Multifactordimensionalityreduction MDR is a data mining approach for detecting and characterizing combinations of Attribute computing attribute s or independent variable s that interact to influence a dependent or class variable. MDR was designed specifically to identify interaction s among discrete random variable discrete variables that influence a binary numeral system binary outcome and is considered a nonparametric alternative to traditional statistical methods such as logistic regression . The basis of the MDR method is a constructive induction algorithm that converts two or more variables or attributes to a single attribute. This process of constructing a new attribute changes the representation space of the data. The end goal is to create or discover a representation that facilitates the detection of nonlinear or nonadditive interactions among the attributes such that prediction ... Dimensionalityreduction Machine Learning Data Mining No footnotes date November 2010 References Ritchie MD, Hahn LW, Roodi N, Bailey LR, Dupont WD, Parl FF, Moore JH. Multifactordimensionalityreduction ... MD, Hahn LW, Moore JH. Power of multifactordimensionalityreduction for detecting gene gene interactions ... YM, Ritchie MD, Moore JH, Park JY, Lee KU, Shin HD, Lee HK, Park KS. Multifactordimensionalityreduction ... of gene gene interactions using multifactordimensionalityreduction. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2004 ...&query hl 8 PubMed Ritchie MD, Motsinger AA. Multifactordimensionalityreduction for detecting gene ... DEFAULTSORT MultifactorDimensionalityReduction Category Data mining Category Dimension reduction ... Abstract&list uids 12548676&query hl 18 PubMed Hahn LW, Ritchie MD, Moore JH. Multifactordimensionalityreduction software for detecting gene gene and gene environment interactions. Bioinformatics ... DE, Moore JH. An application of conditional logistic regression and multifactordimensionalityreduction for detecting gene gene interactions on risk of myocardial infarction the importance of model ... more details
dataset. Bottom left and right 2D recoveries of the manifold respectively using the Nonlinear dimensionalityreduction Locally Linear Embedding LLE and Nonlinear dimensionalityreduction Hessian LLE ... of the important algorithms from the history of manifold learning and nonlinear dimensionalityreduction NLDR . ref John A. Lee, Michel Verleysen, Nonlinear DimensionalityReduction, Springer, 2007. ref Many of these non linear dimensionalityreduction methods are related to the linear methods .... By comparison, if PCA a linear dimensionalityreduction algorithm is used to reduce this same dataset ... papers gashler2011ijcnn2.pdf Temporal Nonlinear DimensionalityReduction , In Proceedings of the International ... curve s and manifolds give the natural geometric framework for nonlinear dimensionalityreduction ... instead. Diffeomorphic dimensionalityreduction Diffeomorphic DimensionalityReduction or Diffeomap ref Christian Walder and Bernhard Sch lkopf, Diffeomorphic DimensionalityReduction, Advances in Neural ..., V. de Silva, J. C. Langford, A Global Geometric Framework for Nonlinear DimensionalityReduction ... DimensionalityReduction by Locally Linear Embedding, Science Vol 290, 22 December 2000, 2323&ndash ..., MIT Press ref uses spectral techniques to perform dimensionalityreduction. This technique relies ... dimensionalityreduction algorithms as well. Traditional techniques like principal component ... axon.cs.byu.edu papers gashler2007nips.pdf Iterative Non linear DimensionalityReduction with Manifold ... TCIE ref Rosman G., Bronstein M. M., Bronstein A. M. and Kimmel R., Nonlinear DimensionalityReduction ... Nonlinear DimensionalityReduction Category Multivariate statistics Category Dimension Category Dimension ... large. Thus, the larger the dimensionality, the more difficult it becomes to sample the space. This causes ... become known as the curse of dimensionality . Reducing data into fewer dimensions often makes ... space a Hamming space . The intrinsic dimensionality is two, because two variables rotation and scale ... more details
The curse of dimensionality refers to various phenomena that arise when analyzing and organizing high dimensional space s often with hundreds or thousands of dimensions that do not occur in low dimensional settings such as the physical space commonly modeled with just three dimensions. There are multiple phenomena referred to by this name in domains such as Sampling statistics sampling , combinatorics , machine learning and data mining . The common theme of these problems is that when the dimensionality ... grows exponentially with the dimensionality. Also organizing and searching data often relies on detecting ... from being efficient. The term curse of dimensionality was coined by Richard E. Bellman when ... 1961 publisher Princeton University Press ref The curse of dimensionality is often used as a blanket ... loss. This is also reflected by the effectiveness of dimension reduction methods such as principal ... research also showed that data sets that exhibit the curse of dimensionality properties can still ... high dimensionality. Combinatorics In some problems, each variable can take one of several discrete ... of possible combinations already is math O 2 d math , exponential in the dimensionality. Naively, each ..., the predictive power reduces as the dimensionality increases, and this is known as the Hughes effect ... Bayesian statistics The curse of dimensionality has often been a difficulty with Bayesian statistics ... functions losing their usefulness in high dimensionality. Nearest neighbor search The effect complicates .... ref R. B. Marimont and M. B. Shapiro, Nearest Neighbour Searches and the Curse of Dimensionality ... 22922 0 25 ref k nearest neighbor classification Another effect of high dimensionality on distance ... some distance functions. As dimensionality increases, the indegree distribution of the k NN Directed ... space Dimension reduction Fourier related transforms Clustering high dimensional data col 2 of 3 .... 2007. Approximate Dynamic Programming Solving the Curses of Dimensionality . Wiley, ISBN 0470171553 ... more details
Multifactor productivity MFP measures the changes in output per unit of combined inputs. In the United States, Indices of MFP are produced for the private business, private nonfarm business, and manufacturing sectors of the economy. MFP is also developed for 2 and 3 digit Standard Industrial Classification SIC through 1987, and NAICS North Atlantic Industrial Classification System through 2005 for manufacturing industries, the railroad transportation industry, the air transportation industry, and the utility and gas industry. Multifactor productivity measures reflect output per unit of some combined set of inputs. A change in multifactor productivity reflects the change in output that cannot be accounted for by the change in combined inputs. As a result, multifactor productivity measures reflect the joint effects of many factors including new technologies, economies of scale, managerial skill, and changes in the organization of production. Whereas labor productivity measures the output per unit of labor input, multifactor productivity looks at a combination of production inputs or factors labor, materials, and capital. In theory, it s a more comprehensive measure than labor productivity, but it s also more difficult to calculate. 1 math textrm Labor Productivity output per hour textrm Output over textrm Labor Inputs math 2 math textrm Multifactor Productivity textrm Output over KLEMS math Multi factor productivity is the same as total factor productivity , a certain type of Solow residual . math MFP d ln f over dt d ln Y over dt s L cdot d ln L over dt s K cdot d ln K over dt math where math f math is the global production function math Y math is output math t math is time math s L math is the share of input costs attributable to labor expenses math s K math is the share of input costs attributable to capital expenses math L math is a dollar quantity of labor math K math is a dollar quantity of capital math M math is a dollar quantity of materials math S math is a dollar ... more details
wiktionary reduce reduced reductionReduction , reduced , or reduce may refer to TOCright Science Chemistry Reduction , part of a reduction oxidation redox reaction in which atoms have their oxidation ... that inhibits oxidation Reductase , an enzyme that catalyzes a reduction reaction Reduction potential , a measure of the tendency of a chemical species to acquire electrons Ore reduction see smelting Computing and algorithms Reduction complexity , a transformation of one problem into another problem Graph reduction , an efficient version of non strict evaluation Strength reduction , a compiler ... by using previous values of the function Reduction recursion theory , given sets A and B of natural ... for deciding membership in A? L reduction , a transformation of optimization problems which keeps the approximability features Variance reduction , a procedure used to increase the precision of the estimates that can be obtained for a given number of iterations Partial order reduction , a technique for reducing the size of the state space to be searched by a model checking algorithm Bit Rate Reduction ... Reduction mathematics , the rewriting of an expression into a simpler form Beta reduction , the rewriting of an expression from lambda calculus into a simpler form Dimension reduction , the process of reducing the number of random variables under consideration Lattice reduction , given an integer lattice basis as input, to find a basis with short, nearly orthogonal vectors Reduction of order , a technique for solving second order ordinary differential equations Relation reduction , the extent ... the relation dataset Reduction of the structure group , for a math G math bundle math B math and a map ... G math is isomorphic to math B math Reduction system , reduction strategy, the application of rewriting ... form of a matrix which completely and uniquely determines its row space Physics Dimensional reduction , the limit of a compactified theory where the size of the compact dimension goes to zero Reduction ... more details
analysis PCA , but many nonlinear dimensionalityreduction techniques also exist. ref Samet, H ... for dimensionalityreduction, principal component analysis, performs a linear mapping of the data ... to nonlinear dimensionalityreduction is through the use of autoencoder s, a special kind of feed ... http pods.binghamton.edu hhu1 paper Hu2010Dimensionality.pdf DimensionalityReduction Methods for HMM ... Feature extraction Principal components analysis Semidefinite embedding Multifactordimensionalityreduction Multilinear subspace learning Nonlinear dimensionalityreduction Isomap Kernel principal ... for Nonlinear DimensionalityReduction http xxx.lanl.gov abs cond mat 0606042 Dimensional reduction at a quantum critical point realisation of dimensional reduction in a magnet http cseweb.ucsd.edu lvdmaaten Matlab Toolbox for Dimensionality Reduction.html Matlab Toolbox for DimensionalityReduction ... books speech technologies nonlinear dimensionalityreduction methods for use with automatic speech recognition Nonlinear DimensionalityReduction Methods for Use with Automatic Speech Recognition DEFAULTSORT ...for dimensional reduction in physics Dimensional reduction In machine learning , dimension reduction ... ref ref C. Ding, , X. He , H. Zha , H.D. Simon, Adaptive Dimension Reduction for Clustering High Dimensional ... s that is followed by a finetuning stage based on backpropagation . Adaptive Dimension Reduction Many dimension reduction techniques does the reduction once for all. Adaptive dimension reduction combines dimension reduction and unsupervised learning clustering together to improve the reduced data subspace adaptively. See also div col start Dimension metadata Curse of dimensionality Nearest neighbor ... Locality sensitive hashing Signal subspace Sufficient dimension reduction div col end No footnotes ... tid lof documents pdf 240921.pdf A survey of dimension reduction techniques US DOE Office of Scientific ... on Dimension Reduction 24 pages http jmlr.csail.mit.edu papers special feature03.html JMLR Special Issue ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 dablink This article is on dimensional reduction in physics. For the statistics concept, see Dimensionalityreduction . In physics , a theory in D spacetime dimension s can be redefined in a lower number of dimensions d , by taking all the fields to be independent of the location in the extra D &minus d dimensions. Dimensional reduction is the limit of a Compactification physics compactified theory where the size of the compact dimension goes to zero. For example, consider a periodic compact dimension with period L . Let x be the coordinate along this dimension. Any field math phi math can be described as a sum of the following terms math phi n A n cos left frac 2 pi n x L right math with A sub n sub a constant. According to quantum mechanics , such a term has momentum nh L along x , where h is Planck s constant . Therefore as L goes to zero, the momentum goes to infinity, as so is the energy , unless n 0. However n 0 gives a field which is constant with respect to x . So at this limit, and at finite energy, math phi math will not depend on x . Let us generalize this argument. The compact dimension imposes specific boundary conditions on all fields, for example periodic boundary conditions in the case of a periodic dimension, and typically Neumann boundary condition Neumann or Dirichlet boundary condition s in other cases. Now suppose the size of the compact dimension is L Then the possible eigenvalue s under gradient along this dimension are integer or half integer multiples of 1 L depending on the precise boundary conditions . In quantum mechanics this eigenvalue is the momentum of the field, and is therefore related to its energy. As L &rarr 0 all eigenvalues except zero go to infinity, and so does the energy. Therefore at this limit, with finite energy, zero ... Supergravity DEFAULTSORT Dimensional Reduction Category Physics Physics stub fr R duction ... more details
Risk reduction may refer to Absolute risk reduction or Relative risk reduction , statistical descriptors of an intervention. Risk management Safety Integrity Level Hedge finance disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
A reduction formula is used to represent some expression in a simpler form. It may refer to Mathematics Formulas of reduction , the decomposition of multiple integrals Integration by reduction formulae , expressing an integral in terms of the same integral but in lower powers Physics LSZ reduction formula , a method to calculate S matrix elements from the time ordered correlation functions of a quantum field theory disambig ... more details
Globalize US disambiguation page date August 2011 Deficit reduction can refer to any of various Acts of Congress related to the U.S. government budget deficit , including chrono order Deficit Reduction Act of 1984 Gramm Rudman Hollings Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 Deficit Reduction Act of 1993 Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 See also United States Congress Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction Deficit reduction in the United States disambig ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 Image Reduction drive.JPG Reduction drive also with a transformation of the direction of rotation thumb A reduction drive is a mechanical device to shift rotational speed. A planetary reduction drive is a small scale version using ball bearing s in an epicyclic gearing epicyclic arrangement instead of toothed gear s. Image Planetary reduction drive.JPG Planetary reduction drive thumb Reduction drives are used in engine s of all kinds, to increase the amount of torque per revolution of a shaft the gearbox of any automobile car is a ubiquitous example of a reduction drive. Common household uses are washing machines, food blenders and window winders. Planetary reduction drives are typically attached between the shaft of the variable capacitor and the tuning knob of any radio , to allow fine adjustments of the tuning capacitor with smooth movements of the knob. Planetary drives are used in this situation to avoid backlash , which makes tuning easier. If the capacitor drive has backlash, when you attempt to tune in a station, the tuning knob will feel sloppy and it will be hard to perform small adjustments. Gear drives CAN be made to have no backlash by utilising split gears and spring tension but the shaft bearings have to be very precise. Category Hardware mechanical DEFAULTSORT Reduction Drive Engineering stub es Motor de impulsi n pl Reduktor mechaniczny ru uk ... more details
Supply reduction is one approach to social problems such as drug addiction . Other approaches are demand reduction and harm reduction . ref cite web url http www.burnet.edu.au freestyler gui files Supply 20Demand 20and 20Harm 20Reduction.pdf title Supply, demand and harm reduction publisher Burnet Institute, The Centre for Harm Reduction date 14 April 2004 ref In the case of illegal drugs , supply reduction efforts generally involves attempts to disrupt the manufacturing and distribution supply chain s for these drugs, by both civilian Law enforcement agency law enforcement and sometimes military forces. This approach, sometimes characterized as the War on Drugs , has been the dominant approach to drugs policy since the 1960s. ref cite web url http www.beckleyfoundation.org pdf report lawenforce.pdf title Report Three Law Enforcement and Supply Reduction publisher Beckley Foundation Drug Policy Programme author Marcus Roberts, Mike Trace and Axel Klein date 2004 ref References reflist See also Supply and demand Category Drug control law Crime stub ... more details
nocitations date September 2011 Recycling Source reduction is activities designed to reduce the volume or toxicity of waste generated, including the design and manufacture of products with minimum toxic content, minimum volume of material, and or a longer useful life. An example of source reduction is bringing a reusable bag to the grocery store. Synonyms Pollution Prevention or P2 and Toxics use reduction are also called source reduction because they address the use of hazardous substances at the source. Procedures Source Reduction is achieved through improvements in production and product design, or through Environmentally Preferable Purchasing EPP . Source reduction in the United States In the United States , the Federal Trade Commission offers guidance for labelling claims Source reduction refers to reducing or lowering the weight, volume or toxicity of a product or package. To avoid being misleading, source reduction claims must qualify the amount of the source reduction and give the basis for any comparison that is made. These principles apply regardless of whether a term like source reduced is used. reflist The Massachusetts Toxics Use Reduction Program TURA offers 6 strategies to achieve source reduction Toxic chemical substitution Production process modification Finished product reformulation Production modernization Improvements in operations and maintenance In process recycling of production material See also Bioplastic Miniwaste Pre waste Sustainable packaging External links http p2rx.org United States National Pollution Prevention Information Center http p2ric.org TopicHubs toc.cfm?hub 26&subsec 7&nav 7 United States Pollution Prevention Regional Information Center http enviro.blr.com display.cfm id 71485 source WKP effort 6 NPPR Finds P2 Programs Effective http www.turi.org TURI http www.p2gems.org P2Gems Pollution prevention directory http www.zerowastenetwork.org Southwest Network for Zero Waste DEFAULTSORT Source Reduction Category Waste reduction Category ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 The concept of ego reduction occurs in several contexts. The term is predicated on the use of Sigmund Freud s concept of the Id, ego and super ego ego to describe the conscious adult self. Ego reduction has been used as a goal in Alcoholics Anonymous as a concept in BDSM play, as in entering subspace BDSM subspace as a concept in attaining religious humility . See also Egolessness DEFAULTSORT Ego Reduction Category Freudian psychology Psych stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Interventions infobox Name Ventricular reduction Image Caption ICD10 ICD9 ICD9proc 37.35 MeshID OtherCodes Ventricular reduction is a type of operation in cardiac surgery to reduce enlargement of the heart from cardiomyopathy or ischemic aneurysm formation. See also Batista procedure Dor procedure Cardiac surgery DEFAULTSORT Ventricular Reduction Category Cardiac surgery Surgery stub ... more details
An orchestral reduction is a sheet music arrangement of a work originally for full symphony orchestra such as a symphony, overture, or opera , rearranged for a single instrument typically piano or organ music organ , a smaller orchestra, or a chamber ensemble with or without a keyboard e.g. a string quartet . A reduction for solo piano is sometimes called a piano reduction or piano score . During opera rehearsals, a r p titeur piano player will typically read from a piano reduction of the opera. When a choir is learning a work scored for choir and full orchestra, the initial rehearsals will usually be done with a pianist playing a piano reduction of the orchestra part. Before the advent of the phonograph, arrangements of orchestral works for solo piano or piano four hands were in common use for enjoyment at home. A reduction for a smaller orchestra or chamber ensemble may be used when not enough players are available, when a venue is too small to accommodate the full orchestra, to accompany less powerful voices, or to save money by hiring fewer players. Category Musical terminology Category Musical notation music stub ... more details
The term population reduction may be used in relation to many topics, including the following population decline or depopulation reductions in human population levels for reasons such as low birth rate, emigration, disease or war. population control deliberate attempts to control human population levels typically seeking an initial reduction as opposed to an increase , sometimes related to the Optimum Population concept. culling deliberate reductions in animal or plant population levels, by human action population reduction the phase preceding the extinction of a species the Population reduction theory a theory involving genocide disambiguation ... more details
Unreferenced date June 2008 In Optimization computer science code optimization during the translation of computer programs into an executable form, and in mathematical reduction generally, a reduction strategy for a term rewriting system determines which reducible subterms or reducible expressions , redexes should be reduced contracted within a term it may be the case that a term may contain multiple redexes which are disjoint from one another and that choosing to contract one redex before another may have no influence on the resulting reduced form of the term, or that the redexes in a term do overlap and that choosing to contract one of the overlapping redexes over the other may result in a different reduced form of the term. It is the choice of which redex at each step in the reduction to contract that determines the strategy chosen. See evaluation strategy for the specific case dealing with the lambda calculus . See also Reduction system DEFAULTSORT Reduction Strategy comp sci stub Category Rewriting systems pt Estrat gia de redu o ... more details
In modular arithmetic , Barrett reduction is a reduction algorithm introduced in 1986 by P.D. Barrett. A naive way of computing math c a times b pmod n. , math would be to use a fast division algorithm . Barrett reduction and Montgomery reduction are algorithms designed to optimize this operation. Sources P.D. Barrett , Implementing the Rivest Shamir and Adleman Public Key Encryption Algorithm on a Standard Digital Signal Processor, Advances in Cryptology CRYPTO 86, Springer, 1986. http www.springerlink.com content c4f3rqbt5dxxyad4 Chapter 14 of Alfred J. Menezes , Paul C. van Oorschot, and Scott A. Vanstone . http www.cacr.math.uwaterloo.ca hac about chap14.pdf Handbook of Applied Cryptography . CRC Press, 1996. ISBN 0 8493 8523 7. Bosselaers, et al. , Comparison of Three Modular Reduction Functions, Advances in Cryptology Crypto 93, 1993. http citeseerx.ist.psu.edu viewdoc summary?doi 10.1.1.40.3779 Category Computer arithmetic Category Cryptographic algorithms Category Modular arithmetic de Barrett Verfahren ... more details
Selective reduction or fetal reduction is the practice of abortion aborting one or more fetus es in a multifetal pregnancy , say quadruplets , to a twin or singleton pregnancy. Selective reduction is done for both medical and non medical reasons. Medical issues generally related to multiple births, including premature birth s, low birth weight s, and associated medical problems. Non medical reasons include that the couple or the mother do not feel that they are emotionally or financially ready to handle more than one child. ref cite web last HUTCHISON first COURTNEY title When Two or More Become One Selective Reduction for Multiple Births url http abcnews.go.com Health WomensHealth reducing twins singles womans choice story?id 14311243 .T2poumKok2Q publisher ABC News accessdate 21 March 2012 ref Selective reduction can also be used to reduce a twin pregnancy to a singleton one. This is a less common but growing practice as the risks in twin pregnancies, while existent, are much lower than ... Become One Selective Reduction for Multiple Births url http abcnews.go.com Health WomensHealth ... 21 March 2012 ref In many cases this type of multifetal reduction is chosen by couples who used Assisted ... web last Macnair first Dr Trisha title Selective reduction in pregnancy url http www.bbc.co.uk health ... 2012 ref Practice The reduction procedure is generally carried out during the first trimester of pregnancy ... 22selective reduction 22 and trimester&sig ErdszaeKBRqVoxUTwlST4DB7Qw PRA4 PT778,M1 Harvard Medical School Family Health Guide , page 913 Simon and Schuster 1999 Selective reduction is usually ... for the remaining fetus or fetuses, reduction does have its own risks, including the possibility that one ... geneticist, and a group of doctors, developed the procedure for selective reduction in the 1980s. ref name urlWashington Post Magazine Examines Selective Reduction Procedure For Pregnancies With Multiple ... Magazine Examines Selective Reduction Procedure For Pregnancies With Multiple Fetuses work accessdate ... more details
looks like this Image Expression Tree.svg 300px This is where the term tree reduction comes from. When represented as a tree, we can think of innermost reduction as working from the bottom up, while ... and innermost reduction also applies to graphs. Hence we have graph reduction . Now evaluation with outermost graph reduction can proceed as follows Image Expression Graph Reduction.svg 200px Notice that evaluation now only requires four steps. Outermost graph reduction is referred to as lazy evaluation and innermost graph reduction is referred to as eager evaluation . Combinator graph reduction Combinator graph reduction is a fundamental implementation technique for functional programming languages ... of this graph reducing it so as to move towards useful results. History The concept of a graph reduction ... in 1972. See also SECD machine graph reduction machine Notes references References cite book title ... more details
Orphan date September 2010 Reduction of summands is an algorithm for fast binary multiplication of non signed binary integers. It is performed in three steps production of summands, reduction of summands, and summation. Steps Production of summands In binary multiplication, each row of the summands will be either zero or one of the numbers to be multiplied. Consider the following 1001 x1010 0000 1001 0000 1001 The second and fourth row of the summands are equivalent to the first term. Production of the summands requires a simple AND gate for each summand. Given enough AND gates, the time to produce the summands will be one cycle of the arithmetic logic unit . Reduction of summands The summands are reduced using a common 1 bit adder electronics full adder that accepts two 1 bit terms and a carry in bit. It produces a sum and a carry out. The full adders are arranged such that the sum remains in the same column of summands, but the carry out is shifted left. In each round of reduction, three bits in a single column are used as the two terms and carry in for the full adder, producing a single sum bit for the column. This reduces the bits in the column by a factor of 3. However, the column ... of rows of summands. At worst, the reduction will be 2 3 the number of rows per round of reduction. The following shows how the first round of reduction is performed. Note that all empty positions ...... 0111010 000100. 00000.. Reduction is performed again in exactly the same way. This time, only .... 00000.. 0110010 001000. When there are only two significant rows of summands, the reduction cycles ... cycle of reduction is commonly 3 cycles long. Summation When there are only two rows of summands ... may be used to complete this algorithm. Calculation time The calculation time for the reduction of summands algorithm is T 1 t r3 t FA where r is the number of reduction cycles and FA is the time for the fast adder at the end of the algorithm . DEFAULTSORT Reduction Of Summands Category Computer arithmetic ... more details
cleanup date January 2011 Amide reduction in chemistry is the organic reduction of amides ref JerryMarch ref . The main reaction product in this functional group interconversion is an amine . Reagents are lithium aluminium hydride ref Example Organic Syntheses , Coll. Vol. 4, p.339 1963 Vol. 39, p.19 1959 . http orgsynth.org orgsyn pdfs CV4P0339.pdf Link ref ref Example Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 4, p.354 1963 Vol. 33, p.32 1953 . http orgsynth.org orgsyn pdfs CV4P0354.pdf Link ref ref Example Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 4, p.564 1963 Vol. 36, p.48 1956 . http orgsynth.org orgsyn pdfs CV4P0564.pdf Link ref ref Example Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 6, p.382 1988 Vol. 54, p.88 1974 . http orgsynth.org orgsyn pdfs CV6P0382.pdf Link ref ref Example Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 7, p.41 1990 Vol. 61, p.24 1983 . http orgsynth.org orgsyn pdfs CV7P0041.pdf Link ref , diborane and catalytic hydrogenation requires high temperatures and pressures . Image Reduction of amide.gif Reduction of amides to amines N,N disubstituted amides can be reduced to aldehydes by using an excess of the amide R CO NRR LiAlH sub 4 sub RCHO HNRR With further reduction the alcohol is obtained. Some amides can be reduced to aldehydes in the Sonn M ller method . Hydrosilylation A well known method for amide reduction is hydrosilylation with silyl hydrides and a suitable catalyst based on Rh, Ru, Pt, Pd, Ir, Os, Re, Mn, Mo, In, or Ti. Iron catalysis by triiron dodecacarbonyl in combination with polymethylhydrosiloxane has been reported ref Cite doi 10.1002 anie.200904677 ref . External links http www.organic chemistry.org synthesis C1H reductionamides.shtm Amide reduction organic chemistry.org References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Amide Reduction Category Organic redox reactions ... more details
Reduction fisheries are fisheries that reduce, or turn their catch, into fishmeal and fish oil. They rely largely on pelagic species that is, fish found in the upper layers of the open sea, such as http en.wikipedia.org wiki Menhaden menhaden . External links http oregonstate.edu dept iifet 2000 papers asche.pdf On the relationship between aquaculture and reduction fisheries Frank Asche and Sigbj rn Tveter s Center for Fisheries Economics, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration Category Fishing Fishing stub ... more details
File Alcohols from ester via reduction.png thumb synthesis of an alcohol by ester reduction Carbonyl reduction in organic chemistry is the organic reduction of any carbonyl group containing compound by a reducing ... The reaction mechanism for metal hydride reduction is based on activation of the carbonyl group ... increases solubility and selectivity. An example is Red Al . Aldehyde and ketone reduction The reaction product of the reduction of an aldehyde is a primary alcohol and that of a ketone a secondary ... are selective for aldehydes. A method for selective ketone reduction in presence of an aldehyde is NaBH ... methods are the Meerwein Ponndorf Verley reduction aluminumisopropylate isopropanol , the Bouveault Blanc reduction sodium metal ethanol and the Cannizzaro reaction KOH induced aldehyde disproportionation Carboxylic acid reduction Typical reagents for the reduction of carboxylic acids or carboxylate ... . Catalytic hydrogenation and NaBH sub 4 sub are ineffective. Ester reduction Esters R CO OR can ... chromite is reported. 1,4 reduction In 1,4 reduction also called conjugate reduction the reaction substrate is an unsaturated carbonyl compound, an enone or enal . The 1,2 reduction product an allyl alcohol competes with 1,4 reduction to the saturated ketone or aldehyde. In 1,4 reduction the first .... 1,2 reduction is found with DIBAL and 9 BBN and Aluminium hydride alane . 1,4 reduction can be accomplished with catalytic hydrogenation and by alkylmetal hydrides. An example is the reduction ... File Conjugate reduction chalcone.svg center 500px Conjugate reduction chalcone align center Conjugate reduction chalcone An asymmetric version of this reaction has also been developed. ref cite journal ... via Copper Catalyzed Asymmetric Conjugate Reduction year 2000 last1 Moritani first1 Yasunori last2 Appella ... catalytic reduction Main Enantioselective reduction of ketones Well known carbonyl reductions in asymmetric synthesis are the Noyori asymmetric hydrogenation beta ketoester reduction Ru BINAP ... more details
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