Mutationalrobustness describes the extent to which an organism s phenotype remains constant in spite of mutation . ref name Wagner book cite book author Wagner title Robustness and evolvability in living systems year 2005 ref Natural selection can directly induce the evolution of mutationalrobustness ... author van Nimwegen E.,Crutchfield J. P., Huynen M. title Neutral evolution of mutationalrobustness ... could act to directly increase mutationalrobustness are extremely restrictive, and for this reason ... author Montville R, Froissart R, Remold SK, Tenaillon O, Turner PE title Evolution of mutationalrobustness ... sizes and high mutation rates. However, mutationalrobustness may evolve as a byproduct of natural selection for robustness to environmental perturbations. ref cite journal author Meiklejohn CD, Hartl ... of fitness neutral genotypes result in mutationalrobustness and reduced accessibility of heritable ... pmid 18957969 ref Simulations have indicated that positive relationships between mutationalrobustness ... Robustness in Micro RNA journal Molecular Biology & Evolution volume 26 issue 4 pages 867 874 ... Robustness to Environmental, Stochastic, and Genetic Perturbations in Yeast journal PLoS ONE volume ... j.tig.2009.07.005 author Masel J Siegal ML title Robustness mechanisms and consequences journal Trends in Genetics volume 25 issue 9 pages 395 403 year 2009 pmid 19717203 pmc 2770586 ref Mutationalrobustness is thought to be one driver for theoretical viral quasispecies formation. Robustness and evolvability MutationalRobustness appears to have a negative impact on evolvability because it reduces the mutational accessibility of distinct heritable phenotypes for a single genotype and reduces ... Wagner title Robustness and evolvability a paradox resolved journal Proceedings of the Royal Society ... 03 11 ref Counter intuitively however, it has been hypothesized that phenotypic robustness towards ... Robustness and evolvability journal Trends in Genetics volume 26 issue 9 pages 406 414 year 2010 pmid ... more details
Wiktionary robust Robustness may refer to In biology Robustness evolution , the persistence of a system s characteristic behavior under perturbations or conditions of uncertainty. According to the kind of perturbation involved, it can be classified as mutationalrobustness , environmental robustness , etc Mutationalrobustness , the extent to which an organism s phenotype remains constant in spite of mutation Robustness morphology Robust control Robust optimization Robust decision , a decision that is as immune to uncertainty as is possible and looks good to all constituents long after it is made Robust decision making Robust statistics , a statistical technique that performs well even if its assumptions are somewhat violated by the true model from which the data were generated Robustness computer science Robustness economics See also Fault tolerant system and links thereof Resilience disambiguation disambig fr Robustesse homonymie zh ... more details
Mutational meltdown refers to the process by which a Small population size small population accumulates harmful mutation s, which leads to loss of fitness biology fitness and decline of the population size, which may lead to further accumulation of deleterious mutations due to inbreeding depression . A population experiencing mutational meltdown is trapped in a downward spiral and will go extinct if the phenomenon lasts for some time. Usually, the deleterious mutations would simply be selection selected away, but during mutational meltdown, the number of individuals thus suffering an early death is too large relative to overall population size so that mortality exceeds the birth rate . The accumulation of mutations in small populations can be divided into three phases. In the second phase a population starts in mutation selection equilibrium, mutations are fixed at a constant rate through time, and the population size is constant because the fecundity exceeds mortality. However, after a sufficient number of mutations have been fixed in the population, the birth rate is slightly less than the death rate, and the population size begins to decrease. The smaller population size allows for a more rapid fixation of deleterious mutations, and a more rapid decline of population size, etc. See also Muller s ratchet Small population size Extinction Vortex Unreferenced date January 2008 Further reading W. Gabriel, M. Lynch, and R. Burger 1993 . Muller s Ratchet and mutational meltdowns. Evolution 47 1744 1757. M. Lynch, R. Burger, D. Butcher, and W. Gabriel 1993 . The mutational meltdown in asexual populations. J. Hered. 84 339 344. M. Lynch and W. Gabriel 1990 . Mutation load and the survival of small populations. Evolution 44 1725 1737. http links.jstor.org sici?sici 0014 3820 28199512 2949 3A6 3C1067 3AMMISP 3E2.0.CO 3B2 2&size LARGE M. Lynch, J. Conery, and R. Burger 1995 Mutational ... genetics it Mutational meltdown ... more details
high robustness. On the other hand, if mutations on one genotype will result in different phenotypes, individuals will have low robustness. Since organisms are constantly exposed to genetic and non genetic perturbations, robustness is important to ensure the stability of phenotypes . Also, under mutation selection balance, mutationalrobustness allows genetic differences to accumulate in a population ... environment. Robustness and evolvability ref name Draghi2010 cite journal author Draghi JA, Parsons TL, Wagner GP & Plotkin JB title Mutationalrobustness can facilitate adaptation journal Nature ...Evolutionary biology Robustness of a biological system i.e. biological robustness ref cite journal author Kitano title Biological robustness journal Nat. Rev. Genet. volume 5 pages 826 837 year 2004 ref ... of uncertainty. ref cite journal doi 10.1016 j.cell.2004.09.008 author Stelling J etc title Robustness ... author F lix M A and Wagner A title Robustness and evolution concepts, insights and challenges ... Heredity volume 100 issue 2 pages 132 140 year 2008 pmid 17167519 ref Robustness in development ... of genetic robustness journal Evolution volume 57 issue 9 pages 1959 1972 year 2003 jstor 3448871 pmid 14575319 ref According to the kind of perturbation involved, robustness can be classified as mutationalrobustness , environmental robustness , recombinational robustness , behavioral robustness ... for behavioural robustness journal BioSystems year 2011 first J.A. last Fernandez Leon volume 106 ... Behavioural robustness a link between distributed mechanisms and coupled transient dynamics journal ... 103 issue 1 pages 45 56 id doi 10.1016 j.biosystems.2010.09.010 ref , etc . Importance File Robustness on Neutral Network.png thumb left The figure shows genotypes with high and low robustness on neutral ... A title Robustness and evolvability a paradox resolved journal Proc Biol Sci volume 275 issue 1630 ... journal title Degeneracy a design principle for achieving robustness and evolvability journal Journal ... more details
Robustness testing is any quality assurance methodology focused on testing the robustness of software. Robustness testing has also been used to describe the process of verifying the robustness i.e. correctness of test cases in a test process. ANSI and IEEE have defined robustness as the degree to which a system or component can function correctly in the presence of invalid inputs or stressful environmental conditions. ref Standard Glossary of Software Engineering Terminology ANSI . The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. 1991. ref The term robustness testing was first used by the Ballista project at Carnegie Mellon University. They performed testing of operating systems for dependability based on the data types of POSIX API, producing complete system crashes in some systems. ref Kropp, Koopman, Siewiorek. 1998. Automated Robustness Testing of Off the Shelf Software Components. Proceedings of FTCS 98. http www.ece.cmu.edu koopman ballista ftcs98 ftcs98.pdf ref The term was also used by OUSPG and VTT researchers taking part in the PROTOS project in the context of software security testing. ref Kaksonen, Rauli. 2001. A Functional Method for Assessing Protocol Implementation Security Licentiate thesis . Espoo. Technical Research Centre of Finland, VTT Publications 448. 128 p. app. 15 p. ISBN 951 38 5873 1 soft back ed. ISBN 951 38 5874 X on line ed. . https www.ee.oulu.fi research ouspg PROTOS VTT2001 functional ref Eventually the term Fuzzing which security people use for mostly non intelligent and random robustness testing extended to also cover model based robustness testing. List of tools for robustness testing is maintained e.g. here http www.protocoltesting.com robustness.html link is dead An overview of robustness testing methods and tools can be found ... in Resilience Assessment, Measurement and Benchmarking, Chapter 13 Robustness Testing, 2009. Available online http www.amber project.eu stateart.php ref of the AMBER research project. See also Robustness ... more details
In economics , robustness defines the ability of a financial Trader finance trading system to remain effective under different market s and different market conditions, or the ability of an economic model to remain valid under different assumptions, parameters and initial conditions. External links Cite web last Kuorikoski first Jaakko last2 Lehtinen first2 Aki last3 Marchionni first3 Caterina title ECONOMICS AS ROBUSTNESS ANALYSIS work publisher University of Pittsburgh date 25.9. 2007 url http philsci archive.pitt.edu archive 00003550 01 econrobu.pdf format doi accessdate 4 May 2010 DEFAULTSORT Robustness Economics Category Economics terminology Econ term stub zh ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2010 In biology , robustness is used to describe a species with a Morphology biology morphology based on strength and a heavy build. The alternative morphology is the gracile body type. For example, comparing similar species, rat s have robust body types while Mouse mice are gracile. Male and females of the same species may display sexual dimorphism and have robust and gracile morphologies. Citation needed date October 2010 Archaic Homo sapiens were robust while anatomically modern humans are gracile. References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Robustness Morphology Category Animal anatomy Category Morphology biology biology stub ... more details
In computing , the robustness principle is a general design guideline for software Be conservative in what you do, be liberal in what you accept from others often reworded as Be conservative in what you send, liberal in what you accept . The principle is also known as Postel s law , after Internet pioneer Jon Postel , who wrote in an early specification of the Transmission Control Protocol that ref RFC 761 Transmission Control Protocol. Jon Postel ed , January 1980. ref TCP implementations should follow a general principle of robustness be conservative in what you do, be liberal in what you accept from others. In other words, code that sends commands or data to other machines or to other programs on the same machine should conform completely to the specifications, but code that receives input should accept non conformant input as long as the meaning is clear. Interpretation RFC 1122 1989 expanded on Postel s principle by recommending that programmers ref RFC 1122 Requirements for Internet Hosts Communication Layers. Bob Braden Robert Braden ed , October 1989. ref assume that the network is filled with malevolent entities that will send in packets designed to have the worst possible effect . Protocols should allow for the addition of new codes for existing fields in future versions of protocols by accepting messages with unknown codes possibly logging them . Programmers should avoid sending messages with legal but obscure protocol features that might expose deficiencies in receivers, and design their code not just to survive other misbehaving hosts, but also to cooperate to limit the amount of disruption such hosts can cause to the shared communication facility . In RFC 3117, Marshall Rose characterized several deployment problems when applying Postel s principle in the design of a new application protocol. ref name RFC3117 RFC 3117 On the Design of Application Protocols. Marshall Rose , November 2001. ref For example, a defective implementation that sends non conforming ... more details
Compliance and Robustness , sometimes abbreviated as C&R , refers to the legal structure or regime underlying a Digital Rights Management DRM system. In many cases, the C&R regime for a given DRM is provided by the same company that sells the DRM solution. For example, RealNetworks Helix or Microsoft Windows Media DRM . However, for standardised DRM systems, it is fairly common for a separate body to be established to run the C&R regime. Elements C&R Body The legal entity that establishes and maintains the regime. Usually this will be a joint venture or forum with representation from multiple companies, structured in such as way as to avoid accusations of antitrust violations. The nature of the business is that such bodies will generally be composed of manufacturers and content owners, with little or no direct representation from consumer advocates. Trust Model The C&R body is responbile for ensuring a chain of trust, such that the original content provider is sufficiently satisfied that their content will remain adequately secure throughout all future links in the chain. This may include export of content from one DRM system to another. To meet this requirement, it is normal that any device planning to receive DRMed content is required to validate that it meets the C&R requirements, and this is usually done using a device certificate of some kind. The issuance of such certificates is the stamp of approval for both the manufacturer and the device. If two devices can verify that they both have trusted certificates, they can then reasonably expect that content passed between them will remain secure. Compliance Rules In many cases there will be gaps, ambiguities or options left open in a DRM technical specification. The C&R regime must clarify exactly how a compliant device is to behave in these cases. For example, a compliance rule may define which other types of interfaces are acceptable on a device, something that the technical specification itself will never do. Robustness ... more details
In computer science , robustness is the ability of a computer system to cope with errors during execution or the ability of an algorithm to continue to operate despite abnormalities in input, calculations, etc. Formal techniques, such as fuzz testing , are essential showing robustness since this type of testing involves invalid or unexpected inputs. Various commercial products perform robustness testing of software systems. Robustness is a consideration in failure assessment analysis. Examples http www.it checklists.com Examples Robustness Requirements.html Examples Robustness Requirements See also Defensive programming Non functional requirement comp sci stub Category Reliability engineering ar bg zh ... more details
can come either from the environment or mutationalrobustness from mutations . It has been suggested ... robustness. ref cite book author Waddington CH title The strategy of the genes year 1957 publisher ... found evidence for the evolution of phenotypic robustness ref cite journal doi 10.1073 pnas.102303999 ... heuristic may still be useful, beyond the more simple concept of robustness. Congruence hypothesis Neither canalisation nor robustness are simple quantities to quantify it is always ... I title Congruent Evolution of Genetic and Environmental Robustness in Micro RNA journal Molecular ... journal author Lehner B last2 Lehner first2 Ben title Genes Confer Similar Robustness to Environmental ..., however, depend on the molecular mechanism responsible for robustness, and be different in different cases. ref cite journal doi 10.1016 j.tig.2009.07.005 author Masel J Siegal ML title Robustness ... into uncharted territory. Strong robustness up to a limit, with little robustness beyond, is a pattern ... more details
doi 10.1016 S1389 1286 00 00083 9 ref . Bow ties seem to be able to mediate trade offs among Mutationalrobustnessrobustness and efficiency, at the same time assuring to the system the capability to evolve ... more details
size and mutation rate on the evolution of mutationalrobustness ref cite journal url http ... size and mutation rate on the evolution of mutationalrobustness publisher Evolution journal Evolution ... 2007 ref Lenski RE, Barrick JE, Ofria C. Balancing Robustness and Evolvability ref cite journal url http www.plosbiology.org article info doi 10.1371 journal.pbio.0040428 title Balancing Robustness ... . Genomic Complexity, Robustness, and Genetic Interactions in Digital Organisms. Nature 400 661 664 ... more details
. USA. 101 8396 8401 ref Mutationalrobustness The long term evolution of the virus may be influenced ... 9716 9720 ref However, whether mutationalrobustness evolved or is intrinsic to genetic systems is unconfirmed, because the basic mechanism behind robustness would depend upon the peculiarities of each ... of approximately equal fitness than to have a sharply defined most fit single genotype with mutational ... more details
to produce likewise capable offspring. These indirect selective pressures are particularly related to robustness ..., J.M., Knibbe, C., 2007. Scaling laws in bacterial genomes A side effect of selection of mutationalrobustness?. Biosystems 102 1 , 32 40. ref and of the transcriptome. ref Parsons, D. P., Knibbe, C ... more details
ref Exploration ahead of time When mutationalrobustness exists, many mutants will persist in a cryptic ... Wagner ref name Wagner 2005 cite book author Wagner A title Robustness and evolvability in living ... together, creating a super genotype in place of two competing lineages. Shorter generation time Robustness and evolvability MutationalrobustnessRobustness will not increase evolvability in the first sense. In organisms with a high level of robustness, mutations will have smaller phenotypic effects than in organisms with a low level of robustness. Thus, robustness reduces the amount of heritable genetic variation on which selection can act. However, robustness may allow exploration of large regions ... ref cite journal doi 10.1016 j.tig.2010.06.002 author Masel J, Trotter MV title Robustness and evolvability ... cite journal author Whitacre and Bender title Degeneracy a design principle for achieving robustness ... genetic robustness journal Evolution volume 61 issue 8 pages 1847 1856 year 2007 pmid 17683428 ref ... more details
coli increases mutationalrobustness . ref cite journal author Mario A. Fares, Mario X. Ruiz ... populations. Switches that turn robustness to phenotypic rather genetic variation on and off ... author Masel J, Siegal ML title Robustness mechanisms and consequences journal Trends in Genetics ... robustness to errors in folding, allow the exploration of a larger set of genotypes. When chaperones ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Failure assessment , as used in the context of software system s design, is the science of determining the circumstances under which a particular algorithm fails and then correcting the cause. It is directly related to the notion of algorithm accuracy , Robustness computer science robustness , and Reliability engineering reliability . DEFAULTSORT Failure Assessment Category Software quality Soft eng stub ar ... more details
C&R may refer to Federal Firearms License Tag game Cops and Robbers Cops and Robbers , a chase game Lynx C&R reconnaissance vehicle Compliance and Robustness See also CNR disambiguation Cops and Robbers disambiguation disambig Category abbreviations ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 RATF Robustness Analysis and Technology Forecasting is a software development methodology acting as a plug in to the Rational Unified Process RUP , ICONIX , Extreme Programming XP and Agile software development . The first part of the method was first published by in 2005 at the IASTED International conference on Software Engineering. RATF makes use of principles provided by the TRIZ innovation method and its techniques such as ARIZ and Technology forecasting , supported by Robustness analysis . The novel principle provided by RATF is to elaborate on potential software evolution in a method loop consisting of the steps Extended Robustness Analysis that investigates preliminary design options based on system expectations and system environment, thus identifying weaknesses in terms of system conflicts and likeliness for change. Technology Forecasting which proposes likely, better and fruitful system design and evolution Extended Robustness Analysis that investigates consequences of such evolution, identifying weaknesses and system conflicts Then the Technology Forecasting step is repeated, and so on. Essentially the RATF method is expected to give improve decision for future system architecture and design, taking advantage of technology forecasting and innovation, thus enabling design of tomorrow s system, today . References 1. note UCD & G ran Cal s Cal s, G. Makefors Christierning, S. Boklund, A. 2005 . A Case Study Evaluation of 11 Hypothetical Software System Evolution Laws included in the Proceedings of the IASTED International Conference on Software Engineering, 2005 . ACTA press. ISBN 0 88386 464 0 Related Concepts ICONIX Rational Unified Process TRIZ Category Software development process Category Software project management Category Agile software development Soft eng stub ... more details
Unreferenced date April 2009 orphan date December 2011 In a digital circuit or system, static discipline defines the logic high , logic low , V sub OH sub output high , V sub OL sub output low , V sub IH sub input high voltages, and noise margin values. The values are usually chosen according to the Robustness principle which is also known as Postel s Law . Category Mathematical logic math stub comp eng stub am ... more details
Allele s have identity by type IBT when they have the same phenotype phenotypic effect , or if applied to a variation in the composition of DNA such as a Single nucleotide polymorphism when they have the same DNA sequence . Alleles that are identical by type fall into two groups those that are identical by descent IBD because they arose from the same allele in an earlier generation and those that are non identical by descent NIBD because they arose from separate mutation s. NIBD can also be identical by state IBS though, if they share the same mutational expression just not origin . Parent offspring pairs share 50 of their genes IBD, and monozygotic twins share 100 IBD. External links http darwin.eeb.uconn.edu eeb348 lecture notes identity.pdf http zwets.com pedkin thompson.pdf Category Classical genetics genetics stub ... more details
RTK class III is a class of receptor tyrosine kinase s. It includes C KIT , C FMS , and FLT3 . ref name pmid12580961 cite journal author Abu Duhier FM, Goodeve AC, Care RS, et al. title Mutational analysis of class III receptor tyrosine kinases C KIT, C FMS, FLT3 in idiopathic myelofibrosis journal Br. J. Haematol. volume 120 issue 3 pages 464 70 year 2003 month February pmid 12580961 doi 10.1046 j.1365 2141.2003.04108.x url ref References reflist Tyrosine kinases Category Tyrosine kinase receptors ... more details
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