. Remold, O. Tenaillon, and P. E. Turner. 2005. Evolution of mutationalrobustness in an RNA virus ... by its mutational neighbourhood. Nature 406 625 628. Wichman, H. A., L. A. Scott, C. D. Yarber, and J ..., R. H., I. J. Molineux, and J. J. Bull. 2005. Evolutionary robustness of an optimal phenotype ... more details
problems where Robust statistics robustness is sought against uncertainty and or variability ..., one can distinguish between problems dealing with local and global models of robustness and between probabilistic and non probabilistic models of robustness. Modern robust optimization deals primarily with non probabilistic models of robustness that are worst case oriented and as such usually deploy Wald s maximin model Wald s maximin models . Local robustness There are cases where robustness is sought ... robustness is the stability radius radius of stability model math hat rho x, hat u max rho ge 0 rho ... associated with decision math x math . In words, the robustness radius of stability of decision ... with decision math x math . Global robustness Consider the simple abstract robust optimization ... in the sense that the robustness constraint math g x,u le b, forall u in U math represents all the possible ... violates the robustness constraint but yields a very large payoff math f x math . In such cases it might be necessary to relax a bit the robustness constraint and or modify the statement of the problem ... math , then the following intuitive measure of robustness suggests itself math rho x max Y subseteq ... math could be defined as the cardinality of set math Y math . In words, the robustness of decision ... for each math u math in this set. An optimal decision is then a decision whose robustness is the largest ... Y g x,u le b, forall u in Y math This intuitive notion of global robustness is not used often in practice ... solution to this problem because the robustness constraint math g x,u le b, forall ..., consider the relaxed robustness constraint math g x,u le b beta cdot dist u, mathcal N , forall ... robustness constraint reduces back to the original robustness constraint. This yields the following ... ref S. Verdu and H. V. Poor 1984 , On Minimax Robustness A general approach and applications ... Robustness in Signal Processing for Communications , Shaker Verlag, ISBN 978 3 8440 0332 1, August ... more details
1 2 pages 145 55 year 1976 pmid 7999 doi 10.1007 BF00399459 ref Due to the robustness endowed to the genetic ... to be contributed to by variation in Gene centered view of evolution selection , mutational ... more details
how the user and system will interact. A robustness analysis is performed to find potential errors ... and Design methodology is a methodology for technology neutral design. RATF , using Robustness Analysis ... robustnessDiagram.htm Robustness Diagrams Category Software development process Category Agile software ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Notability date November 2009 Infobox software name Sippy B2BUA screenshot developer http www.sippysoft.com Sippy Software, Inc. latest release version latest release date operating system Linux , BSD, Solaris genre SIP Server license GNU General Public License GPL website http www.b2bua.org Sippy B2BUA Homepage Sippy B2BUA is a RFC3261 compliant Session Initiation Protocol SIP Back to back user agent B2BUA software distributed under the terms of GPL Free Software license. Features 5,000 10,000 simultaneous sessions per server 150 200 calls second per server Realtime calls control and call data records CDRs generation using RADIUS Optional ability to use RTPProxy for media relaying Seamless compatibility with majority of popular SIP software and hardware on the market today Robustness and Resilence Simple and clean internal design making implementing new features and services easy B2BUA could be easily combined with other Open Source software, such as SIP Express Router to build complete softswitch solution. History Sippy B2BUA was designed with robustness and performance in mind and now being used by several hundreds ITSPs all around the globe. Citation needed date November 2009 The software now is being actively developed and maintained by the Sippy Software, Inc. . External links http www.b2bua.org Sippy B2BUA Homepage Category VoIP software Category Free VoIP software ... more details
Whitacre cite journal author Whitacre title Degeneracy a link between evolvability, robustness and complexity ... and Gally Contribution to Robustness Degeneracy contributes to the robustness of biological traits ... they are functionally redundant, thus providing robustness against component or pathway failure. Because ... at once. ref name Whitacre There are numerous biological examples where degeneracy contributes to robustness ... cite journal author Kitano title Biological robustness journal Nature Reviews Genetics year 2004 volume ... Relationships between degeneracy, complexity, robustness, and evolvability.png thumb right 300px ... title Degeneracy a link between evolvability, robustness and complexity in biological systems journal ... have outlined links between degeneracy and important biological measurements related to robustness ... proposed that degeneracy can lead to distributed forms of robustness in protein interaction networks ... a basic mechanism for distributed robustness in complex adaptive systems journal Theoretical Biology ... author Whitacre and Bender title Degeneracy a design principle for achieving robustness and evolvability ... within many designed abiotic complex systems may help to explain why robustness appears ... 20 33. Whitacre, J.M. and A. Bender, Networked buffering a basic mechanism for distributed robustness ... evolvability, robustness and complexity in biological systems. Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling, 2010. 7 6 . Whitacre, J.M. and A. Bender, Degeneracy a design principle for achieving robustness .... The role of degenerate robustness in the evolvability of multi agent systems in dynamic environments. in PPSN XI. 2010. Krakow, Poland. Macia, J. and R. Sol , Distributed robustness in cellular ... robustness. BioSystems 106, pp. 94 110 ref name jaf2011a cite journal title Evolving cognitive behavioural dependencies in situated agents for behavioural robustness journal BioSystems year ... ref . Fernandez Leon, J.A. 2011 . Behavioural robustness a link between distributed mechanisms ... more details
decision theory is a non probabilistic decision theory that seeks to optimize robust statistics robustness ..., what other parameters are possible? Robustness opportuneness model Given an uncertainty model ... achieving this minimum level? This is called the robustness of the decision. Conversely, given ... the robustness or the opportuneness, on the basis of the robustness or opportuneness model. Given a desired ... assured robustness , and what level of uncertainty is necessary to achieve certain windfalls opportuneness ... s robustness analysis, while similar in some ways, is not minimax worst case analysis, as it does not evaluate decisions over all possible outcomes, while Sniedovich, 2007 argues that the robustness ..., math one would conclude that the worker s robustness function math hat alpha math is 40, and their opportuneness ... the robustness function will be 36, while the opportuneness function will be 70. If they make ... case robustness is 40 and opportuneness is 50 , while in the second case robustness is 45 and opportuneness ... under conditions of uncertainty? Info gap robustness analysis evaluates each feasible decision ... guarantee acceptable performance? In everyday terms, the robustness of a decision is set by the size ... that decision. It is sometimes difficult to judge how much robustness is needed or sufficient. However, according to info gap theory, the ranking of feasible decisions in terms of their degree of robustness ... of revenues. Image IGT example5.png thumb right Figure 5 Total revenue uncertainty envelopes Robustness ... as failure. For any given allocation, the robustness of the allocation, with respect to the critical ... thumb right Figure 6 Robustness The robustness measures the immunity of a decision to failure. A robust satisficer is a decision maker that prefers choices with higher robustness. If, for some allocation math q math , we will illustrate the correlation between the critical revenue and the robustness, we will have a graph somewhat similar to Figure 7. This graph, called robustness curve of allocation ... more details
Expert subject Medicine date July 2009 Puberphonia also known as mutational falsetto or mutational chink is the persistence of adolescent voice even after puberty. Introduction Image Myneck.JPG thumb 200px The laryngeal prominence , commonly known as the Adam s Apple. Normally adolescent males undergo voice changes due to a sudden increase in the length of the Vocal folds vocal cords due to the enlargement of the Adams Apple . This is uncommon in females because their vocal cords do not show a sudden increase in length. This sudden increase in the length of the vocal cords is due to the sudden increase in testosterone levels found in pubescent males. ref cite book title Clinical Voice Disorders first Arnold Elvin last Aronson first2 Diane M. last2 Bless year 2009 ref Definition The persistence of adolescent voice even after puberty in the absence of organic cause is known as Puberphonia. This condition is commonly seen in males. The patient has an unusually high pitched voice persisting beyond puberty. This is uncommon in females because laryngeal growth spurt occurs commonly only in males. Causes of Puberphonia Emotional stress Delayed development of secondary sexual characters Psychogenic Non fusion of thyroid laminae Treatment This condition is best treated by voice therapy. ref cite book title The voice and voice therapy first Daniel R. last Boone first2 Stephen C. last2 MacFarlane first3 Shelley L. last3 Von Berg first4 Richard I. last4 Zraick publisher Allyn & Bacon year 2010 ref Also Type III phonosurgery can be done which includes surgical shortening and relaxation of the vocal cords. References reflist External links http www.puberphonia.info Puberphonia is curable. Experiences of a 40 year victim. http www.drtbalu.com Puberphonia.html Puberphonia Category Phonation Category Human voice cs Puberphonie ar ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 In evolutionary theory , an evolutionary landscape or fitness landscape refers to a multidimensional parameter space that organisms or arguably, individual cells or even whole clades occupy. The ordinate or y axis is usually taken to be the Fitness biology fitness of the entity in question the landscape may be described as flat if most changes in the immediate mutational neighbourhood are of negligible effect on fitness. This rare situation is interpreted to mean that the organism in question is not under any form of selection . On the other hand, an organism that is well or poorly adapted can be thought of as inhabiting a local peak or trough respectively. Evolutionary landscapes provide a useful cognitive tool for visualising the consequences of evolution on entities of a system, commonly in the form of fitness landscapes however actual visualisation of real organisms fitness landscapes is fraught with difficulties, not least due to the problems inherent in visualising many dimensions at once. Category Evolutionary biology DEFAULTSORT Evolutionary Landscape Evolution stub ... more details
An autonomously replicating sequence ARS contains the origin of replication in the yeast genome . It contains four regions A, B1, B2, and B3 , named in order of their effect on plasmid stability when these regions are mutated, replication does not initiate. Element A is highly conserved, consisting of the consensus sequence 5 T A T T T A Y R T T T T A 3 where Y is either pyrimidine and R is either purine . When this element is mutated, the ARS loses all activity. As seen above the ARS are considerably A T rich which makes it easy for replicative proteins to disrupt the H bonding in that area. ORC protein complex Origin Recognition Complex is bound at the ARS throughout the cell cycle, allowing replicative proteins access to the ARS. Mutational analysis for the yeast ARS elements have shown that any mutation in the B1, B2 and B3 regions result in a reduction of function of the ARS element. A mutation in the A region results in a complete loss of function. DNA replication DEFAULTSORT Autonomously Replicating Sequence Category Genomics de ARS Element it ARS biologia ru ... more details
Stress test may refer to Stress testing , a form of testing that is used to determine the stability of a given system or entity Stress testing Financial sector , broad overview of financial sector stress tests Bank stress tests , links to USA Supervisory Capital Assessment Program stress testing and EU banking stress test exercise program Stress testing software , determines the robustness of software Cardiac stress test Stress Test television , an episode of Brandy and Mr Whiskers Contraction stress test For stress testing of materials, see Fatigue material dab Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
EIF stands for Echogenic intracardiac focus , a term related to an ultrasound exam Eclaireuses et Eclaireurs isra lites de France Eclaireurs isra lites de France , a French Scouting organization Edinburgh International Festival , a festival of performing arts Eken s Idrottsf rening , a football club in Finland Robust statistics Empirical influence function Empirical influence function , used for measuring statistical robustness Enterprise Instrumentation Framework , a diagnostic and instrumentation toolset for .NET Framework Entertainment Industry Foundation , a non profit charitable organization of the entertainment industry Eukaryotic initiation factor , a protein family European Industry Federation , a type of trade union organisation European Interoperability Framework European Investment Fund , an agency of the European Union disambig sv EIF ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Orphan date October 2008 A Process Control Network PCN is a communications telecommunications network network that is used to transmit instructions and data between control and measurement units and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition SCADA equipment.These networks have, over the years, used many of the technologies and topologies utilised in other network applications. However, Process Control Networks PCNs have several special requirements that must be met in order for the solution to be acceptable to the industry. These requirements are, in no particular order Robustness, Determinacy, Compatibility. Robustness includes requirements such as connection redundancy, reduced sensitivity to Radio Frequency Interference Electromagnetic Interference EMI , and good error checking and correction. Determinacy involves assuring that each device is guaranteed access to the network, and in many cases mechanisms to allow priority information such as alarms through the system. Compatibility allows SCADA and Distributed Control System s DCS from various manufacturers to communicate with control and measurement equipment from others. Many early PCNs were serial based, using low level standards such as Electronic Industries Alliance EIA RS 422 and EIA RS 485 with proprietary Communications protocol protocols on top. One of the de facto standardization standard s which is now becoming an open standard is Modbus , originally from Modicon. Many PCNs used token ring token passing based protocols because they are essentially deterministic. Both Allen Bradley and Eurotherm utilised such mechanisms. Many of the measurement and control unit manufacturers signed up to the Fieldbus consortium but rather than one standard emerging each manufacturer promoted their own standard leading to a myriad, and confusing, range of physical and logical system s. DEFAULTSORT Process Control Network Category Networks ... more details
processes akin to both Darwinian gradualism and saltation biology saltation some mutational pathways ... with single mutational steps. Further, a metric was devised to describe the chemical distance of mutational steps to derive a chemical based Phylogenetics phylogeny relating sequence variation ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 unreferenced date November 2008 The Southern California Seismic Network SCSN is a cooperative project of California Institute of Technology Caltech and the United States Geological Survey . The SCSN has benefited from numerous upgrade projects. TERRAscope, funded by the L. K. Whittier and ARCO Foundations, and NSF, provided the first 28 broadband and strong motion stations in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The TriNet project, 1997 to 2002, funded by Federal Emergency Management Agency FEMA , California OES, USGS, and other partners, increased the number of broadband and strong motion stations to 155 and significantly improved the data communications and processing infrastructure. The California Integrated Seismic Network CISN project of Caltech, California Geological Survey CGS , USGS, and U.C. Berkeley 2001 to present provides funds for continued operation of the SCSN, improved robustness, and migration of operations toward statewide processing. External links http www.scsn.org Category Disaster preparedness in the United States ... more details
The Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie VIB Switch laboratory, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven is a department of Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie VIB located at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven in Leuven , Belgium . The laboratory is headed by Frederic Rousseau and Joost Schymkowitz . Its research focuses on functional regulation of cellular processes, which are governed by protein conformational switches that have to be actively controlled to ensure cell viability. The laboratory combines in vitro biophysical techniques and computational structural biology methods with advanced cell biological studies. References Fernandez Escamilla AM, Rousseau F, Schymkowitz J, Serrano L., Nat Biotechnol. 2004 Oct 22 10 1302 6, Prediction of sequence dependent and mutational effects on the aggregation of peptides and proteins. Source J. Comijn, P. Raeymaekers, A. Van Gysel, M. Veugelers, Today Tomorrow a tribute to life sciences research and innovation 10 years of VIB , Snoeck, 2006, ISBN 978 90 5349 630 5 http www.vib.be Research EN Research Departments Switch Laboratory Switch laboratory VIB http www.switchlab.org Switch laboratory Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Category Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Category Research institutes in Belgium Category Flanders Category Biochemistry research institutes sci org stub ... more details
Infobox Disease Name PAGENAME Image Caption DiseasesDB 34694 ICD10 ICD9 ICDO OMIM 166350 MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID Progressive osseous heteroplasia is a cutaneous condition characterized by cutaneous or subcutaneous ossification. ref name Bolognia cite book author Rapini, Ronald P. Bolognia, Jean L. Jorizzo, Joseph L. title Dermatology 2 Volume Set publisher Mosby location St. Louis year 2007 pages isbn 1 4160 2999 0 oclc doi accessdate ref It is associated with GNAS . ref name pmid18553568 cite journal author Adegbite NS, Xu M, Kaplan FS, Shore EM, Pignolo RJ title Diagnostic and mutational spectrum of progressive osseous heteroplasia POH and other forms of GNAS based heterotopic ossification journal Am. J. Med. Genet. A volume 146A issue 14 pages 1788 96 year 2008 month July pmid 18553568 pmc 2564798 doi 10.1002 ajmg.a.32346 ref See also Punctate porokeratosis List of cutaneous conditions Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism References reflist External links Before adding to this list, refer to WP EL and make sure the link complies. Otherwise, it will be deleted. Official websites Please do not add blogs or commercial sites, even if run by CPP. See WP EL. http www.pohdisease.org Progressive Osseous Heteroplasia Association Dermatology stub Deficiencies of intracellular signaling peptides and proteins Category Genodermatoses ... more details
The Oulu University Secure Programming Group OUSPG is a research group at the University of Oulu that studies, evaluates and develops methods of implementing and testing application and system software in order to prevent, discover and eliminate implementation level security vulnerabilities in a pro active fashion. The focus is on implementation level security issues and software security testing. History OUSPG has been active as an independent academic research group in the Computer Engineering Laboratory in the Department of Electrical and Information Engineering in the University of Oulu since summer 1996. OUSPG is most known for its participation in protocol implementation security testing, which they called Robustness testing , using the PROTOS mini simulation method. ref Kaksonen, Rauli. 2001. A Functional Method for Assessing Protocol Implementation Security Licentiate thesis . Espoo. Technical Research Centre of Finland, VTT Publications 448. 128 p. app. 15 p. ISBN 951 38 5873 1 soft back ed. ISBN 951 38 5874 X on line ed. . ref The PROTOS was co operated project with VTT and number of industrial partners. The project developed different approaches of testing implementations of protocols using black box i.e. functional testing methods. The goal was to support pro active elimination of faults with information security implications, promote awareness in these issues and develop methods to support customer driven evaluation and acceptance testing of implementations. Improving the security robustness of products was attempted through supporting the development process. The most notable result of the PROTOS project was the result of the c06 snmp test suite, which discovered multiple vulnerabilities in SNMP . The work done in PROTOS is continued in PROTOS GENOME, which applies automatic structure inference combined with domain specific reasoning capabilities to enable automated black box program robustness testing tools without having prior knowledge of the protoc ... more details
used as a model of local robustness against small perturbations in a given nominal value of the object ... of the system. It is an indication that the stability model is a model of local stability robustness ... under uncertainty. But it has been shown ref name MS10 that its robustness model, namely math ... in the nominal value of a parameter, info gap s robustness model measures the local robustness of decisions ... 1998 . Analysis of the Local Robustness of Stability for Flows. Mathematics of Control, Signals, and Systems ... on the last row . It is an interesting measure of robustness, for example in control theory . Properties ... more details
robust design arrays User defined arrays User defined response data Robustness and Reliability HEEDS has a Robustness and Reliability engineering Reliability agent which allows the user to perform robustness ... FORM . Robustness studies can tell the user how sensitive the design is to stochastic variation of the input ... products heeds professional robustness and reliability Robustness and Reliability with HEEDS Professional ... more details
rangle 010...0 rangle ... 00...01 rangle math Both the robustness against particle loss and the LOCC ... rangle math . Here the W state s robustness against particle loss is a very beneficial property ensuring ... more details
of genetic load Load may be caused by selection and mutation. Mutational load Expand section date June 2008 Mutational load is caused when a mutation at a locus produces a new allele of either lesser ... more details
systems, special consideration is necessary of wikt convergence convergence and Robustness computer science robustness issues. Lyapunov stability is typically used to derive control adaptation laws ... and Marc Bodson, Adaptive Control Stability, Convergence, and Robustness, Prentice Hall, 1989 1994 ... more details
about the computer programming construct the body part Sentinel lymph node A sentinel node is a specifically designated node computer science node used with linked list s and Tree data structure trees as a traversal path terminator. A sentinel node does not hold or reference any data managed by the data structure. Sentinels are used as an alternative over using null pointer null as the path terminator in order to get one or more of the following benefits Increased speed of operations Reduced algorithmic complexity and code size Increased data structure robustness arguably Example Below is an example of a sentinel node in a binary tree implementation ref http www.eternallyconfuzzled.com tuts datastructures jsw tut andersson.aspx ref source lang c struct jsw node int data int level struct jsw node link 2 struct jsw node nil int jsw init void nil malloc sizeof nil if nil NULL return 0 nil level 0 nil link 0 nil link 1 nil return 1 source As nodes that would normally link to NULL now link to nil including nil itself , it removes the need for an expensive branch operation to check for NULL. NULL itself is known as a sentinel value , a different approach to the same problem. References references Category Programming idioms Category Linked lists Category Trees data structures Compu prog stub ca Node sentinella es Nodo centinela pl Wartownik ... more details
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