Catholic monks and nuns and three are women. DEFAULTSORT Heroes Of The Resistance Category French Resistance Category Postage stamps of France fr H ros de la R sistance ... more details
Water resistance may refer to wet strength , a measure of how well a fibreweb is holds together upon a force of rupture waterproofing , making objects relatively unaffected by water or resisting the ingress of water under specified conditions Fluid resistance , drag in water disambiguation ... more details
Radiation resistance is that part of an antenna electronics antenna s feedpoint resistance that is caused by the radiation of Electromagnetic radiation electromagnetic waves from the antenna. The radiation resistance is determined by the geometry of the antenna, not by the materials of which it is made. It can be viewed as the equivalent resistance to a resistor in the same circuit. Radiation resistance is caused by the radiation reaction of the conduction electrons in the antenna electronics antenna . When electrons are accelerated, as occurs when an AC electrical field is impressed on an antenna electronics antenna , they will radiate electromagnetic waves. These waves carry energy that is taken from the electrons. The loss of energy of the electrons appears as an effective resistance to the movement of the electrons, analogous to the ohmic resistance caused by scattering of the electrons in the crystal lattice of the metallic conductor. While the energy lost by ohmic resistance is converted to heat, the energy lost by radiation resistance is converted to electromagnetic radiation. Power physics Power is calculated as math P I 2R , math where math I math is the electric current flowing into the feeds of the antenna electronics antenna and math P math is the power in the resulting electromagnetic field. The result is a virtual, effective Electrical resistanceresistance math R frac P I 2 , math This effective resistance is called the radiation resistance. Thus the radiation resistance of an antenna is a good indicator of the strength of the electromagnetic field radiated by a transmitting antenna or being received by a receiving antenna, since its value is directly proportional to the power of the field. References references See also Abraham Lorentz force Category Antennas radio de Strahlungswiderstand ru ... more details
unreferenced date December 2008 In physics , resistance force is the force which an effort force must overcome in order to do mechanical work work on an object via a simple machine . Resistance force, like most other forces, is measured in newton unit newton s or in pounds force . For an ideal friction less mechanism in which no energy is lost, resistance force obeys the relation math R times D R E times D E math where R equals resistance force D sub R sub equals resistance distance mechanics resistance distance E equals effort force D sub E sub equals effort distance Resistance force is used to calculate the work output using the following equation math Work ,output R times D R math Category Force physics stub ... more details
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